The dissertation documents research work carried out on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategies for hard switched Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) for variable speed electric drives. This research is aimed at Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). PWM is at the heart of all variable speed electric drives; they have a huge influence on the overall performance of the system and may also help eventually give us an extra degree of freedom in the possibility to rethink the inverter design including the re-dimensioning of the inverter components.HEVs tend to cost more than conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles as they have to incorporate two traction systems, which is the major discouraging factor for consumers and in turn for manufacturers. The two traction system increases the maintenance cost of the car as well. In addition the electric drives not only cost extra money but space too, which is already scarce with an ICE under the hood. An all-electric car is not yet a viable idea as the batteries have very low energy density compared with petrol or diesel and take considerable time to charge. One solution could be to use bigger battery packs but these add substantially to the price and weight of the vehicle and are not economically viable. To avoid raising the cost of such vehicles to unreasonably high amounts, autonomy has to be compromised. However hybrid vehicles are an important step forward in the transition toward all-electric cars while research on better batteries evolves. The objective of this research is to make electric drives suitable for HEVs i.e. lighter, more compact and more efficient -- requiring less maintenance and eventually at lower cost so that the advantages, such as low emissions and better fuel efficiency, would out-weigh a little extra cost for these cars. The electrical energy source in a vehicle is a battery, a DC Voltage source, and the traction motor is generally an AC motor owing to the various advantages it offers over a DC motor. Hence the need for a VSI, which is used to transform the DC voltage into AC voltage of desired amplitude and frequency. Pulse width modulation techniques are used to control VSI to ensure that the required/calculated voltage is fed to the machine, to produce the desired torque/speed. PWM techniques are essentially open loop systems where no feedback is used and the instantaneous values differ from the required voltage, however the same average values are obtained. Pulse width modulated techniques produce a low frequency signal (desired average value of the switched voltage) also called the fundamental component, along with unwanted high frequency harmonics linked to the carrier signal frequency or the PWM period. In modern cars we see more and more mechanical loads driven by electricity through digital processors. It is very important to eliminate the risk of electromagnetic interference between these systems to avoid failure or malfunction. Hence these unwanted harmonics have to be filtered so that they do not affect the electronic control unit or other susceptible components placed in the vicinity. Randomised modulation techniques (RPWM) are used to dither these harmonics at the switching frequency and its multiple. In this thesis a random modulator based on space vector modulation is presented which has additional advantages of SVM. Another EMI problem linked to PWM techniques is that they produce common mode voltages in the load. For electric machines, common mode voltage produces shaft voltage which in turn provokes dielectric stress on the motor bearings, its lubricant and hence the possibility of generating bearing currents in the machine that can be fatal for the machine. To reduce the common mode voltage a space vector modulation strategy is developed based on intelligent placement of zero vectors. (...)

