Previous theories have suggested that consumers will be happier if they spend their money on experiences such as travel as opposed to material possessions such as automobiles. I test this experience recommendation and show that it may be misleading in its general form. Valence of the outcome significantly moderates differences in respondents' reported retrospective happiness with material versus experiential purchases. For purchases that turned out positively, experiential purchases lead to more happiness than do material purchases, as the experience recommendation suggests. However, for purchases that turned out negatively, experiences have no benefit over (and, for some types of consumers, induce significantly less happiness than) material possessions. I provide evidence that this purchase type by valence interaction is driven by the fact that consumers adapt more slowly to experiential purchases than to material purchases, leading to both greater happiness and greater unhappiness for experiential purchases. Moreover, I show that this difference in hedonic adaptation rates for material and experiential purchases is being, at least partially, driven by a difference in memory for those types of purchases. I also show that individuals mispredict hedonic adaptation rates for material and experiential purchases. Finally, I discuss implications for consumer choice. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 71060100676.pdf: 13299695 bytes, checksum: 94478d79a6d1b70766baa60e911b397b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-11T00:00:00Z / A formatação do ambiente de venda de uma loja é um dos principais instrumentos de que o varejista dispõe para obter vantagens competitivas e incrementar o seu desempenho. O complexo ambiente de loja oferece inúmeros estímulos que afetam o comportamento de compra dos clientes. Em sua experiência de compra, o cliente se guia basicamente pelas emoções e significados despertados por esses estímulos. Este estudo visa entender como emoções e significados captados pelo cliente na loja resultam dos diversos elementos que compõem o ambiente de venda da loja. Partindo dos fenômenos da percepção, do afeto e da cognição aplicados ao ambiente de venda, revisamos os principais estudos abordando a influência do ambiente de venda sobre o comportamento do consumidor em relação à loja, focando suas reações internas e em particular as emoções sentidas e os significados atribuídos ao ambiente de loja pelos clientes. Detalhamos e organizamos o rol dos elementos que compõem o ambiente físico de uma loja, utilizando-o como base para a análise dos efeitos desses elementos sobre os clientes em termos de emoções sentidas e significados atribuídos pelos clientes à loja. Tentando entender como o ambiente de venda da loja se relaciona com as emoções e os significados nele captados, realizamos uma investigação exploratória, de cunho qualitativo e mais descritivo que explicativo, utilizando técnicas como a entrevista parcialmente estruturada complementada por elementos da entrevista de profundidade, e o EmotiScape. Os resultados do estudo, como esperado para uma pesquisa exploratória, cobrem aspectos diversos. Em termos de resultados empíricos, identificamos os elementos ambientais efetivamente percebidos pelos clientes na loja, as principais integrações presentes entre esses elementos ao serem percebidos, e as emoções e os significados a eles atribuídos pelos clientes. Também descrevemos os principais mecanismos que ligam os elementos ambientais percebidos às emoções e aos significados atribuídos ao ambiente de loja. E ainda identificamos e descrevemos as ocorrências de integrações entre os processos afetivos e cognitivos dos entrevistados que resultam da presença dos elementos ambientais. Como contribuição conceitual inicial do estudo, confirmamos a visão dos modelos contingenciais da Psicologia para o fenômeno da percepção, evidenciando que os estímulos do ambiente de loja podem ser percebidos tanto “um a um” como conjuntamente no ponto de venda, passando ainda por casos intermediários, em que um número mais reduzido de estímulos atua conjuntamente para gerar emoções e significados para o cliente. Disto resulta uma aplicação gerencial direta: conhecendo antecipadamente estímulos isolados ou “pacotes” definidos de estímulos associados a emoções e significados específicos, poderíamos formatar intencionalmente o ponto de venda para provocar (ou evitar) determinados efeitos emocionais e cognitivos no cliente, usando o design como ferramenta para desenvolver estratégias mercadológicas e assim produzir o desempenho desejado para um certo ambiente de venda. A segunda contribuição conceitual do estudo diz respeito à comprovação de abordagem relativamente recente na Psicologia, que vê os fenômenos afetivos e cognitivos integrados em um mesmo processo abrangente de processamento de informações pela mente humana. Os resultados deste estudo suportam tal visão ao constatar que os clientes tanto utilizam suas emoções para construir “raciocínios” e julgamentos sobre a loja como, inversamente, constroem arrazoados que desembocam em (ou reforçam) suas emoções sentidas em relação à loja. Por fim, o estudo também avança na utilização de instrumentos de coleta de dados inovadores que podem captar estados emocionais variados (o EmotiScape) e vencer dificuldades de verbalização dos entrevistados para identificar estímulos ambientais percebidos (usando coletâneas de imagens detalhando o ambiente da loja). / The design on the sales environment of a store is one of the key tools that retailers have available to obtain competitive advantages and improve their performance. This complex environment offers several stimuli that affect the clients' purchasing behavior. In their purchasing experience, clients guide themselves, among other factors, by their emotions and meaning aroused by these stimuli. This study has as objective to understand how emotions and meaning derived by the client from the sales environment result from different environmental elements that compose the sales environment of the store. Starting from the phenomena of perception, affection and cognition in the context of the sales environment, we reviewed the main studies on the environmental influence on consumers inside the store, focusing on their internal reactions, particularly on the emotions felt and on the meanings attributed to the store environment by customers. We detailed and