This paper examines pupils’ conception of the Swedish schools constitutive values expressed in the Swedish curriculum. The main question was, at to what extent the schools constitutive values have influenced the pupils conception of their own values. That question problematizes the relation between values, constructed and carried by central administration, and their interpretation at local level by pupils. The study was conducted with qualitative analysis which included qualitative interviews with seven pupils in the last year of the Swedish school system. Phenomenology, hermeneutics, and phenomenographics have influenced the study. The qualitative interviews were abstracted into categories, related to this papers theoretical framework. The categories were taken from a taxonomy that breaks up the constitutive values into smaller pieces. The categories are presented here: questions about conception of life, moral education, values education, civics education and citizenship education. As well as categories the taxonomy shows a variable that goes from private to public and questions about conception of life, is the most private area and citizenship education is the most public. What each category resulted in was that pupils´ conception of the schools constitutive values could relate to the theoretical framework. Although many of the informants’ quotations pointed out standpoints that were related to the theoretical framework, some weren’t. Those included mostly the categories of public questions, such as civic education and citizenship education. In question of the pupils conception of moral education and values education the quotations showed that schools tend to focus on a rule based philosophy when fostering the pupils in to good moral and values. Also, pupils tend to focus on private good and see the schools constitutive values as a way to gain private good. This papers result brings up questions about; if the schools constitutive values are not well understood by pupils or if the constitutive values only are to be understood as private good. It also shows that the values constructed at a central level have a long way to travel to be acknowledged by the pupils. And along that travel several actors, such as teachers, interpret the constitutive values.

The Usability of a website can be evaluated using various methods. One of the methods is usability testing, which is widely used and employed by the usability tester due to its low cost and user friendliness. The results of usability testing can be affected positively or negatively by several factors such as evaluator’s role, number of users, test environment, tasks, usability problem report, usability measures, and other factors. For more than a decade, the number of users plays a key role in usability testing. Previously done study [12], has shown that correlation exists between the number of user tasks and the number of issues found. As an extension and follow-up of the recent studies, the current work was carried out on task design, task number, and task coverage. Two types of task designs were proposed namely, guided tasks and unguided tasks. Considering the task as a key factor, the remaining factors were also considered while employing the usability test.

The purpose of this thesis was to study how journalism is represented in graphic novels, what roles are represented and if journalism in graphic novels is good or evil. The goal was also to see if there were any similarities or differences over a period of time. This was done with a qualitative analysis of two graphic novels written and drawn by Frank Miller. When we did the analysis we focused on pictures and texts that directly had a connection to the journalistic role. We used a semiotic approach to analyze the two graphic novels were our main focus where on what connotation, what denotation and what stereotypes could be found. This study establishes that stereotypes are used to represent journalism in a negative way. Journalists are also the cause of more harm than good. When you put journalism into the narrative technique of good versus evil they are clearly evil and use their power to undermine the heroes of the story. The journalists are put into stereotypical roles such as the female news reporter who is all looks and no brain, or the overzealous male reporter who tries to tell the truth but no one will listen to him. It is also clear that journalism is represented in a way that describes it as a phenomenon that spreads panic because the journalists in many cases come to their own conclusions without having all the facts. The study also shows that over a period of fifteen years the role of the journalist is the same but the way they are represented is very different.  Because of the larger rivalry from other news sources the media is forced to find new ways to attract an audience. Therefore the newer graphic novel portrays a sexualisation of the journalistic role.

Managing groundwater can be difficult because there is no common perspective among stakeholders about what they wish for their desired future conditions (DFCs) for Texas' aquifers. Conflicts over how to manage aquifers, whether to mine or sustain groundwater levels are complicated by diverse state and local approaches. This dissertation proposes a decision support method to derive acceptable future aquifer conditions through engaging stakeholders by combining five processes: landowner surveys, stakeholder and decision maker focus groups, contingent valuation, system element identification and scenario-testing. Surveys of water users identified conflicts among water users and decision makers' preferences. For example, how much is groundwater worth in Texas? Responses to two survey questions revealed a willingness to buy groundwater for an average of $2,872 per acre-foot. Most landowners most did not want to sell groundwater at any cost. Those willing to sell revealed an average of $4,069 per acre-foot. A survey of landowners and decision makers indicated that 41 percent of landowners indicated that no new users be issued permits to support stable Trinity Aquifer groundwater levels. Meanwhile, the decision makers chose a DFC of a 30 foot drawdown in the Trinity Aquifer over 50 years. Stakeholder surveys identified the 'best groundwater decision makers' as being the stakeholders or well owners, yet 75 percent of the decision makers preferred the groundwater conservation district board presidents. This suggests that stakeholders would prefer to be the decision makers rather than being asked for their preferences. One decision-maker focus group identified 12 elements representing their understanding of the DFC process. These elements form a system information diagram or preference map. Such a map can help identify alternative pathways for solving problems in the decision process. These complexities remain challenging as Texas moves toward more local regulatory control, more competing interests, and less certainty about Texas' future groundwater supply. / text