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-27T19:35:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AYSLAN CAISSON NORÕES MAIA – TESE (PPGEEI) 2016.pdf: 13981392 bytes, checksum: 9ea0aa715fdf8400283e71381b49a21b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T19:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AYSLAN CAISSON NORÕES MAIA – TESE (PPGEEI) 2016.pdf: 13981392 bytes, checksum: 9ea0aa715fdf8400283e71381b49a21b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Nesse trabalho são apresentadas contribuições na área de identificação de sistemas representados em espaço de estados. É proposta uma metodologia completa para estimação de modelos que representem as principais dinâmicas de proessos industriais. O fluxo natural dos procedimentos de identificação consiste da coleta experimental dos dados, seguido pela esolha dos modelos candidatos e da utilização de um critério de ajuste que selecione o melhor modelo possível. Nesse sentido é proposta uma metodologia para estimativa de modelos em espaço de estados, utilizando excitações pulsadas. A abordagem desenvolvida combina algoritmos precisos e eficientes com experimentos rápidos, adequados a ambientes industriais. O projeto das excitações é realizado em tempo real, por meio de informações coletadas em um curto experimento inicial, baseado em uma única oscilação de uma estrutura realimentada por um relé. Esse mecanismo possibilita uma estimativa preliminar do atraso e da constante de tempo dominante do sistema. O método de identificação proposto é baseado na teoria de realizações de Kalman. É apresentada uma reformulação do problema de realizações clássico, para comportar sinais de entrada pulsados. Essa abordagem se mostra computacionalmente e cliente, assim como apresentar resultados semelhantes aos métodos de benchmark. A técnica possibilita também a estimativa de atrasos de transporte e a inserção de conhecimentos prévios por meio de um problema de otimização com restrições via LMI Linear Matrix Inequalities. Em muitos casos, somente as caraterísticas principais dos sistema são relevantes em um projeto de sistema de controle. Portanto é proposta uma técnica para obtenção de modelos de primeira ordem com atraso, a partir da redução de modelos balanceados em espaço de estados. Por fim, todas as contribuições discutidas nesse trabalho de teses não validadas em uma série de plantas experimentais em salas de laboratório. Plantas essas, projetadas e construídas com o intuito de emular o cotidiano operacional de instalações industriais reais. / Static converters are a widely used equipment in power systems to control the electrical energy low between sources and loads. In this context, it is observed a demand for converters topologies that generate high quality waveforms and are capable of supplying loads with ever larger powers. In high power applications such as industrial and power systems, the development of a special class of converters topologies, denominated multilevel converters, has been widely recognized as a viable solution to overcome the operational limits of semiconductor devices. In this work are developed and analyzed multilevel structures of type DC-AC applied to the six-phase machines drives and of type AC-DC-AC feeding singlephase and three-phase loads. These topologies are obtained by interconnecting two-level converters modules in order to optimize the system: reduction of losses in the semiconductor devices, harmonic distortion of the signals and ratings of voltage and/or current in the power switches. For this investigation were performed steady state analyzes, where the operatinglimits of the structures to the imposed control conditions and the behavior of the fundamental component of voltage and current are evaluated. In addition, for each investigated topology, were developed: dynamic models, PWM techniques, control strategies, simulation results and experimental results. The impact of this optimization is quanti ed by calculating the THD and WTHD of the current and voltage signals generated by the converter and by estimating losses in the semiconductor devices. Finally, a comparative study is done using conventional converters as reference in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed topologies

