Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 morales_ps_me_ift.pdf: 900348 bytes, checksum: 11b8ab9b4c422ec3a42face91d5074e6 (MD5) / O mecanismo de rearranjo de tubos de fluxo predito no limite de acoplamento forte da formulação Hamiltoniana da QCD na rede foi implementado num modelo de quarks constituintes e suas consequências investigadas para o espalhamento méson-méson. O rearranjo de tubos de fluxo leva a efeitos similares aos tradicionais efeitos de troca de quarks com troca de um glúon em interações hádron-hádron. Contudo, enquanto o primeiro está relacionado ao regime de confinamento da QCD, o último está relacionado ao regime de liberdade assintótica desta teoria. Mostra-se aqui que ambos mecanismos levam a resultados qualitativamente similares quando o potencial de rearranjo pode ser escrito como a soma de interações locais quark-quark, antiquark-antiquark e quark-antiquark. Para interações gerais, não locais e de longo alcance, o rearranjo de tubos de fluxo leva a resultados qualitativa e quantitativamente diferentes dos resultados de troca de quarks com troca de um glúon. As consequências disso para a fenomenologia das interações hádron-hádron são discutidas. / The mechanism of link rearrangement predicted in the strong coupling limit of Hamiltonian lattice QCD is implemented in a constituent quark model and its consequences for meson-meson scattering are investigated. Link rearrangement leads to effects similar to the traditional quark exchange with one gluon exchange in hadron-hadron interactions. However while the first is related to the confinement regime of QCD, the latter is related to the asymptotic freedom regime of this theory. It is shown here that both mechanisms lead to identical qualitative results when the rearrangement potential can be written as a sum of local quark-quark, antiqurk-antiquark e quark-antiquark. For general, long-range nonlocal interactions, link rearrangement leads to results qualitative and quantitatively different from those of quark exchange with one gluon exchange. The consequences of this for the phenomenology of hadron-hadron interactions are discussed.

O Método do Grupo Ressonante (RGM) é um método utilizado no estudo da interação hádron-hádron, na qual não são desprezados os graus de liberdade internos destas partículas. Nesta dissertação estudaremos os efeitos associados `a interação entre um quark pesado Q com outro leve q no potencial de troca de um gluón chamado de One Gluon Exchange Potencial (OGEP), tradicionalmente obtido a partir de um potencial relativístico de interação do modelos de quarks, fazendo uma expansão em potências de momentos nos espinores constituintes (potencial de Fermi-Breit). Faremos uma aproximação semi-relativística para o quark leve q, enquanto que o quark pesado Q será considerado não-relativístico. Este potencial semi-relativístico será usado no RGM para estudar a interação entre charmônios e nucleons como no caso da interação J/ψ-nucleon. / The Resonating Group Method (RGM) is used in hadron-hadron interactions, when internal degrees of freedom of composite particles can’t be neglected. In this dissertation we shall study the effects associated with the interaction between a heavy quark Q with a light quark q, using the the One Gluon Exchange Potential (OGEP) traditionally obtained from a relativistic interaction potential in the quark model, by an expansion in powers of momentum of the constituent spinors (potential Fermi-Breit). We will make a semi-relativistic approach for light quark q, while the heavy quark Q will be considered non-relativistic. This semi-relativistic potential will be used in the RGM to study the interaction between charmonia and nucleons as the case J/ψ-nucleon interaction.