The purpose of this study is to examine the status of academic freedom and, more specifically, intramural and extramural speech at universities in the U.S. since 2000. Court opinions and briefs from benchmark court cases and the faculty's perspective of current academic freedom issues are analyzed to determine dominant trends and themes that have evolved since 2000. While others have studied the relationship between the First Amendment and academic freedom, this analysis brings current the discourse concerning the effect First Amendment court decisions have on the faculty speech. The central research question is to determine the effect court decisions have on the intramural and extramural speech of faculty and specifically to study how federal, state, and local events since 2000 have affected (a) the academic freedom of faculty in general, (b) the way universities handle faculty intramural speech, (c) the way universities handle faculty extramural speech when they speak both as a citizen and a public university employee, and (d) the ability of faculty to defend their academic freedom. Using post-modern theory, the two-phased mixed methods study deconstructs and analyzes (a) the six First Amendment court opinions and briefs and (b) the 19 interviews of public university faculty members. The first phase identified 11 dominant themes, which were used as the basis for the coding and the 19 interviews of public university faculty members. The interview coding and analysis identified 15 themes. Based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, four themes were identified in the court opinions and six in the interviews are discussed. The second phase also included surveys of the faculty interviewed and a quantitative analysis of the responses in order to classify the sample. The study found that public universities have complete control over academic freedom, and that it is a privilege granted to faculty based on their scholarly association with the university, not a right. Public university administrators, general counsels, deans, department chairs, and faculty will benefit from the study as it provides an intensive analysis of post-2000 court case logic and the current perceptions and apprehensions that faculty have concerning their intramural and extramural speech rights. / text

This study aims to find out how gender roles are portrayed in the series The Walking Dead. Using a quantitative content analysis where every episode of The Walking Dead was analyzed the study shows gender role portrayal in the everyday activities done by the characters. A qualitative study based on a semiotic analysis was also executed where focus lies on analyzing the characters attributes and their trait of character. The result shows that the series maintains a stereotypical representation of men and women. The men take on the typical “manly” work and the women do the majority of the domestic work. The killing of zombier and humans are mostly done by the men in the series. Their trait of character also shows a stereotypical gender role representation where the men are portrayed as tough, fighters, protectors and providers. The women on the other hand are more weak, sensitive and dependent.