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation addresses the analysis and control of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) found in wind energy conversion system. The operation modes of the wind turbine the current and voltage constraints of a PWM rectifier are defined and a methodology to determine the generator current is presented. The generator currents obtained guarantee the maximization of wind energy extraction as well as the minimization of the PMSG and rectifier losses. In addition, a space-vector modulation technique in overmodulation region is reviewed in detail and applied aiming: (i) to maximize the generator power; (ii) to utilize the entire PWM rectifier DC link voltage resource, and (iii) to obtain a smooth transition to six-step operation. Furthermore, a single current controller is designed for all operating modes being capable to avoid the controller states overload as well as the undesired effects due to the operation in the overmodulation region. The stability analysis of the closed loop system is investigated by means of linear matrix inequality conditions to estimate a region of operation with guaranteed stability. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed system. / Esta dissertação trata da análise e do controle de geradores sincronos a íımã permanente usados em sistema de conversão de energia eólica. Os modos de operação da turbina eólica sob restrição de tensão e corrente são definidos e uma metodologia para determinar as correntes do gerador ´e apresentada. As correntes obtidas do gerador garantem a maximização da potência extraída do vento bem como a minimização das perdas do conjunto gerador e retificador PWM. Além disso, a técnica de modulação vetorial na região de sobremodulação é revisada em detalhes e aplicada com objetivo de: (i) maximizar a potência do gerador, (ii) utilizar todo o recurso do barramento CC disponível pelo retificador PWM e (iii) obter uma transição suave para operação do retificador para o modo de seis-pulsos. Uma técnica de controle vetorial é apresentada e comparada. Um único controlador de corrente é projetado para todos os modos operacionais, sendo capaz de evitar tanto sobrecarga dos estados do controlador quanto os efeitos indesejáveis provenientes da operação na região de sobremodulação. A análise da estabilidade do sistema em malha fechada é investigada por meio de desigualdades matriciais lineares para determinar uma região de estabilidade garantida. Por fim, resultados de simulação são apresentados para demonstrar o bom desempenho do sistema proposto.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation deals with the design of a robust current control loop applied to voltage source inverters connected to the grid thought LCL-filter used in distributed generation systems. The utilization of the LCL-filter bring the need of damping the characteristic resonance of the filter. Two alternatives are generally considered in the literature. The passive damping, that add a passive element, generally a resistor or a additional passive element in the filter circuit and the active damping, that introduce a specific controller in the inverter current control loop. The active damping present more flexibility in the implementation and do not present energy losses like passive damping, so is the preferred damping method in high power applications. The main challenge to the damping method is keep the performance and avoid instability and controllers interactions even when impedance variations occur in the grid. In this dissertation, are proposed two control schemes for achieve the active damping of the filter resonance. In the first one, a robust partial state feedback is derived to allocate the poles of the LCL-filter inside the unity ratio circle for a given grid impedance variation. The feedback gains are obtained by a LMI condition that assure robust pole location in a pre-establish region of the unity ratio circle. In the second method, is proposed a predictive state estimator based on the multirate observers theory. This estimator allow feeding back the estimated stated by the measure of only one state variable. Moreover, the predictive action of the observer, eliminate the time delay of the control loop improving the stability margins of the system. Experimental results of a setup of 10kW DSP based are presented. / Esta dissertação de mestrado trata do projeto de uma malha de controle de corrente robusta para inversores alimentados em tensão conectados à rede através de filtro-LCL, utilizados em sistemas de geração distribuída. A utilização do filtro-LCL traz consigo a necessidade do amortecimento adequado da ressonância característica deste filtro. Dois tipos de amortecimento são apresentados na literatura para solucionar este problema. O amortecimento passivo, que consiste na introdução de um resistor ou filtro passivo adicional no circuito e o amortecimento ativo, que é baseado na introdução de um controlador digital específico na malha de controle de corrente do inversor. O amortecimento ativo, por apresentar maior flexibilidade de implementação e não apresentar perdas de energia, é o método preferencialmente utilizado. O principal desafio na utilização do amortecimento ativo é manter um desempenho satisfatório na presença de incertezas na impedância da rede no ponto de conexão. Neste trabalho, são propostas duas técnicas de amortecimento ativo robusto. Na primeira delas, uma retroação parcial de estados robusta é obtida para alocar os pólos da planta numa região contida no círculo unitário para uma dada faixa de variação de impedância da rede. Os ganhos da retroação de estados são obtidos a partir de um sistema de desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMI), que garantem alocação robusta dos pólos do sistema afetado por incertezas paramétricas e por atraso de transporte. No segundo método é proposto um estimador preditivo de estados baseado em observadores por múltiplas amostras, que permite fazer a retroação de estados estimados a partir da medida de apenas um dos estados da planta. Além disso, elimina o atraso de transporte da implementação digital aumentando a robustez do sistema. Resultados experimentais de um inversor de 11 kW controlado por um DSP de ponto fixo, conectado à rede com um filtro-LCL são apresentados para validar as analises desenvolvidas e demonstrar o bom desempenho dos controladores propostos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIO KENDI NISHIOKA.pdf: 8294340 bytes, checksum: 28a4178bb0ec559b2db43a1aa6676188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation proposes a digital control system for a three-phase four-wire high input power factor PWM rectifier with LCL filter. The proposed control system includes an inner control loop for active damping of the LCL filter peak resonance, which uses a lead-lag compensator. In addition, the control system presents an independent current loop for each rectifier phase, which employs resonant compensators tuned at the fundamental frequency of the utility grid voltage. Finally, other two outer loops are used to maintain the voltages across the dc bus capacitors regulated and balanced. This work also proposes a design methodology to obtain the parameter of the LCL filter, which is based on maximum harmonic currents allowed by technical standards and on the minimization of the reactive energy of the LCL filter capacitors. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the developed analysis and demonstrate the performance of the proposed controllers. / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado propõe um sistema de controle digital para um retificador PWM trifásico a quatro fios com filtro LCL e elevado fator de potência de entrada. O sistema de controle proposto inclui uma malha interna de amortecimento ativo do pico de ressonância do filtro LCL, fazendo uso de um compensador em avanço. Além da malha de amortecimento ativo, o sistema de controle apresenta uma malha de corrente independente para cada fase do retificador, as quais empregam compensadores ressonantes sintonizados na frequência fundamental da tensão de entrada. Por fim, outras duas malhas externas são utilizadas para manter as tensões dos capacitores que compõem o barramento CC reguladas e equilibradas. Este trabalho também propõe uma metodologia de projeto para os parâmetros do filtro LCL, a qual é baseada nos limites máximos de harmônicos de corrente permitidos pelas normas e na minimização da energia reativa do capacitor do filtro LCL. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para validar as análises desenvolvidas e demonstrar o desempenho dos controladores propostos.