Nessa tese serão apresentadas medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados feitas no perimento de colisão de íons pesados ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment, em inglês). As medidas foram obtidas em colisões de Pb-Pb com energia de centro de massa por par de nucleons (psNN) igual a 2.76 TeV com o colisor de hadrons LHC (Large Hadron Collider, em inglês). Colisões ultrarelativísticas de íons pesados podem alcançar temperaturas e/ou densidades de energia suficientemente altas para formar o Plasma de Quarks e Gluons (QGP, na sigla em inglês), o estado da matéria onde os partons estão desconfinados dos hadrons. O parâmetro de anisotropia azimutal elíptica é um dos observáveis mais importantes utilizados no estudo da formação do QGP. Esse parâmetro é quantificado pelo segundo harmônico, denominado v2, da distribuição do ângulo azimutal das partículas em relação ao ângulo do plano de reação, o qual é definido pela direção do parâmetro de impacto e pela direção do feixe de partículas. Medidas de anisotropia azimutal elíptica de quarks pesados (charm e beauty) são interessantes, pois os quarks pesados são sondas sensíveis às propriedades do QGP, visto que eles são predominantemente produzidos em processos iniciais de espalhamento duro e interagem com o meio desconfinado. Medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em baixos valores de momento transversal indicam movimento coletivo de quarks pesados e possível termalização no QGP. Por outro lado, medidas de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em altos valores de momento transversal são interpretadas como uma dependência da geometria do meio por onde os quarks pesados atravessam e perdem energia. Serão mostrados resultados de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de quarks pesados em função do momento transversal em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidades 20-40% e 30-50%. O resultado é comparado com previsões teóricas e medida obtida em colisões de Au-Au a psNN = 0.2 TeV no experimento RHIC. Resultados preliminares de v2 de elétrons de decaimentos de charm e beauty, separadamente, também serão mostrados em colisões de Pb-Pb a psNN = 2.76 TeV em eventos com centralidade 30-50%. / This thesis presents measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays with the A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE). The measurement is performed for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per colliding nucleon pair psNN = 2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies sufficiently high temperature and/or energy density can be achieved to form the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the state of matter predicted by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in which quarks and gluons are deconfined from hadrons. One of the most important probes of the QGP formation is the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy, which is quantified by the second harmonic v2 of the particle azimuthal angle distribution with respect to the angle of the reaction plane, which is defined by the impact parameter direction and the beam direction. In addition, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) serve as a sensitive probe of the QGP properties since they are predominantly produced in initial hard scattering processes and interact with the deconfined medium. The transverse momentum dependence of the heavy-flavour decay electron v2 can be used to investigate the QGP properties. The measurement of v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at low transverse momentum provides a way to test whether heavy quarks take part in the collective motion in the medium. Whereas, v2 of electrons from heavy-flavour decays at high transverse momentum is interpreted as a path length dependence of heavy-quark energy loss within the created dense medium. Results of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from heavy-flavour decays as a function of tranverse momentum obtained in 20-40% and 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown. The measurement is compared with theoretical predictions and previous measurement at the RHIC experiment. Preliminary measurements of the elliptic azimuthal anisotropy of electrons from charm and beauty as a function of tranverse momentum in 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at psNN = 2.76 TeV will be shown as well.

Este trabalho consistiu em analisar a possibilidade de verificação da violação de sabor em correntes neutras intermediadas por glúons de Kaluza-Klein (GKK) através do modelo de dimensões extras compactas e curvas. Este introduz a possibilidade de violação de sabores em correntes neutras através de processos do tipo próton/próton em top/anti-quark c. Inicialmente estudamos o comportamento de jatos com altos momentos transversos (da ordem de 300 GeV) e suas subestruturas. Após isto, estudamos a detecção do quark top através dos algoritmos HEPTopTagger e Johns Hopkins (fizemos uma breve comparação entre eles). Por último, propusemos duas maneiras de encontrar os GKK. Uma delas, através da procura de somente quarks top. A outra, através da procura de um quark top e um jato sem subestrutura (algoritmo do tipo TJ). Pudemos ver que a possibilidade de encontrar o fenômeno de violação de sabores é acessível (a razão S/B da ordem de 0,1) para ambos os casos de massa analisados através do algoritmo do tipo TJ. / This study was to examine the possibility of verifying the violation of flavor in neutral currents mediated by Kaluza-Klein gluons (GKK), in which it was introduced by compact warped extra dimensions. The possibility of violation of flavors in neutral currents occurs through processes like proton/proton into quark top/ antiquark charm. Initially we studied the behavior of jets with high transverse momentum (the order of 300 GeV) and its substructures. After this, we studied the detection of the top quark via HEPTopTagger and Johns Hopkins algorithms (we did a brief comparison between them). Finally, we proposed two ways to find the GKK. One of them, by searching for only quark top. The other, by looking for a quark top and a jet without substructure (algorithm of TJ type). We could see that the possibility of encountering the phenomenon of violation of flavors is accessible (the ratio S/B is the order of 0.1) in both cases of mass analyzed by TJ type algorithm.

