The ability to make purchases in community settings is highly advantageous as it allows individuals freedom of choice and the ability to function within their own community. Independence and autonomy is especially important for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID’s), however prerequisite knowledge of money concepts required for making cash purchases may be too complex for individuals with cognitive challenges. The use of EFTPOS cards to make purchases is a comparatively easy process with limited prerequisite skills required therefore, is an ideal starting point for teaching purchasing skills to individuals with cognitive challenges. Video modelling (VM) and video self-modelling (VSM) procedures have shown to be effective and efficient instructional techniques for teaching various skills to individuals with ID’s however, research on the effectiveness and efficiency of these procedures with individuals with Down syndrome (DS) or with EFTPOS purchases is minimal. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of VM and VSM interventions in teaching independent EFTPOS purchasing skills to 6 young adults with DS using a non-concurrent within-participant design. The results indicates that both VM and VSM interventions were effective and efficient as all 6 participants exhibited increases in task acquisition with the introduction of the intervention, and 5 of the 6 were able to consistently use their EFTPOS cards to purchase chosen items throughout intervention and follow-up generalisation probes (2 weeks postintervention). Therefore, this study suggests both VM and VSM may be equally effective for teaching young adults with DS EFTPOS purchasing skills in community stores.

[pt] O setor de compras tem se destacado como estratégico devido principalmente a sua capacidade de reduzir custos. Com a evolução do setor ao longo do tempo, este agregou valor à cadeia de suprimentos e trouxe vantagens competitivas como a interface e integração com outros atores da cadeia de suprimentos, inovação de produtos, melhoria de processo e informações tanto internamente quanto externamente. Porém, as empresas ainda carecem de encontrar indicadores para o setor de compras que quantifiquem a qualidade e eficiência das práticas adotadas diariamente com o alinhamento de estratégia adotada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar como os indicadores de performance dos setores de compras da indústria de construção brasileira refletem os seus objetivos e estratégias, além de propor e aplicar um modelo de avaliação de compras através de um estudo de caso. Os resultados empíricos obtidos permitem analisar a eficiência do modelo proposto, correlacionando as práticas sugeridas pela academia e as aplicadas na indústria. / [en] Purchasing has gained strategic role mostly for its capacity for cost reduction. With its evolution overtime, purchase has aggregated value to the supply chain and brought competitive advantages, such as interface and integration with other actors of the supply chain, innovation of products, process and information improvement. Although, companies still have difficulties to produce performance indicators for purchasing capable of quantify the efficiency of the daily practices of purchase and evaluate the alignment of metrics with the company s strategy. The objective of the present study is to evaluate how the purchasing performance indicators of Brazilians construction industry influences into their objectives and strategies, also, to propose and apply a performance measurement system (PMS) through a case study. The empirical findings allow us to correlate the practices suggested by the academy and the practices adopted by the industry.

Video modeling is a recent buzzword in the vocabulary of special educators and other professionals who work with individuals with disabilities. This type of modeling has proven effective in many studies specifically for individuals with autism. Recent studies show the effectiveness of acquiring skills through observing a video recording of a model (themselves or another person) performing the skill correctly. The technique used in this study is video modeling with another individual as the model (VMO). The researchers looked at the acquisition of purchasing skills based on viewing the video model in the grocery store. The VMO was presented using an Apple iPod Touch where the student could easily access the video and use headphones to hear the VMO while shopping in the grocery store.This research involved three high school-aged participants with significant cognitive disabilities who displayed a need for purchasing skills within the grocery store. They were taught seven steps through the VMO in the grocery store. The skills were: (a) select shortest checkout lane, (b) put divider down and place items from the cart on the belt, (c) greet cashier, (d) pay cashier appropriate bill or combination of bills, (e) wait and take change and receipt from cashier, (f) thank cashier, and (g) take bag and carry belongings to the exit. In order to check for generalization of the skill, the participant was taken to different local grocery stores not involved in initial teaching once they acquired mastery at the original grocery store.Results indicated VMO increased responding for all three participants from the beginning of the study for purchasing groceries. All participants generalized the purchasing skills in other grocery stores; however, each participant required additional instruction via VMO or other prompting throughout the study.The results illustrate for educators and researchers that VMO represents a practical method for increasing skills in community settings. This also illustrates the need for VMO to be paired with additional instruction and should not be used as the only mode to teach a skill.