Les facteurs transcriptionnels (TF) sont des protéines qui contrôlent l'expression des gènes. Leurs motifs de liaison (TFBM, également appelés motifs) sont généralement représentés sous forme de matrices de scores spécifiques de positions (PSSM). L'analyse de motifs est utilisée en routine afin de découvrir des facteurs candidats pour la régulation d'un jeu de séquences d'intérêt. L'avénement des méthodes à haut débit a permis de détecter des centaines de motifs, qui sont disponibles dans des bases de données. Durant ma thèse, j'ai développé deux nouvelles méthodes et implémenté des outils logiciels pour le traitement de collections massives de motifs: matrix-clustering regroupe les motifs par similarité; position-scan détecte les motifs présentant des préférences de position relativement à une coordonnée de référence. Les méthodes que j'ai développées ont été évaluées sur base de cas d'études, et utilisées pour extraire de l'information interprétable à partir de différents jeux de données de Drosophila melanogaster et Homo sapiens. Les résultats démontrent la pertinence de ces méthodes pour l'analyse de données à haut débit, et l'intérêt de les intégrer dans des pipelines d'analyse de motifs. / Transcription Factors (TFs) are DNA-binding proteins that control gene expression. TF binding motifs (TFBMs, simply called “motifs”) are usually represented as Position Specific Scoring Matrices (PSSMs), which can be visualized as sequence logos. The advent of high-throughput methods has allowed the detection of thousands of motifs which are usually stored in databases. In this work I developed two novel methods and implemented software tools to handle large collection of motifs in order to extract interpretable information from high-throughput data: (i) matrix-clustering regroups motifs by similarity and offers a dynamic interface; (2) position-scan detects TFBMs with positional preferences relative to a given reference location (e.g. ChIP-seq peaks, transcription start sites). The methods I developed have been evaluated based on control cases, and applied to extract meaningful information from different datasets from Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens. The results show that these methods enable to analyse motifs in high-throughput datasets, and can be integrated in motif analysis workflows.

One of ABB Power Systems´s business areas is HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) technology. HVDC is used for transmissions for both short and long distances. One of Power Systems’s products is called HVDC Light. HVDC Light is a relatively new technology for power transmission, but have before only been used for motor drives applications. The technology is based on VSC (Voltage Source Converter) that uses a technique called PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). There are a lot of PWM patterns that have been examined, but not in the field of power transmission where ABB Power Systems is working. The different PWM patterns can be used for reducing switching losses or harmonics, that can cause the need of external filters to decrease or increase. The purpose of this report is to give a general picture of the system that generates the PWM patterns. The report describes some main components in the system. T he thesis also present amplitude spectrum from various PWM patterns - generated by signals that have been pulse width modulated with a triangle- shaped wave. By showing the frequency-content, the decisions are eased for the engineers and technicians that are working with this kind of questions. An analysis of different PWM patterns have been done. The kind of reference waves that generate the PWM patterns are called Dead Band PWM and Modified SPWM. Comparisons have been done for Dead Band PWM, between harmonics and the width of Dead Band. Comparisons have been done for Modified SPWM, between: 1. fundamental frequency and modulation index. 2. different Modified SPWM and their harmonics.

The goal of the thesis was to design and create one-way speed controler for brushless DC motors, that is used in air modeling. The function is based on the without sensors control method and circuit is controlled by the Atmel AVR. Power unit for motor is used Li – pol accumulator. The controller is equipped with a BEC to power the receiver and allows monitoring current and voltage on the accumulator. The measured data can be uploaded to a PC.

The aim of the study was to design, build and experimentally verify a programmable thermostat. The main control unit of the thermostat is an ATmega168 microcontroller which communicates via I2C bus with remote MAX6615 chips. They are used to measure temperature with a set of thermistors and control the flow of the hot water in the heating system. This work deals with issues of remote control through the I2C bus, servomotor steering, precision temperature measurement and describes the inner workings of the system. The next chapter includes a proposal for possible extension of the system. The last part contains the manual of the control menu structure and a brief description of the software.

The goal of the thesis was to design and create one-way speed controler for brushless DC motors, that is used in air modeling. The circuit is controlled by the Atmel AVR. As power unit for motor is used Li–pol accumulator. The controller is equipped with BEC to power the receiver and allows monitoring of current consumption and voltage on the accumulator. Measured data can be upload to a PC where they can be displayed by RegulatorPC in graphical form.