Introduzimos um método não-relativístico para estudar a espectroscopia de estados ligados hadrônicos compostos por quatro quarks charme, na figura de diquark-antidiquark. Resolvendo numericamente a equação de Schrödinger com dois potenciais diferentes inspirados no potencial de Cornell, de uma maneira semelhante aos modelos de quarkonium pesado para mésons, nós fatoramos o problema de 4 corpos em três sistemas de 2 corpos: primeiro o diquark e o antidiquark, que são compostos por dois quarks (antiquarks) em um estado de antitripleto de cor. No próximo passo eles são considerados como os blocos para construir o tetraquark, onde a sua interação leva a um singleto de cor. Termos dependentes de spin (spin-spin, spin-órbita e tensor) são usados para descrever o desdobramento do espectro e a separação entre estados com diferentes números quânticos. Atenção especial é dada à interação do tensor entre duas partículas de spin 1, com uma discussão detalhada da estratégia adotada. A interação spin-spin é tratada perturbativamente no primeiro modelo e incluída no potencial de ordem zero no segundo. A contribuição de cada termo de interação também é analisada e comparada. Dados experimentais recentes de estados bem estabelecidos de mésons de charmonium são utilizados para fixar os parâmetros de ambos os modelos (em um procedimento de ajuste minimizando chi quadrado), obtendo uma reprodução satisfatória do espectro do charmonium. As diferenças entre modelos são discutidas no contexto do charmonium, diquarks e tetraquarks. Nós concluímos que quase todas as ondas S e P (e as respectivas primeiras excitações radiais) do todo-charme tetraquark composto por diquarks de spin 1 estão entre 5.8 e 7 GeV, acima do limite de dissociação espontânea em pares de charmonium de baixa energia como dois eta_c ou J/psi, o que sugere que esses poderiam ser os canais ideais para procurar por esses estados, e desenvolver o atual conhecimento de estados multiquarks. / We introduce a non-relativistic framework to study the spectroscopy of hadronic bound states composed of four charm quarks in the diquark-antidiquark picture. By numerically solving the Schrödinger equation with two different Cornell-inspired potentials in a similar way of heavy quarkonium models of mesons, we factorize the 4-body problem into three 2-body systems: first the diquark and the antidiquark, which are composed of 2 quarks (antiquarks) into a color antitriplet state. In the next step they are considered as the tetraquark building blocks, where their interaction leads to a color singlet. Spin-dependent terms (spin-spin, spin-orbit and tensor) are used to describe the splitting structure of the spectrum and account for different quantum numbers of each state. Special attention is given to the tensor interaction between two particles of spin 1, with a detailed discussion of the adopted strategy. The spin-spin interaction is addressed perturbatively in the first model and included in the zeroth-order potential in the second one. The contribution of each interaction term is also analysed and compared. Recent experimental data of reasonably well-established charmonium mesons are used to fix the parameters of both models (with a fitting procedure minimizing chi square), obtaining a satisfactory reproduction of charmonium spectrum. The differences between models are discussed in the charmonium, diquark and tetraquark context. We conclude that almost all the S and P waves (and respective first radial excitations), of the all-charm tetraquark composed by spin 1 diquarks are in the range between 5.8 to 7 GeV, above the threshold of spontaneous decay in low-lying charmonium pairs, like two eta_c or J/psi, what suggests that this could be the ideal channels to look for these states, and develop the current understanding of multiquark states.

O Método do Grupo Ressonante (RGM) é um método utilizado no estudo da interação hádron-hádron, na qual não são desprezados os graus de liberdade internos destas partículas. Nesta dissertação estudaremos os efeitos associados `a interação entre um quark pesado Q com outro leve q no potencial de troca de um gluón chamado de One Gluon Exchange Potencial (OGEP), tradicionalmente obtido a partir de um potencial relativístico de interação do modelos de quarks, fazendo uma expansão em potências de momentos nos espinores constituintes (potencial de Fermi-Breit). Faremos uma aproximação semi-relativística para o quark leve q, enquanto que o quark pesado Q será considerado não-relativístico. Este potencial semi-relativístico será usado no RGM para estudar a interação entre charmônios e nucleons como no caso da interação J/ψ-nucleon. / The Resonating Group Method (RGM) is used in hadron-hadron interactions, when internal degrees of freedom of composite particles can’t be neglected. In this dissertation we shall study the effects associated with the interaction between a heavy quark Q with a light quark q, using the the One Gluon Exchange Potential (OGEP) traditionally obtained from a relativistic interaction potential in the quark model, by an expansion in powers of momentum of the constituent spinors (potential Fermi-Breit). We will make a semi-relativistic approach for light quark q, while the heavy quark Q will be considered non-relativistic. This semi-relativistic potential will be used in the RGM to study the interaction between charmonia and nucleons as the case J/ψ-nucleon interaction.

