Implantado em 1994, o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), hoje Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), vem buscando garantir o acesso equânime à saúde a partir de um modelo que tem como princípios básicos: a integralidade, hierarquização, territorialização, equipe multiprofissional e o caráter substitutivo do modelo de assistência à saúde. A tradução destes princípios na prática, nem sempre efetiva, tem sido discutida, principalmente no que diz respeito ao seu caráter substitutivo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo, enquadrado no campo da saúde coletiva, foi realizado junto aos usuários de famílias adscritas a uma equipe rural do PSF de Sacramento/MG. O objetivo foi identificar elementos para sistematizar determinantes do processo de apropriação pela comunidade, sobre o trabalho conjunto de profissionais de saúde, no contexto do atendimento junto ao PSF. Os dados foram obtidos em grupos focais compostos por representantes das famílias de três comunidades rurais microáreas da área de abrangência do PSF Rural. A análise das entrevistas grupais foi processada via identificação de conteúdos ex post facto, agrupados em categorias temáticas, relacionadas ao processo de apropriação do trabalho oferecido pelo PSF. Tais resultados foram analisados à luz do referencial teórico da saúde na comunidade. Quatro categorias temáticas agruparam alguns determinantes ligados ao objetivo do trabalho: A) Disponibilidade, em que foram reunidos os conteúdos sobre a quebra de barreiras para o atendimento e acesso aos serviços prestados, tendo o Rapport como facilitador do vínculo com o usuário. B) Acesso a Recursos, crenças e representações voltadas à avaliação dos elementos necessários à atenção primária à saúde e com a garantia de serviços secundários e terciários. C) Condições Materiais, relacionadas à vulnerabilidade social e processos de anomia frente à manutenção das conquistas, dada à falta de organização e depreciação dos espaços coletivos para promoção da saúde. D) Movimento Social, relacionado à politização/apropriação do trabalho coletivo e à legitimidade do convívio entre a equipe e a comunidade. Considerando as crenças e representações identificadas, observamos que a compreensão da práxis é balizada pela vinculação do trabalho com os componentes históricos, políticos, ideológicos e culturais que a determinam. O enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença pela comunidade aliada à Equipe de Saúde da Família envolve outros elementos além do conhecimento técnico, o que determina uma simetria no vínculo profissional-paciente, viabilizando a construção conjunta das condições do trabalho em saúde. Assim, a sistematização da aprendizagem informal decorrente da atuação conjunta representa uma alternativa à superação do modelo hegemônico em saúde e de reorientação do ensino em saúde no sentido de favorecer a atuação profissional voltada para os aspectos psicossociais do cuidado em saúde. / Established in 1994, the Family Health Program (PSF), today called Familys Health Strategy (ESF), is trying to guarantee an equal access to health through a model that has as basic principles: the integrability, hierarchization, territorialization, multiprofessional group and the substitutive character of health assistance. The translation of these principles in practice, not always effective, has been discussed, especially in what concerns to its substitutive character. In this sense, the present study, comprehended at the field of collective health, was accomplished close to the users of families inscribed on a rural group of the PSF from the city of Sacramento, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The aim was to identify elements to systematize causal factors of the appropriation process by the community, over the joined work of the health area professionals, attending at the Family Health Program (PSF). The data were got in focused groups composed by family representatives from three rural communities microareas from the Rural Family Health Program scope. The analysis of the grouped interviews was processed by ex post facto contents identification, gathered in thematic categories, related to the work appropriation process offered by the Family Health Program. These results were analyzed according to the theoretical reference of health at community. Four thematic categories gathered some determinants joined these work aims: A) Availability, in which were gathered contents about the breaking barriers of attendance and access to health services, having the Rapport as a facilitator of the bond with the user. B) Resource Access, beliefs and representations toward to evaluation of necessary elements to primary health care and with guarantee of secondary and tertiary services. C) Material Conditions, related to social vulnerability and anomie before the maintenance of the conquests, due the absent organization and depreciation of the public spaces of health promotion. D) Social Movement, related to politicization/collective work appropriation and the legitimacy of the relationship between the professional group and the community. Considering the beliefs and representations identified, its observed that the practice comprehension is oriented by the work entailment with historical, political, ideological and cultural components which determine them. The community facing of the health-disease process combined to the Family Health Group involves other elements besides the technical knowledge, what determines an entailed symmetry between the professional and the patient, making feasible the conjunct construction of the work in health conditions. Thus, the informal learning systematization resulting from the conjunct labor represents an alternative to the overcome of the health hegemonic model and reorientation of the health teaching in the sense of facilitate the professional actuation faces to psychosocial aspects of the health care.

