published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

This thesis explores the environmental and public health damages associated with the informal e-waste recycling industry in China and provides an overview of Chinese policies regulating e-waste. Furthermore, the thesis examines how the United States has contributed to these ecological and human health damages by exporting e-waste to China and failing to regulate the US e-waste recycling industry.

本文通過考察吉安青原山寺的歷史來探究宋到清初佛教寺院與地方士人精英的關系演變。 / 宋元時期，文人碑刻為佛寺帶來聲譽和地位，青原山寺僧通過與上層士大夫精英打交道來獲取文化和政治上的支持。從9 世紀開始，由於禪宗部分宗派的改宗溯源，青原行思和尚最終在宋代官修禪宗史籍中確立正統地位，青原山寺被稱為禪宗「七祖道場」。南宋吉州科舉的興盛和高層士人的崛起催生了吉州的地域認同，青原山在廬陵文化的塑造中成為地方認同的標簽。但是在經濟上，像宋元吉州許多佛寺一樣，青原山寺通過在寺內或寺旁修功德祠的方式與當地富人做生意來獲得捐施。 / 明代中前期佛教發展走入低潮，洪武皇帝禁止官員與佛寺僧人打交道，以防僧俗勾結。嘉靖時期的毀「淫祠」運動和禁制佛教法令對佛寺造成了災難性的打擊。王學士人和吉安府地方官積極投身開展毀「淫祠」運動，打擊佛寺，清算寺產，青原山寺深受其害。從16 世紀30 年代開始，王學士人在青原山定期舉行講會，變寺院為書院，青原山寺因而被王學講會和儒學祭祀所占領，成為吉安府讀書人求學的精神聖地。 / 萬曆年間宮廷的崇佛勢力和晚明由政治焦慮而產生的崇佛熱潮波及吉安。在這場佛教復興中，有青原山求學經歷的第三、第四代王學人士熱衷於佛寺的興修。在晚明數十年間，通過科考、學術和姻親組成的吉安上層士大夫家族圈對青原山寺捐修的熱情持續不減。他們將王學會館神祠移至寺外，重修寺院，購買寺田。而嘉靖以來形成的青原山王學講會和精英文化傳統，使得吉安上層士人主導了青原山寺佛教的復興。 / 清初青原山在地方官和士紳庇護下成為明遺民逃禪之所。三藩之亂以前的清初地方官員創造了比較寬松的政治環境，順治至康熙年間，由前明逃禪官員住持的青原山寺，在省、府、縣三級官員、地方士紳和府縣學生的支持下，贖回大量土地、增建建築規模，免去里甲徭役，收留前朝遺民。青原講會重新恢復，成為全府知識活動的焦點所在。 / This dissertation examines the relationship between Buddhist monasteries and local literati elites in Jiangxi from Song to early Qing, with focus on a specific monastery: the Qingyuan si . / Literati inscriptions was a fountain of fame and prestige for Buddhist monasteries in Song-Yuan Ji'an.Thus monks constantly sought for cultural and political support from upper elite officials. Song Jizhou enjoyed unprecedented examination success and produced many high officials, which led to the birth of a territorial identity among the literati. Mount Qingyuan, renowned as a sacred site of the seventh Patriarch of Chan Buddhism--Qingyuan Xingsi( 青原行思), a result of genealogical writing since the 9th century, was constructed into the local identity in this process.The economic base of Qingyuan si, like many others in Song-Yuan Jizhou, however, lied in donations in exchange for a sacrifice hall built in or adjacent to the monastery. / The first two centuries of Ming was a gloomy time for Buddhism. Founding emperor Hongwu thrust a wedge between monks and officials to prevent conspiracy. The Jiajing period witnessed calamitous strikes to Buddhist monasteries in a movement to demolish 'illicit temples', together with anti-Buddhist edicts issued by the Jiajing Emperor. Yangming scholars and local officials alike actively participated in tearing down and confiscating land of 'illict temples', among which was Qingyuan si. In the meantime, the rise of Yangming school made Qingyuan si a prominent site of Yangming huijiang (learning and discussing meetings), turning it into a Yangming Academy and spiritual center of scholarship in Ji'an since the 1530's. / In the Buddhist revival driven by inner court forces and a nationwide fever for Buddhism out of political anxiety, the third and fourth generations of Yangming scholars in Ji'an demonstrated great enthusiasm in restoring Buddhist monasteries. During the remaining years of Ming, gentry families of Ji'an, connected by scholarship and marriage, showed consistency in monastic patronage under which Qingyuan si managed to remove Yangming halls, restore Buddhist constructions and reacquire much land. Moreover, donation to the monastery then became a sphere largely exclusive to a privileged literati group as a result of its elite tradition formed in the Jiajing era. / Early Qing Qingyuan si served as a shelter for Ming loyalists. The Ming-Qing transition cracked down some old patronal literate families of Qingyuan si by war. However, under the protection of supportive local officials, surviving gentry families and students, the monastery benefited from two decades of peaceful time due to a mild political climate before late 1670s. Former Ming high officials were invited abbots, land was redeemed, and labor service was relieved. The reopened Qingyuan huijiang once again made it a focal place of intellectual activities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 敖迎盈. / "2012年12月". / "2012 nian 12 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-114). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Ao Yingying. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 歷史地理 --- p.9 / Chapter 1. --- 吉安歷史地理 --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- 吉安早期佛教史概況 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三章 --- 明以前吉安佛教與青原山 --- p.24 / Chapter 1. --- 改宗溯源與禪宗正統的書寫青原山「七祖」道場之由來 --- p.24 / Chapter 2. --- 宋元時期的文人、官員與青原山 --- p.29 / Chapter 3. --- 從宋長者祠看宋元青原山寺的受捐和社會功能 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章 --- 從佛教「祖庭」到儒學「聖域」：明代王學講會與青原山佛寺的困境 --- p.41 / Chapter 1. --- 王陽明與嘉靖時期吉安府王學 --- p.43 / Chapter 2. --- 「毀淫祠」運動與嘉靖年間佛寺的生存困境 --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- 16 世紀的青原王學會講 --- p.53 / Chapter 第五章 --- 晚明佛教復興和吉安士人的參與 --- p.63 / Chapter 第六章 --- 明末清初青原山僧人、地方士紳與吉安府政治的變遷 --- p.80 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.100 / 參考文獻 --- p.105