No description available.

Cette thèse est composée de deux analyses principales: la recherche du boson the Higgs (H) produit en association avec an boson vecteur (VH) dans le canal de désintégration en deux quark-b, dans le Modèle Standard (SM), avec les données du LHC Run-1 (jusqu’à Juillet 2016); la recherche d’un boson d’haute masse A, CP-odd et pseudo-scalar, dans la désintégration dans une paire ZH, avec la désintégration du H en deux quark-b, dans les données du LHC Run-2 (jusqu’à Décembre 2015). Le document est constitué de quatre Chapitres générales et trois Chapitres d’analyse: on donne une description théorétique de la physique du particule, une présentation du LHC et du détecteur ATLAS, un exposé des méthodes statistiques utilisés et des techniques de reconstruction des évènements dans ATLAS. Les Chapitres d’analyse présentent: la recherche des processus VH SM avec les données du Run-1 et du Run-2, dans le canal de désintégration en deux quark-b. En plus on présente la recherche du boson d’haute masse A, avec les données du LHC Run-2. On n’observe pas une mis en évidence du boson de Higgs SM dans ce canal de désintégration, avec une sensibilité de 1.4(0.42) déviations standard pour l’analyse des données du Run-1(Run-2). L’analyse des données du Run-1 obtient la plus hautes sensibilité attendue (2.6 déviations standard) pour ce type de recherche dans un collisionneur hadroniques. L’analyse des données du Run-2 est la première recherche de ce processus a une énergie de 13 TeV. Aucune évidence d’un boson d’haute-mass A est trouvée dans l’analyse des données du Run-2: on donné une interprétation des limites su sa production et désintégration dans le contexte des Two Higgs Double Models. / This thesis is composed of two main separate analyses: the search for the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson in the associated production mode (VH), decaying to b-quark pairs, with data collected during the LHC Run-1 and Run-2 (until July 2016); the search for a high-mass CP-odd pseudoscalar A boson decaying to ZH pairs, with the H decaying to bottom-quark pairs, with data collected during the LHC Run-2 (until December 2015). The document is divided into four general Chapters, and three analysis Chapters: starting from an overview of the theoretical aspects of particle physics, to a description of the LHC and the ATLAS detector, an outline of the statistical methods used for data analysis and a summary of event reconstruction techniques. The analysis Chapters cover separately: the analysis of the LHC Run-1 data for the search of the VH production of the Higgs boson in the bottom-quark pair decay channel, and the same analysis performed with the LHC Run-2 data. Furthermore the search for a high-mass CP-odd pseudoscalar A boson, performed with LHC Run-2 data, is described. No evidence for a SM Higgs boson decaying to bottom-quark pairs is observed, with a significance of 1.4 (0.42) standard deviations from the analysis of LHC Run-1 (Run-2) data. The Run-1 data analysis provides the highest expected sensitivity (2.6 standard deviations) among Higgs searches in this channel at hadron colliders, while the analysis of Run-2 data is the first search performed at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV. No evidence for a massive A boson is found in the analysis of the Run-2 data, the limits set on its production and decay are interpreted in the framework of Two Higgs Doublet Models.