With the number of Asian immigrants continually increasing in New Zealand society, Asian immigrant businesses have been appearing more rapidly in New Zealand, particularly in Auckland. The primary purpose of this study is to enquire into why a certain Asian immigrant group become business people after migrating to Auckland, New Zealand. In addition, it investigates the level of their business activity and the level of happiness with their new life in New Zealand. This study examines the growing phenomenon of Asian immigrants, and the entrepreneurship rate of ethnic groups through existing statistics. The study focuses on Korean immigrants. Twenty self-employed Koreans who are running a business in Auckland participated in the study. They were invited to talk about why they became self-employed business people and related matters about their business activity. The study found that Korean immigrants chose self-employment as a means of getting a job. They gave up seeking mainstream employment opportunities due to the language barrier and their inability to cope with a new society and new system. Other fundamental factors in their decision to become entrepreneurs were that firstly, they were willing to invest a considerable amount of their own money and secondly, they preferred to participate in the workforce rather than to depend on the New Zealand welfare system. Based on the information acquired through the research, the study reported that the recently increased numbers of Asian businesses are partly attributable to New Zealand business immigration policy which introduced a new business category – Long Term Business Visa (LTBV). The findings from this research pointed to commitment that immigrant businesses contribute to the New Zealand economy and New Zealand society as taxpayers and potential employers.

This study explored adolescent girls‟ subjective experiences of being young mothers in school, focusing on their personal and interpersonal relationships within their social contexts. Participants included 15 young black mothers aged between 16 and 19 years from three high schools in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Conducted within a feminist social constructionist framework, the study adopted an exploratory qualitative structure. Data were collected through life histories that were analysed within a thematic narrative framework. The narratives revealed that the young mothers found motherhood challenging and overly disruptive of school. Although contexts of childcare emerged as pivotal in how young mothers balanced motherhood and schoolwork, these were also presented as characterised by notions of power and control. Because of the gendered nature of care work, the women who supported the young mothers with childcare dominated the mothering spheres. The schools were also experienced as controlled and regulated by authorities in ways that constrained the young mothers‟ balancing of school and parenting. Equally constraining to a number of adolescent mothers were structural challenges, for example, parenting in spaces that lacked resources. These challenges were compounded by the immense stigma attached to adolescent motherhood. The study recommended that the Department of Education work closely with all the parties concerned in ensuring that pregnant learners benefit from the policy. It is necessary that educators are encouraged to shift attitudes so that communication with adolescent mothers is improved.

Dion (2001) observed that being the target of stigma and prejudice has a “demonstrable, negative effect upon the individual.” While blatant prejudice has lessened there has been little change in the rate of subtle forms of stigma and prejudice (Wilson, 1996). Recent trends in the literature acknowledge the importance of everyday reminders of difference or prejudice for women, racial minorities and ethnic groups (Swim, 2003). Jews with a long history as targets of stigma, prejudice and discrimination are an excellent example of a modern concealable stigma. Previous research into the Jewish experience has been influenced by concerns about group survival and has not included specific investigation of the experience of the target of stigma in interaction with perpetrators. Using a qualitative life history methodology this research sheds light on the experience of minority group members with a concealable stigma. Jewish adults with diverse backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured life history approach. The first layer of analysis identified six overarching themes – unshakeable loyalty to Jewish identity; importance of belonging; living Jewishness in a way that is meaningful; concerns about visibility of Jewishness; concerns about personal and group vulnerability including references to the Holocaust; and everyday encounters with prejudice. These themes share commonalities with Fiske’s (2004) social needs expressed in a Jewish context. The second layer of analysis developed a model of an encounter with everyday prejudice. This model identifies the overriding importance of contextual influences on perceptions of an encounter in turn influencing the reaction and response. Following the example of Miller and Kaiser (Miller, 2006; 2001b), these encounters are seen as stressful events which can be understood using the framework of the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The results show the subtle but important impact of everyday prejudice. As well as providing a means of understanding the experience of these individuals the results have implications for both therapeutic and psychoeducational interventions.