organized the list of elements that build up the physical environment of store, using it as base for the analysis of the effects of these elements on customers, in terms of experienced emotions and meanings attributed clients to the store. Trying to understand how the sales environment of store connects with the emotions and meanings aroused by it, we performed an exploratory, qualitative, and more descriptive than explanatory research, using techniques such as the partially structured interview complemented by aspects of the in-depth interview, and the EmotiScape instrument. The results, as expected from an exploratory investigation, cover many aspects. In terms of empiric results, we identify the environment elements actually perceived by clients in the store, the main integration among such elements when being perceived, and the emotion and the meanings attributed to them by customers. We describe the main mechanisms the bind the perceived environmental elements to emotions and meanings attributed to the store environment. We also identify and describe examples of integrations between the affective and cognitive processes which result from environmental elements. As a first conceptual contribution of our research, we confirm the point of view presented by the contigencial models of perception from Psychology, that the store environment stimuli can be noticed 'one by one' or as whole, and also intermediary cases in which a certain number of stimuli act in concert as source of emotion and meanings for the customer. Straight from this fact result an important managerial implication: knowing in advance isolated or packaged stimuli and their potential associations to specific emotions and meanings, we can intentionally shape the point os sale to evoke (or avoid) emotional and cognitive effects on the customer, using the point of sale design as a tool for developing marketing strategies and attaining a desired level of performance for a store. The second conceptual contribution of our study is the validation, in the context of the sales environment, of an approach relatively recent in Psychology, which sees the affective and cognitive phenomena integrated in a larger and information processing scheme performed by the human brain. The results from this study the vision, showing that customers use their emotions to build reasoning and judgments concerning the store as, inversely, build reasoning that result in (on reinforce) their emotion regarding the store. Finally, the study also contributes in advances in the usage of innovative data collection instruments that can measure a diversified range of emotional states (the EmotiScape) and avoid verbal blockages from interview people when reposting perceived environmental stimuli (using collections of images detailing the store environment).

Much of the effort that goes into a purchasing decision occurs at the stage where a choice has to be made from the available alternative clothing products (Solomon & Rabolt, 2009:392). In this phase of the decision making process, consumers’ perceptions of the clothing item they anticipate to purchase includes evaluation of the clothing and the application of specific evaluative criteria in order to assess the suitability of the clothing item (Saricam, Kalaoglu, Ozdygu & Urun, & 2012:2). Evaluative criteria are the specifications or standards that consumers use when comparing and assessing alternatives (Forney, Park & Brandon, 2005:158). Because consumer needs vary not only by the product they want to purchase but also in terms of information (Forney et al., 2005:158), identifying the evaluative criteria that consumers use in the clothing purchasing decision-making process may provide an insight into preferences relative to specific products, such as clothing. While several studies have shown that the purchasing decision can be influenced by individual differences as well as environmental influences, it is no doubt that the investigation of each of these variables provides important clues to understanding consumer purchase decision broadly, but are limited in some parts in their explanations when it comes to clothing purchasing decision. Literature has highlighted the significance of body shape on clothing preferences because of the inherent relationship between the clothing product and the body. The difference in body shape often determines how clothing will drape on a figure, how comfortable the garment feels and ultimately how the clothing product will be evaluated by the consumer. Moreover, personal values, which are defined as the desired end-states have been shown to be one of the most powerful explanations of, and influence on the way consumers are likely to behave in a specific situation, such as the purchasing of new clothing product, the process that includes evaluation, choosing among the alternatives and finally the purchasing decision (Vincent 2014:119; Kim et al. 2002:481; Laverie, Klein & Klein, 1993:2). Additionally, while in the process of evaluating various clothing attributes for the suitability of the clothing product in terms of body shape and personal values, female consumers may experience either positive or negative emotions (Zeelenberg et al., 2008:18), depending on how the clothing is assessed. Most theories of emotional influences on decision making take the valence-based approach (Lerner & Keltener, 2000:473), focusing on the effects of positive versus negative emotional states. However, Lerner and Keltener (2000:473), have suggested that emotion specific approach, in particular the Appraisal-Tendency Framework (ATF) model is more effective to understand and predict the influence of specific emotions on decision making and behaviour. Consumers’ choice of the clothes based on the evaluative criteria during the decision making process is regarded as a form of consumer input to the clothing manufacturing and design (May-Plumee & Little, 2006:62). Since these underlying factors are regarded as important for understanding the rationale behind consumer clothing purchasing decision and behaviour, a thorough investigation of such factors on how they impact clothing evaluative criteria is greatly necessary. This may help and guide the clothing manufacturers and retailer on how to design and produce clothing products that are most relevant for the needs and preferences of South African female consumers. The study, therefore, aimed to determine the influence of