En juillet 2012, les collaborations ATLAS et CMS ont annoncé la découverte d’une nouvelle particule à une masse d'environ 125 GeV, compatible avec le boson de Higgs prédit par le Modèle Standard (MS). Bien qu’à ce jour toutes les mesures montrent une pleine cohérence avec les prédictions du MS, les canaux de désintégration H->bb n'ont pas encore été vus aussi clairement que les canaux de autre désintégration. Cette thèse présente une recherche du boson de Higgs dans le canal WH->lvbb, en utilisant les données de collisions proton-proton à sqrt(s)=8 TeV prises avec le détecteur ATLAS en 2012, correspondant à une luminosité intégrée de 20,3 fb-1. Ce document détaille l’une des contributions aites par l'auteur à cette recherche: la région d’analyse supplémentaire avec des événements de muons déclenchés par l'impulsion transverse manquante. Un excès par rapport à l'hypothèse de fond seulement a été trouvé avec une signification statistique de 1,8(1,5) sigma observée(attendue). La limite supérieure observée(attendue) sur le produit section efficace par rapport d’embranchement pour WH->lvbb à un niveau de confiance de 95% est de 2,35(1,37) fois la prédiction du MS pour mH=125 GeV. Cette recherche repose fortement sur l’identification des jets issus du quark b. Afin d'améliorer la recherche H->bb utilisant l'identification des jets b dans ATLAS, le développement d'algorithmes de haute performance a été conduit et est présenté également dans cette thèse. Un nouvel algorithme, appelé MV2, est introduit: il améliore la performance d'identification des jets b de manière significative et est maintenant l'algorithme référencee pour les analyses du Run 2 avec ATLAS. / In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations announced the discovery of a new particle at a mass of about 125 GeV, compatible with the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model (SM) ofparticle physics. Although all measurements as of Summer 2015 show a full consistency with the SM predictions, the H->bb decay channel has not been seen yet as clearly as the other decay channels. This thesis presents a search for the Higgs boson in the WH->lvbb channel, using proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV taken with the ATLAS detector in the year 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb-1. This document details in particular one of the contributions made by the author in this search: the additional analysis region with muon events triggered by missing transverse momentum. An excess over the background-only hypothesis has been found with a significance of 1.8 sigma while 1.5 sigma was expected. The observed (expected) upper limit on the cross-section times branching ratio for WH->lvbb at 95% confidence level is found to be 2.35 (1.37) times the SM prediction at mH = 125 GeV. This search highly relies on the identification of jets originating in b-quark fragmentation, so-called b-tagging. In order to improve the H->bb search and other physics analyses using b-tagging in ATLAS, the development of high performance b-tagging algorithms has been performed and is presented also in this thesis. A new b-tagging algorithm, called MV2, is introduced: it improves the b-tagging performance significantly and is now the baseline b-tagging algorithm in ATLAS for the Run-2 analyses.

Le but premier de la physique des hautes énergies est d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure fondamentale de la matière, et notamment des particules qui constituent le monde. L'une d'entre elles est le quark top, qui fut découvert en 1995 par les collaborations CDF et D0 auprès du collisionneur protons-antiprotons Tevatron. Un des buts principaux du Tevatron a été depuis l'étude fine des propriétés du quark top, et en particulier de la section efficace de production de paires top-antitop. Différentes analyses ont été menées dans les canaux leptons, dileptons, et tout hadronique afin de déterminer le plus précisément possible les valeurs de ces paramètres, et ainsi de tester la validité du Modèle Standard. Le but principal de cette thèse est de vérifier une des prédictions théoriques du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, à savoir la section efficace de production top-antitop, auprès du collisionneur Tevatron. Le canal étudié est constitué d'un muon, d'un lepton tau, de leurs neutrinos associés, de de deux jets de quark b (l'un d'entre eux provenant d'un quark b, l'autre d'un anti-quark b). La reconstruction et l'identification des jets , des muons, des leptons taus (en particulier par l'utilisation d'un réseau de neurones dédié), et l'étiquetage des jets de b, représentent les éléments fondamentaux de cette étude. Au final, un bon accord entre les données et la simulation Monte Carlo est obtenu à la dernière étape de cette analyse. En outre, la mesure finale de la prédiction théorique au niveau NLL + NLO du calcul des pertubations sont compatibles. / The purpose of high energy physics is to improve our knowledge about the fundamental structure of matter, in particular about particles that constitute the world. One of these is the top quark, that was discovered in 1995 by the CFD and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron protons-antiprotons collider. One of the primary aim of the Tevatron has been then the fine study of the top quark propertiers, in particular the top-antitop production cross section. SDifferent analysis have been performed in the leptons, dileptons, and all-hadronic channels to determine accurately the values of these parmatersn and thus to test the validity of the Standard Model.The main goal of this thesis is to verify one of the theoretical predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, the top-antitop production cross section, at the Tevatron collider. The channel studied is constituted by one muon, one tau lepton, their associated neutrinos, and two b-jets (one coming from the quark, the other one coming from a b anti-quark). The reconstruction and identification of jets, of muons, of taus (in particular with the use of a taus neural network), and the b-tagging of jets, represent the fundamental elements of this study. Endly, a good agreement between data and Monte Carlo simulation is obtained at the final stage of analysis. Moreover, the final measurement and the theoretical prediction at the NLL+NLO perturbations level are found to be compatible.