Dion (2001) observed that being the target of stigma and prejudice has a “demonstrable, negative effect upon the individual.” While blatant prejudice has lessened there has been little change in the rate of subtle forms of stigma and prejudice (Wilson, 1996). Recent trends in the literature acknowledge the importance of everyday reminders of difference or prejudice for women, racial minorities and ethnic groups (Swim, 2003). Jews with a long history as targets of stigma, prejudice and discrimination are an excellent example of a modern concealable stigma. Previous research into the Jewish experience has been influenced by concerns about group survival and has not included specific investigation of the experience of the target of stigma in interaction with perpetrators. Using a qualitative life history methodology this research sheds light on the experience of minority group members with a concealable stigma. Jewish adults with diverse backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured life history approach. The first layer of analysis identified six overarching themes – unshakeable loyalty to Jewish identity; importance of belonging; living Jewishness in a way that is meaningful; concerns about visibility of Jewishness; concerns about personal and group vulnerability including references to the Holocaust; and everyday encounters with prejudice. These themes share commonalities with Fiske’s (2004) social needs expressed in a Jewish context. The second layer of analysis developed a model of an encounter with everyday prejudice. This model identifies the overriding importance of contextual influences on perceptions of an encounter in turn influencing the reaction and response. Following the example of Miller and Kaiser (Miller, 2006; 2001b), these encounters are seen as stressful events which can be understood using the framework of the stress and coping model (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). The results show the subtle but important impact of everyday prejudice. As well as providing a means of understanding the experience of these individuals the results have implications for both therapeutic and psychoeducational interventions.

Technology has become a fundamental yet dynamic component of modern society, affecting almost every structure within it. However, education has been slow to change relative to the acceptance and use of technology in teaching and learning contexts. This research seeks to begin to bridge this technological chasm by examining what considerations a teacher instructional designer needs to be mindful of when designing a substantial Web-based learning resource. The researcher employs a qualitative methodology through the compilation of field notes and narratives describing the experiences and observations of a classroom teacher employing the ADDIE instructional design model to develop a Web-based learning resource for two high-school level Marketing courses. The researcher has maintained a unique triad of professional roles throughout this project, including teacher, instructional designer, and researcher. The findings of this research emphasize the interrelationships between the three key conceptual areas: reflective practice, instructional design, and Web design.

Technology has become a fundamental yet dynamic component of modern society, affecting almost every structure within it. However, education has been slow to change relative to the acceptance and use of technology in teaching and learning contexts. This research seeks to begin to bridge this technological chasm by examining what considerations a teacher instructional designer needs to be mindful of when designing a substantial Web-based learning resource. The researcher employs a qualitative methodology through the compilation of field notes and narratives describing the experiences and observations of a classroom teacher employing the ADDIE instructional design model to develop a Web-based learning resource for two high-school level Marketing courses. The researcher has maintained a unique triad of professional roles throughout this project, including teacher, instructional designer, and researcher. The findings of this research emphasize the interrelationships between the three key conceptual areas: reflective practice, instructional design, and Web design.

This study explored adolescent girls‟ subjective experiences of being young mothers in school, focusing on their personal and interpersonal relationships within their social contexts. Participants included 15 young black mothers aged between 16 and 19 years from three high schools in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. Conducted within a feminist social constructionist framework, the study adopted an exploratory qualitative structure. Data were collected through life histories that were analysed within a thematic narrative framework. The narratives revealed that the young mothers found motherhood challenging and overly disruptive of school. Although contexts of childcare emerged as pivotal in how young mothers balanced motherhood and schoolwork, these were also presented as characterised by notions of power and control. Because of the gendered nature of care work, the women who supported the young mothers with childcare dominated the mothering spheres. The schools were also experienced as controlled and regulated by authorities in ways that constrained the young mothers‟ balancing of school and parenting. Equally constraining to a number of adolescent mothers were structural challenges, for example, parenting in spaces that lacked resources. These challenges were compounded by the immense stigma attached to adolescent motherhood. The study recommended that the Department of Education work closely with all the parties concerned in ensuring that pregnant learners benefit from the policy. It is necessary that educators are encouraged to shift attitudes so that communication with adolescent mothers is improved.

With the number of Asian immigrants continually increasing in New Zealand society, Asian immigrant businesses have been appearing more rapidly in New Zealand, particularly in Auckland. The primary purpose of this study is to enquire into why a certain Asian immigrant group become business people after migrating to Auckland, New Zealand. In addition, it investigates the level of their business activity and the level of happiness with their new life in New Zealand. This study examines the growing phenomenon of Asian immigrants, and the entrepreneurship rate of ethnic groups through existing statistics. The study focuses on Korean immigrants. Twenty self-employed Koreans who are running a business in Auckland participated in the study. They were invited to talk about why they became self-employed business people and related matters about their business activity. The study found that Korean immigrants chose self-employment as a means of getting a job. They gave up seeking mainstream employment opportunities due to the language barrier and their inability to cope with a new society and new system. Other fundamental factors in their decision to become entrepreneurs were that firstly, they were willing to invest a considerable amount of their own money and secondly, they preferred to participate in the workforce rather than to depend on the New Zealand welfare system. Based on the information acquired through the research, the study reported that the recently increased numbers of Asian businesses are partly attributable to New Zealand business immigration policy which introduced a new business category – Long Term Business Visa (LTBV). The findings from this research pointed to commitment that immigrant businesses contribute to the New Zealand economy and New Zealand society as taxpayers and potential employers.

