京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24491号 / 医博第4933号 / 新制||医||1063(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 齋藤 潤, 教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 上野 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24500号 / 医博第4942号 / 新制||医||1064(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 渡邊 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Cytosolic double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is sensed as a “danger signal” by host cells. Detection of viral and bacterial nucleic acid is emerging as a major route for cells to identify an infection by a pathogen. Recognition of cytoplasmic DNA causes death of some cells and interferon (IFN) and cytokine induction, which are appropriate anti-viral responses. Responses to cytoplasmic DNA may not only be relevant to certain retrovirus, DNA virus and bacterial infections, but could also be generated by reverse transcription of endogenous retro-elements. Introduction of DNA into the cytoplasm of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM) causes upregulation of MHC Class I, induction of IFNβ and other cytokines and cell death. Both cytokine induction and cell death were independent of recognition of “CpG motifs” through TLR9. In order to determine whether a single receptor was likely to mediate these responses, the types of DNA eliciting these responses was compared. Both cellular activation to produce cytokines and IFNβ, as well as cell death were seen only with dsDNA but not single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Both responses increased with increasing DNA length, with little detectable effect of a double stranded 22bp oligonucleotide (ODN). The sequences of DNA leading to optimal induction of IFNβ and death were different. Although all dsDNA induced death of primary macrophages, poly(dA):(dT) was a particularly potent and rapid pro-death stimulus. In contrast, poly(dA):(dT) was a relatively poor stimulus for IFNβ, even at doses which were minimally toxic, or in cells which are resistant to DNA induced cell death. The alternating co-polymer poly(dA-dT) was the most potent inducer of IFNβ. This data suggests that separate DNA receptors mediate cell death and IFNβ induction in response to dsDNA Transfected dsDNA also rapidly activated caspase 3, a classical pro-apoptotic caspase, in BMM as early as 2½ minutes post-transfection with DNA. Caspase 3 is an effector caspase which is activated by an upstream initiator caspase. Although the apical caspase in the DNA detection system has not been defined, use of Bcl2 overexpressing BMM and caspase 2-/- BMM showed that DNA-dependent caspase 3 activation did not occur via the mitochondrial damage or the caspase 2 activation pathways. The inflammatory caspase, caspase 1 was also activated in response to DNA transfection, although whether caspase 1 is responsible for cleavage of caspase 3 has not been established. Caspase 1 activation suggests the involvement of the inflammasome, which is important for processing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β into their biologically active forms. Furthermore, there is recent evidence suggesting that DNA-transfected cells die by a caspase 1-dependent cell death called pyroptosis. Other work in our lab identified the HIN-200 family member and candidate lupus susceptibility factor p202 as a candidate receptor for cytoplasmic dsDNA; p202 bound stably and rapidly to transfected DNA. Here, knockdown studies revealed p202 to be a regulatory protein limiting DNA-induced caspase 1 and 3 activation. Conversely, the related pyrin domain-containing HIN-200 factor AIM2 (p210), a candidate tumour suppressor, was required for caspase 1 and 3 activation by cytoplasmic dsDNA. Recently published work suggests that AIM2 multimerises along the length of the DNA leading to the formation of an inflammasome complex. The pyrin domain of AIM2 recruits the adaptor protein ASC through homotypic pyrin domain interactions. ASC subsequently recruits caspase 1, which results in its auto-activation. The inhibitory effect of p202 on caspase activation is likely to be due to its lack of a pyrin signalling domain. p202 rapidly binds to cytoplasmic DNA, and may reduce the clustering of AIM2 pyrin domains which results in caspase activation. Consistent with this proposal, DNA-dependent caspase activation correlated inversely with p202 expresssion in 3 mouse strains. This work defines HIN-200 proteins as a new class of pattern recognition receptors mediating responses to dsDNA. Work in this thesis aimed to understand the biological role and mechanism of responses to cytoplasmic DNA. Responses to cytoplasmic DNA are likely to be relevant not only to infectious disease but also to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE), where DNA appears to act as an adjuvant, and even tumour progression where there is evidence for a role for active endogenous retro-elements. In addition, responses to DNA may limit transfection efficiency and the efficacy of non-viral gene therapy.