body shape and personal values on women’s preferences for and use of intrinsic evaluative criteria (styling/design, colour/pattern, appearance, appropriateness/acceptance, fit/sizing, comfort and fibre content/material) in the purchasing of casual blouse/top, trouser/skirt and dress. Information on the relevant importance of various clothing product attributes in the consumers’ mind may provide clothing manufacturers and designers with the basis for effective new clothing product development and marketing strategies. Furthermore, considering that emotions are involved in clothing purchasing decision, the study also focused on understanding the influence of emotions on clothing purchasing decision and subsequent behaviour. This study reflected the postpositive philosophical worldview which is typically associated with quantitative approach. In this case, the study assumed quantitative research design and methods and is regarded as exploratory in nature. Using purposeful, convenient and snowball techniques, the sample was solicited in Gauteng, Johannesburg, South Africa. A total of 316 women aged between 18 and 66 plus years old took part in the study. A survey using a group administered questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the respondents. The group administered questionnaire included demographic information of the participants, self-reported perceived body shape measure, personal values measure, evaluative measure and emotions measure. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographic information, as well as on overall data before inferential statistics were performed. Inferential statistics such as the z-test was applied to establish the significant evaluative criteria and to test the proportions of the selected emotions. Chi-Square test of independence was used to determine the association between body shape evaluative criteria investigated, while nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (OVERALS) was performed to establish the relationship between personal values and evaluative criteria and lastly, discriminant analysis was used determine purchasing behaviour. The analysis established that fit/sizing and comfort are the most important evaluative criteria that women consider in the purchasing of casual clothing categories studied. Respondents, also agreed that styling/design was the determinant evaluative criteria when purchasing a casual dress, while fit/sizing was the determinant evaluative criteria in the purchasing of a casual blouse/top and trouser/skirt. The results further showed that respondents in this study who perceive themselves to be diamond shaped, think colour/pattern is very important particularly when purchasing a casual blouse/top. However, when purchasing a trouser/skirt, the results reflected that the oval body shaped respondents think styling/design is very important, while respondents who perceive themselves to be rectangular body shaped, consider comfort when purchasing a casual dress. With regards to the relationship between personal values and evaluative criteria, the study found that when purchasing a casual blouse, respondents consider the appearance for the achievement of warm relationship with others, excitement and confidence. The results also indicated that through fit/size of a blouse/top, female consumers strongly aspired for self-respect. The results further showed that through the styling/design of a blouse/top, female consumers in this study want to achieve self-fulfillment, while a sense of accomplishment is influenced by the comfort of a casual blouse/top. On the other hand it was also revealed that appropriateness/acceptability of a casual blouse/top seemed to influence fun and enjoyment as well as sense of belonging. In the purchasing of a casual trouser/skirt, the results clearly showed that in order to achieve a warm relationship with others, female consumers strongly considered the fibre content/material and colour/pattern of trouser/skirt. The results also suggested that consumer considered the appearance of a trouser/skirt for the achievement of sense of belonging and self-fulfillment, while the styling/design of a trouser/skirt was somewhat considered for attainment of excitement. Through the fit/sizing of a casual trouser/skirt, it was shown that female consumers strongly aspired to achieve self-respect, confidence as well as fun and enjoyment. The results further highlighted that respondents considered appropriateness/acceptability of a casual trouser to somewhat influence being well-respected, while comfort of a casual trouser somewhat influenced a sense of accomplishment. In the purchasing of a casual dress, the results indicated that in order to achieve excitement and a warm relationship with others, female consumers in this study considered the appearance. The results further suggested that through the appearance of dress respondents somewhat also aspired for a sense of belonging. On the other hand, the results clearly revealed that respondents will consider fibre content/material, styling/design, fit/sizing and colour of casual dress in order to achieve self-respect, self-fulfillment, confidence, being well-respected and a sense of accomplishment. Lastly the results demonstrated that the best behaviour that drives the emotion “disgust” is “I walk away”. On the other had the best behaviour that drives the emotion “sadness” is “I spend more time shopping around”. The results were fully consistent and gave support to the emotions specific hypothesis (ATF) which postulates that different emotions of the same valence for instance, “disgust” and “sad”, both being negative, can exert opposing influences on decision making and behavior. However, concerning the positive specific emotions, it emerged that there were no behaviour differences between the emotions “happiness” and “contentment”, probably, suggesting unpredictable behaviour. It is, therefore, recommended that clothing designers and retailers should have a knowledge of the attributes that are preferred by female consumers of various body shape. It is also recommended that clothing manufacturers and retailers should endeavor to understand the value systems of their target. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge of understanding the role that body shape, personal values and emotions play in the clothing purchasing decision and behaviour. / Life and Consumer Sciences / Ph. D. (Consumer Science)