本研究主要是以產業群聚、跨界網絡與研發創新觀點，分析廣東省清遠再生銅產業所形塑出之產業群聚現象。在台灣與清遠地區產業制度變遷的發展過程中，跨界與在地網絡的連結不但對清遠地區在地產業內的權力結構產生衝擊，更因此激勵在地事業機構間對研發創新的渴望。 研究結果發現:清遠再生銅產業之群聚現象，除了可歸於中國中央與地方政府的強制規劃外，台灣事業機構提供廢貨源、資訊、技術、經營管理理念與資金於當地，是促進當地產業群聚的重要推手。隨群聚內的事業體系間的相互提攜與擴溢，間接促使產業內結構得以調整，而使在地企業得以改造，更激發出產業升級、研發創新與當地居民向心力的凝聚。跨界網絡融入清遠在地網絡後，因外部知識的潛在價值，更有利於在地事業機構本身的吸收。而台灣與清遠地區事業廢棄物產業的研發創新的出發點是各自獨立的體系，但隨台灣事業機構於清遠地區取得專利後，亦會藉由知識分享或透過支付權利金模式回饋與台灣境內公司，因此台灣與清遠地區事業廢棄物產業在研發創新的道路上漸漸從分壘的平行線轉向分享的交叉線上。 / This study analyzes the industry cluster established by the recycled copper industry in Qingyuan, Guangdong, primarily from the perspective of industry clusters, trans-border networks, and R&D innovation. During the development process of the industrial system transition on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area , connections between trans-border and local networks not only had an impact on domestic industry power structures in Qingyuan Area, but also stimulated a desire for R&D innovation within local enterprises organizations. The results of the study indicate that in addition to attributing the clustering of the recycled copper industry to mandatory plans by the central and local governments in China, Taiwan enterprises provide waste sources, information, technology, management philosophy and funds, is an important promoter to promote local in industry cluster , mutual support and expansion among the industry cluster enterprises systems indirectly prompted internal industry adjustments, resulting in the restructuring of local enterprises, which further inspired industry upgrading, innovation, and cohesiveness among local residents. As trans-border networks gradually blended into Qingyuan Area domestic networks, the potential value from external knowledge was more readily available for local enterprises to absorb. While the starting points of R&D innovation arose from individual systems on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area, benefits could be reaped by enterprises in Taiwan through shared knowledge or paid royalties when trans-border enterprises acquired patents in Qingyuan Area. Therefore, on the road to R&D innovation, industries on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area transformed from following separate, parallel routes to sharing a single route.