Independent living skills are extremely important for individuals with developmental disabilities as these skills aide in autonomy, lessen the burden on caregivers, and assist with integration into the community. An important skill that should be targeted is purchasing skills. Teaching purchasing skills can bring individuals into contact with new environments and access to items that would not have been available for them to access independently before learning the skill. Traditional purchasing skills often target teaching money and math skills. However, as technology advances, these skills are not only hard to teach to various individuals but may be outdated. There have been a few studies that targeted teaching purchasing skills to individuals using forms other than cash. This study taught debit card purchasing skills using a multiple baseline across participants design to individuals with developmental disabilities and evaluated the effects of using multiple exemplar training on generalization to novel settings. All three study participants showed improved performance after training by demonstrating 87% or more of the steps accurately in the natural setting during post-training generalization probes to the trained stores (average across the three participants and three stores was 90%). Two out of three participants generalized the skill to a novel store with at least 90% accuracy. The third participant generalized the skill to a novel store with 83% accuracy. Maintenance probes were conducted for two of the three participants and those two participants were able to maintain the skill well above baseline accuracy.

Habitants tout comme la distribution du pays. L’enfant qui occupe une place importante dans la société vietnamienne est bien entendu associé à ce changement. Les enfants sont par exemple nombreux dans les nouveaux supermarchés vietnamiens,ou dans les centres commerciaux nouvellement crées. Notre recherche est née de cette interrogation : Les enfants peuvent-ils être des alliés pour la grande distribution qui se développe au Vietnam ?La revue de littérature nous amène à étudier l’enfant consommateur avec les spécificités par rapport à l’adulte. De plus, comme l’enfant consommateur est dépendant de ses parents qui décident l’achat familial dans la plupart des cas, nous étudions l’enfant dans l’achat familial avec le rôle des parents dans le processus de socialisation du consommateur de l’enfant.Cette revue de littérature a été ensuite combinée avec une enquête qualitative de 20 entretiens avec les parents et 20 entretiens avec les enfants élèves scolaires à Hanoi pour la vérification sur la coïncidence entre les concepts et les pratiquesde consommation dans le contexte occidental et ceux dans le contexte du Vietnam. De plus, cette enquête a pour but de générer les items susceptibles d’enrichir les échelles occidentales. Le résultat de cette enquête nous a amené à présenterdeux modèles distinctifs, l’un lié aux parents, l’autre lié aux enfants au Vietnam.Après les prétests avec les démarches positivistes, nous arrivons à vérifier la fiabilité des variables de nos modèles tout en respectant le paradigme de Churchill (1977). Ensuite, nous avons pu lancer notre enquête finale dans les 3 écoles primaires de Hanoï.1181 enfants élèves des classes en 4e et en 5e, ainsi que 921 parents de ces élèves ont participé à répondre à nosquestionnaires. Le résultat de cette enquête nous donne des conclusions sur l’existence de la participation de l’enfant à l’achat familial au Vietnam, la préférence de l’enfant à l’achat dans les types de commerce moderne. Cette participation est liée à la communication au sein de la famille dont ce qui compte, c’est la fréquence de communication plus que sa nature (l’orientation)de cette communication. De plus, les familles vietnamiennes n’ont pas toutes les mêmes objectifs éducatifs tandis que les pratiques sont assez semblables selon les familles, mais les attentes varient, et la classe sociale semble jouer un rôle. / The current Vietnam saw a significant change in its economic system. This system influences the lifestyle of the inhabitants as the retailing of the country. The child as an important place in Vietnamese society is of course associated with this change. Children are for example in many new Vietnamese supermarkets, or in newly created shopping centers. Our research grew out of this question: Can children be allies for retailing that develops in Vietnam?The literature review leads us to study consumer-child with specifics compared to adults. Furthermore, as consumer-child is dependent on his parents who choose to family purchase in most cases, we study the child in the family purchase withparenting in consumer socialization of children’s process.This literature review was then combined with a qualitative survey of 20 interviews with parents and 20 interviews with children in primary schools in Hanoi for checking the coincidence between the concepts and practices of consumption in the Western context and those in the context of Vietnam. In addition, this survey aims to produce items that can enrich Western scales. Theresult of this investigation has led us to present two distinct models, one related to the parents, the other related to children in Vietnam.After pretesting with positivist approaches, we can verify the reliability of the variables in our models while respecting the paradigm of Churchill (1977). Then we were able to launch our final survey in three primary schools in Hanoi.1181 children's in 4th and 5th grades and 921 parents of these children participated in answering our questionnaire. The result of this survey give us conclusions on the existence of the child's participation in family purchase in Vietnam, the preference of the child to purchase in modern commerce. This participation is related to communication within the family that what matters isthe communication frequency than its nature (guidance) of that communication. In addition, Vietnamese families do not all have the same educational objectives while practices are quite similar among families, but expectations vary, and social class seems to play a role.