In assuring the energy supply of Turkey, hydroelectric energy plays one of the most important roles in plans formulated to realize equilibrium between energy production and consumption. Hydroelectric power plants on Murat River, a tributary of Euphrates, is a part of the development plan for energy production. Operation of four dams in cascade on Murat River are simulated by using program package HECResSim. For this purpose, ten scenarios are formulated to utilize the hydraulic potential of Murat River between the elevations of 870 m 1225 m. This study provides detailed financial analyses of scenarios and shows how HEC-ResSim program can be used in formulation of alternative scenarios. Electric energy storage requirement due to the rising demand for peaking power is creating a completely new market value, which is also increasing the attractiveness of pumped storage power plants. The results of the simulation performed in Scenario 10 in which two pumped storage power plants are considered have 15% higher internal rate of return value than the other scenarios with conventional turbines. Results demonstrate the increasing attractiveness of the cascade system with reversible pump turbines.

The energy market is evolving, with a prediction of heavily increased consumption and, consequently, increased production. In parallel, EU directives with targets prioritising fossil-free electricity production, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and becoming climate neutral by 2050, poses a challenge for the current state of electricity production in the Nordics. In managing these predictions, the electricity production from renewable energy sources is required to be increased threefold by 2045. Consequently, the share of intermittent energy sources is deemed to heavily increase, resulting in need of more capacity of energy storage, ancillary services and balancing of the grid. Energy storage systems, such as pumped storage hydropower, can play a crucial role in this energy market transition. However, pumped storage hydropower has yet to be fully explored or proven viable for large-scale investments in the Nordics. In this thesis, the viability and profitability of pumped storage hydropower plants in the Nordics are investigated. The viability assessment was conducted through a SWOT analysis based on a summary of literature and interviews within a PESTLE framework. The interviewees consisted of experts active in different fields of work at Fortum, with knowledge relevant for the purpose of this thesis. To assess the profitability, an investment analysis tool for pumped storage hydropower plants was created in MathWork’s MATLAB, focusing on one of Fortum’s already existing pumped storage hydropower plants. The investment analysis tool was built for several cases with fixed operating schedules using a weekly timeframe.  Through the SWOT analysis, potential challenges for pumped storage hydropower were found in investment costs, topology dependence, development of nuclear power production and increased difficulty in obtaining greenfield permits. Regarding opportunities, Fortum’s pumped storage hydropower plants were found to be favourably and strategically located in SE3, beneficial in generating income from different revenue streams as well as highly beneficial in assisting the development of Sweden’s future energy market. The results obtained from the investment analysis tool indicated that market volatility plays a crucial role in determining the profitability of pumped storage hydropower projects. In a highly volatile market, there is a great possibility to yield large amounts of profit. However, to fully maximise profit, especially in a low volatility market, constant optimisation of pumped storage hydropower operations through advanced forecasting and modelling is crucial.

Waterhammer is an undesirable event, caused by sudden flow changes in a confined pipe system. When it occurs, its consequences can be very costly and even sometimes deadly. In general, it may be encountered in the penstocks of hydropower plants, water transmission lines, water networks, etc. Therefore, the operation guidelines of the hydropower plants should be defined correctly. In this thesis, waterhammer problems in pumped storage hydropower plants are investigated. Time dependent flow conditions in the penstocks are studied by the help of computer software, HAMMER. The software solves nonlinear differential equations by using method of characteristics. Firstly, hydraulic transients for various operational cases are investigated using some scenarios. Then a surge tank, protective device for waterhammer, is added to the system and for the same operational cases, hydraulic transients are studied again. Finally, the results obtained from the operation of the system with and without surge tank are compared. Wind-hydro hybrid systems are also included in the study.

This master’s thesis deals with the feasibility study of the pumped-storage hydropower plant. Design is divided at three parts – upper water-reservoir with water intake, penstock with cabel tunnel and mechanical room with four Francis reversible turbine. Study contains engineering report, hydraulic calculations, photodocumentation and drawing documentation.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.