Objectifs : L'innovation en Chirurgie revêt des aspects distincts de l'innovation en Médecine. Nous avons tenté de caractériser l’Ethique de Responsabilité et les outils nécessaires à son application dans le cadre de l'innovation chirurgicale au travers de l’expérience de chirurgiens novateurs. Matériel et Méthode : L'innovation en Chirurgie est une décision médicale pour laquelle il n’existe pas d’antériorité. Elle est parfaitement modélisée par la transplantation d’organe. Les transplantations de cœur, de foie et de visage recoupent l’ensemble des champs à explorer. A partir de ce postulat, les facteurs extrinsèques de cette décision (historique, sociétaux, légaux) et des facteurs intrinsèques (la prise de décision à proprement parlé) ont été analysés. Pour les facteurs extrinsèques, une recherche bibliographique a été réalisée. Concernant les facteurs intrinsèques, différents modèles de la prise de décision médicale ont été évalués avant qu’un choix ne soit arrêté : le modèle de l'interaction des Forces. A l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs menés avec des chirurgiens transplanteurs, les différents composants de la prise de décision en chirurgie innovante ont été exploités. Résultats : L’historique de la Chirurgie montre une dichotomie avec la Médecine. La législation de l’innovation semble résulter d’une adaptation aux pratiques. Sept Professeurs en Chirurgie et transplanteurs furent interrogés dans le cadre des entretiens semi-directifs. L'analyse a montré que le modèle de l'interaction des Forces est cohérent et facilement applicable. Les intervenants ont marqué la différence entre l'innovation rupture et l'innovation développement. L'innovation en Chirurgie, à la différence de l'activité cancérologique, s’est manifestée comme une activité purement collective. Elle repose sur le consensus de l'équipe, la littérature médicale contemporaine et des convictions parfois non-rationnelles. Elle nécessite des qualités d’intégrité chez le chirurgien novateur. L’Ethique de Responsabilité impose une réflexion sur la régulation et la méthodologie de l’innovation en Chirurgie. Enfin, cette innovation est vue de façon différente selon la génération des chirurgiens et est considérablement ralentie par la législation actuelle. Discussion et Conclusions : L'innovation en chirurgie, par son aspect irrémédiable, est éthiquement problématique mais indispensable. Elle nécessite donc une amélioration et une facilitation. D'une part, l'outil d'évaluation de la chirurgie, l'Evidence-Based Surgery doit être considéré comme une entité à part entière étant données les spécificités de la Chirurgie par rapport à la Médecine. D'autre part, une dérogation aux réglementations actuelles semble souhaitable pour les phases précédant la standardisation de l’innovation en chirurgie. L’intégration d’Infirmières Cliniciennes Spécialistes permet de renforcer l’Ethique individuelle là où la législation conforte principalement l’Ethique de Santé Publique. L’utilisation de réunions de revue de morbi-mortalité en innovation, menées par l’Université et ouvertes à toutes les disciplines, y compris aux Sciences Humaines et Sociales, offre un modèle d’auto-régulation, a posteriori de l'innovation. Ce procédé dérogatoire permet d’insuffler les Sciences Humaines dans le processus innovant tout en maintenant le degré d’exigence scientifique. / Aims: Innovation in Surgery differs from Innovation in Medicine. We aimed to describe Ethics of Responsibility and its necessary tools in innovative process in surgery from surgeons’ standpoint. Material and Methods: Innovation in surgery is a common decision-making process except the lack of past history. Organ transplant is an ideal representation of innovation in surgery. Heart, Liver and Face transplants allow to explore all the fields in innovation in surgery. Based on this postulate, extrinsic (history, laws, society) and intrinsic factors (pure medical decision) of the decision-making process were analyzed. Considering extrinsic factors, a literature review has been performed. Considering intrinsic factors, several models of medical decision-making process were evaluated and one was chosen: the Forces Interaction Model. Using interviews with renowned transplant surgeons, extracted components of the decision were exploited. Results: History of the Surgery showed a clear dichotomy with Medicine. Laws regulating Innovation seemed to be secondary to the borderline (and innovative) practice. Seven interviews of professors and transplant surgeons were reported. Analysis showed the Forces Interaction Model as relevant in order to perform the study. Surgeons instinctively defined two different types of innovation: the innovation-breach and the innovation-development. Differently from oncological practice, innovation in surgery is a pure collective activity, based on the consensus, the scientific literature and sometime on non-rational beliefs. The successful innovative surgeon must present some traits, including resilience and integrity. Ethics of Responsibility requires assessing regulation and methodology in the field of innovation. Finally, innovation is seen differently depending on the generation of surgeons and is slowed down by French Laws. Discussion et Conclusions: The definitive facet of the Innovation in Surgery is ethically problematic, still, Innovation is essential. Thus, it needs to be improved and facilitated. On the one hand, the evaluation tool in Surgery, the Evidence-Based Surgery, must be viewed as an independent instrument considering differences with Medicine. On the other hand, an exemption from provisions of current law in innovation in Medicine seems necessary, aiming innovative steps prior standardization of a surgical procedure. Integration of Clinical Nurse Specialists should allow to strengthen Individual Ethics while Laws reinforce Public Health Ethics. The use of morbidity and mortality meeting in innovation, led by the University and opened to all disciplines, including Social and Human Sciences, dictates a retrospective auto-regulated evaluation of the innovation. This process, while maintaining high scientific standard, enables to introduce Social and Human Sciences in the innovative process.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to study how journalism is represented in graphic novels, what roles are represented and if journalism in graphic novels is good or evil. The goal was also to see if there were any similarities or differences over a period of time. This was done with a qualitative analysis of two graphic novels written and drawn by Frank Miller. When we did the analysis we focused on pictures and texts that directly had a connection to the journalistic role. We used a semiotic approach to analyze the two graphic novels were our main focus where on what connotation, what denotation and what stereotypes could be found.</p><p>This study establishes that stereotypes are used to represent journalism in a negative way. Journalists are also the cause of more harm than good. When you put journalism into the narrative technique of good versus evil they are clearly evil and use their power to undermine the heroes of the story. The journalists are put into stereotypical roles such as the female news reporter who is all looks and no brain, or the overzealous male reporter who tries to tell the truth but no one will listen to him.</p><p>It is also clear that journalism is represented in a way that describes it as a phenomenon that spreads panic because the journalists in many cases come to their own conclusions without having all the facts. The study also shows that over a period of fifteen years the role of the journalist is the same but the way they are represented is very different.  Because of the larger rivalry from other news sources the media is forced to find new ways to attract an audience. Therefore the newer graphic novel portrays a sexualisation of the journalistic role.</p>