Bakgrund: Användningen av nanopartiklar ökar varje dag men mycket är oklart i vilkenutsträckning nanopartiklar har hälsopåverkan hos människor. I studier har det visats attnanopartiklar under 100 nm kan passera cellmembranet och under 40 nm kan passeranuklearmembran. I dagsläget används guldnanopartiklar (GNP) inom medicin för visualisering, diagnostisering och läkemedelsbärare. En av biverkningar som GNP kan ha är inflammation. Det finns flera studier som försökt redogöra GNP:s effekter samt hur de uppkommer men det är intehelt klarlagt. Vidare är det inte helt tydligt vilka egenskaper hos GNP som står för de olikaeffekterna. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka rollen som GNP:s storlekar och former har i NLRfamily pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomens interleukin-1β-frisättning hoshuman leukemia monocytic cell line (THP1-celler). Metod: Studien är en experimentell studie där THP1-celler differentieras och exponeras för GNPi olika storlekar, former och koncentrationer. LUMIT immunoassay används sedan för att erhållade olika interleukin-1β-koncentrationerna (IL-1β). Resultat: I datan som erhölls efter att experimenten utförts observerades det att GNP 30 nm i 40μg/mL gav störst inflammasominduktion med en IL-1β-koncentration på 645 ±388 pg/mL.Nästhögst IL-1β-koncentration gav GNP 100 nm i 40 μg/mL på 592 ±270 pg/mL. Slutsats: Nakna GNP kan inducera inflammasomaktivering och på så sättIL-1β-koncentrationshöjningar. De “gold urchins” som undersökts visade sig ha svagarepåverkan på cellerna jämfört med de sfäriska GNP.

No description available.

The inflammasome complex is a multiprotein complex that may play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by secreting the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and inducing pyroptosis, as a response to signals through several inflammasome sensors. This study looked at the expression of several inflammasome components in the ileum and colon of patients suffering from IBD. The inflammasome sensors NLRP1, NLRP3, AIM2 and pyrin were upregulated in whole intestinal tissue of IBD patients, particularly in the colon. NLRP6 expression was increased in the colon of Crohn's disease patients, but not ulcerative colitis patients relative to colon of controls, and was reduced in the ileum of Crohn's disease patients compared to control ileum. Expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β, but not IL-18, were also increased in ileum and colon tissue from Crohn's patients. To identify the cell type where inflammasome expression was altered in Crohn’s disease, transcription of inflammasome subunits in intestinal tissue enriched for epithelial cells or lamina propria (LP) cells was analysed. These analyses indicated that LP cells have greater expression of the inflammasome sensors NLRP1, NLRP3, AIM2 and pyrin relative to epithelial cells, both during disease and in control tissue. Moreover, LP cells from Crohn’s patients have higher expression level of NLRP1, AIM2 and pyrin than LP cells from controls. In contrast the inflammasome sensor NLRP6 was more highly expressed by epithelial cells relative to LP cells in general, and NLRP6 expression in LP cells from IBD patients was lower than that observed in LP cells from controls. The observed differential expression of inflammasome components in controls versus IBD intestine and in different cellular fractions of intestinal tissue highlight the importance of understanding the role of the inflammasome in IBD and hints at the possibility of targeting the inflammasome pathway as a future treatment strategy.