Implantado em 1994, o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), hoje Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), vem buscando garantir o acesso equânime à saúde a partir de um modelo que tem como princípios básicos: a integralidade, hierarquização, territorialização, equipe multiprofissional e o caráter substitutivo do modelo de assistência à saúde. A tradução destes princípios na prática, nem sempre efetiva, tem sido discutida, principalmente no que diz respeito ao seu caráter substitutivo. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo, enquadrado no campo da saúde coletiva, foi realizado junto aos usuários de famílias adscritas a uma equipe rural do PSF de Sacramento/MG. O objetivo foi identificar elementos para sistematizar determinantes do processo de apropriação pela comunidade, sobre o trabalho conjunto de profissionais de saúde, no contexto do atendimento junto ao PSF. Os dados foram obtidos em grupos focais compostos por representantes das famílias de três comunidades rurais microáreas da área de abrangência do PSF Rural. A análise das entrevistas grupais foi processada via identificação de conteúdos ex post facto, agrupados em categorias temáticas, relacionadas ao processo de apropriação do trabalho oferecido pelo PSF. Tais resultados foram analisados à luz do referencial teórico da saúde na comunidade. Quatro categorias temáticas agruparam alguns determinantes ligados ao objetivo do trabalho: A) Disponibilidade, em que foram reunidos os conteúdos sobre a quebra de barreiras para o atendimento e acesso aos serviços prestados, tendo o Rapport como facilitador do vínculo com o usuário. B) Acesso a Recursos, crenças e representações voltadas à avaliação dos elementos necessários à atenção primária à saúde e com a garantia de serviços secundários e terciários. C) Condições Materiais, relacionadas à vulnerabilidade social e processos de anomia frente à manutenção das conquistas, dada à falta de organização e depreciação dos espaços coletivos para promoção da saúde. D) Movimento Social, relacionado à politização/apropriação do trabalho coletivo e à legitimidade do convívio entre a equipe e a comunidade. Considerando as crenças e representações identificadas, observamos que a compreensão da práxis é balizada pela vinculação do trabalho com os componentes históricos, políticos, ideológicos e culturais que a determinam. O enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença pela comunidade aliada à Equipe de Saúde da Família envolve outros elementos além do conhecimento técnico, o que determina uma simetria no vínculo profissional-paciente, viabilizando a construção conjunta das condições do trabalho em saúde. Assim, a sistematização da aprendizagem informal decorrente da atuação conjunta representa uma alternativa à superação do modelo hegemônico em saúde e de reorientação do ensino em saúde no sentido de favorecer a atuação profissional voltada para os aspectos psicossociais do cuidado em saúde. / Established in 1994, the Family Health Program (PSF), today called Familys Health Strategy (ESF), is trying to guarantee an equal access to health through a model that has as basic principles: the integrability, hierarchization, territorialization, multiprofessional group and the substitutive character of health assistance. The translation of these principles in practice, not always effective, has been discussed, especially in what concerns to its substitutive character. In this sense, the present study, comprehended at the field of collective health, was accomplished close to the users of families inscribed on a rural group of the PSF from the city of Sacramento, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The aim was to identify elements to systematize causal factors of the appropriation process by the community, over the joined work of the health area professionals, attending at the Family Health Program (PSF). The data were got in focused groups composed by family representatives from three rural communities microareas from the Rural Family Health Program scope. The analysis of the grouped interviews was processed by ex post facto contents identification, gathered in thematic categories, related to the work appropriation process offered by the Family Health Program. These results were analyzed according to the theoretical reference of health at community. Four thematic categories gathered some determinants joined these work aims: A) Availability, in which were gathered contents about the breaking barriers of attendance and access to health services, having the Rapport as a facilitator of the bond with the user. B) Resource Access, beliefs and representations toward to evaluation of necessary elements to primary health care and with guarantee of secondary and tertiary services. C) Material Conditions, related to social vulnerability and anomie before the maintenance of the conquests, due the absent organization and depreciation of the public spaces of health promotion. D) Social Movement, related to politicization/collective work appropriation and the legitimacy of the relationship between the professional group and the community. Considering the beliefs and representations identified, its observed that the practice comprehension is oriented by the work entailment with historical, political, ideological and cultural components which determine them. The community facing of the health-disease process combined to the Family Health Group involves other elements besides the technical knowledge, what determines an entailed symmetry between the professional and the patient, making feasible the conjunct construction of the work in health conditions. Thus, the informal learning systematization resulting from the conjunct labor represents an alternative to the overcome of the health hegemonic model and reorientation of the health teaching in the sense of facilitate the professional actuation faces to psychosocial aspects of the health care.