Les inflammasomes sont des complexes protéiques intracellulaires qui ont un rôle majeur dans l'immunité innée. Leur activation conduit à la mort de la cellule dans un contexte hyperinflammatoire. Compte-tenu des effets potentiellement délétères, tissulaires et systémiques, les inflammasomes sont strictement régulés. A l'heure actuelle, la compréhension des mécanismes conduisant à leur activation et leur régulation reste partielle. Dans une première partie de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé une technique de biotinylation proximale (BioID) pour identifier les protéines interagissant avec l'inflammasome. Nous avons identifié 111 protéines dont la relation étroite avec l'inflammasome était vraisemblable. Parmi ces 111 protéines, 25% avaient d'ailleurs déjà été décrites comme des protéines interagissant avec le complexe. L'identification d'un adaptateur majeur de l'autophagie, p62/sequestosome-1 (p62), nous a conduit à focaliser notre attention sur son rôle dans la régulation de l'inflammasome. Nous avons d'abord démontré que l'interaction entre p62 et l'inflammasome existait, sur le plan biochimique. Par la suite, nous avons prouvé que p62 était un substrat du complexe et que l'activation de ce dernier entrainait le clivage de p62 au niveau d'un résidu aspartique en position 329. Enfin, nous avons caractérisé les conséquences fonctionnelles de ce clivage, en montrant que les fragments protéiques générés entrainaient une régulation positive ou négative du complexe. Nous avons alors émis l'hypothèse que p62 pourrait réguler l'inflammasome de manière différente selon le signal activateur. Dans une seconde partie, translationnelle, nous nous sommes intéressés aux conséquences des mutations dans la séquence de gènes codant les constituants de l'inflammasome ou des protéines régulatrices du complexe. Celles-ci sont à l'origine des maladies auto-inflammatoires monogéniques. Ces maladies sont caractérisées par des épisodes récurrents de fièvre associés variablement à d'autres symptômes systémiques. La plus fréquente est la fièvre méditerranéenne familiale (FMF), avec une prévalence estimée entre 1 et 5 pour 10 000 habitants en France. Les mutations du gène MEFV, codant la pyrine, sont à l'origine de la FMF. La pyrine peut induire la formation d'un inflammasome spécifique. Récemment, le mécanisme d'activation de l'inflammasome pyrine a été mieux caractérisé : certaines toxines (comme la toxine B du Clostridium difficile, TcdB) induisent l'activation de l'inflammasome pyrine. Nous avons utilisé ces nouvelles connaissances afin d'explorer les conséquences de l'activation de l'inflammasome pyrine par la TcdB dans les monocytes des patients atteints de FMF, comparés aux monocytes de donneurs sains. Nos résultats indiquent que ces mutations induisent un abaissement du seuil d'activation de l'inflammasome pyrine. Par ailleurs, les corrélations génotype/phénotype indiquent qu'il existe un effet de dosage génétique, en lien avec le nombre d'allèles mutés. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour les patients atteints de FMF, tant dans la compréhension de la physiopathologie que dans la possibilité de mise au point de tests fonctionnels pour le diagnostic de la maladie / Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that have a major role in innate immunity. Their activation leads to hyperinflammatory cell death. In view of potentially deleterious effects, the inflammasomes are strictly regulated. At present, the understanding of the mechanisms leading to their activation and regulation remains partial. In a first part of this thesis, we used a technique of proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) to identify the proteins interacting with the inflammasome. We identified 111 proteins with a close relationship to the inflammasome. Among these 111 proteins, 25% had already been described as proteins interacting with the complex. The identification of a major adaptor of autophagy, p62/sequestosome-1 (p62), led us to focus our attention on its role in the regulation of inflammasome. We first demonstrated that the interaction between p62 and inflammasome was real, at the biochemical level. Subsequently, we proved that p62 was a substrate of the complex and that the activation of the latter led to the cleavage of p62 at the aspartate 329. Finally, we characterized the functional consequences of this cleavage and showed that the protein fragments generated led to a positive or negative regulation of the complex. We thus hypothesized that p62 could regulate the inflammasome differently according to the activator signal. In a second translational part, we looked at the consequences of mutations in the sequence of genes coding components of the inflammasome or proteins regulating it. These are the cause of monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases. These diseases are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever associated with other systemic symptoms. The most frequent is Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), with prevalence estimated at between 1 and 5 per 10 000 inhabitants, in France. Mutations of the MEFV gene, encoding pyrin, cause FMF. Pyrine may trigger the formation of a specific inflammasome. Recently, the mechanism of activation of the pyrin inflammasome has been better characterized: toxins (such as toxin B of Clostridium difficile, TcdB) induce the activation of the pyrin inflammasome. We used this new knowledge to investigate the consequences of TcdB on pyrin inflammasome activation in monocytes from FMF patients compared to monocytes from healthy donors. Our results indicate that these mutations induce a decreased threshold of activation of the pyrin inflammasome. In addition, genotype / phenotype correlations indicate a gene-dosage effect, related to the number of mutated alleles. These results open new perspectives for patients with FMF, in understanding the pathophysiology of the diseass and in developing functional diagnostic tests