The purpose of this work is to design and implement a device for collecting temperature and humidity from bee hive. The system consists of a measuring unit that contains digital sensors and actuators.The system transmits the measured values wirelessly to the parent unit, which displays the data in a suitable format to the user. The user can monitor the hive parameters and use the actuators to adjust the temperature inside the hive. The whole system then operates autonomously according to defined rules.

This thesis concentrates on the design of crank-type mechanism of engine with elongated expansion. The main attention is paid to examination of the progress of kinematic quantities and inertial forces in mechanism. Further on in the thesis, the analysis of piston-rod stress is carried out and is compared to the piston-rod of standard engine. In the last part of the thesis, there is an evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of the proposed mechanism solution.

The aim of this thesis is to create an interactive graphical software intended for calculations of states of moist air and marking these states in Molliere’s i-x diagram. The branch of air-conditioning is considered to be the main field of application of this software, so the calculations of basic changes of moist air have been included to this software as well.

The work deals with the analysis of time series of diagnostic quantities measured in power oil transformers. The first part includes power oil transformers and the description of diagnostic variables that are measured inside these non-rotating electrical machines. The next section introduces the decomposition model of time series including analysis of all its components. The last part deals with the predictions of the likely survival time of power oil transformers operating in different power plants in the Czech Republic.

Si nos théories physiques peuvent décrire les traits les plus généraux de la réalité, on sait aussi que pour le faire, elles utilisent le langage des mathématiques. On peut alors légitimement se demander si notre capacité à décrire, sinon la nature intime des objets et phénomènes physiques, du moins les relations et structures qu’ils instancient, ne vient pas de cette application des mathématiques. Dans cette thèse, nous soutenons que les mathématiques sont si efficacement applicables en physique tout simplement parce que la réalité décrite par les physiciens est de nature quantitative. Pour cela, nous proposons d’abord une ontologie des quantités, puis des lois de la nature, qui s’inscrit dans les débats contemporains sur la nature des propriétés (théorie des universaux, théorie des tropes, ou nominalisme), et des lois (régularités, ou relations entre universaux). Ensuite, nous examinons deux sortes d’application des mathématiques : la mathématisation des phénomènes par la mesure, puis la formulation mathématique des équations reliant des grandeurs physiques. Nous montrons alors que les propriétés et les lois doivent être comme notre ontologie les décrit, pour que les mathématiques soient légitimement, et si efficacement, applicables. L’intérêt de ce travail est d’articuler des discussions purement ontologiques (et très anciennes, comme la querelle des universaux) avec des exigences épistémologiques rigoureuses qui émanent de la physique actuelle. Cette articulation est conçue de manière transcendantale, car la nature quantitative de la réalité (des propriétés et des lois) y est défendue comme condition d’applicabilité des mathématiques en physique. / Assuming that our best physical theories succeed in describing the most general features of reality, one can only be struck by the effectiveness of mathematics in physics, and wonder whether our ability to describe, if not the very nature of physical entities, at least their relations and the fundamental structures they enter, does not result from applying mathematics. In this dissertation, we claim that mathematical theories are so effectively applicable in physics merely because physical reality is of quantitative nature. We begin by displaying and supporting an ontology of quantities and laws of nature, in the context of current philosophical debates on the nature of properties (universals, classes of tropes, or even nominalistic resemblance classes) and of laws (as mere regularities or as relations among universals). Then we consider two main ways mathematics are applied: first, the way measurement mathematizes physical phenomena, second, the way mathematical concepts are used to formulate equations linking physical quantities. Our reasoning has eventually a transcendental flavor: properties and laws of nature must be as described by the ontology we first support with purely a priori arguments, if mathematical theories are to be legitimately and so effectively applied in measurements and equations. What could make this work valuable is its attempt to link purely ontological (and often very ancient) discussions with rigorous epistemological requirements of modern and contemporary physics. The quantitative nature of being (properties and laws) is thus supported on a transcendental basis: as a necessary condition for mathematics to be legitimately applicable in physics.

Many partial differential equations (PDEs) admit conserved quantities like mass or energy. Those quantities are often essential to establish well-posed results. When approximating a PDE by a finite-difference scheme, it is natural to ask whether related discretized quantities remain conserved under the scheme. Such conservation may establish the stability of the numerical scheme. We present an algorithm for checking the preservation of a polynomial quantity under a polynomial finite-difference scheme. In our algorithm, schemes can be explicit or implicit, have higher-order time and space derivatives, and an arbitrary number of variables. Additionally, we present an algorithm for, given a scheme, finding conserved quantities. We illustrate our algorithm by studying several finite-difference schemes.

The diploma thesis concerns with public procurements of transport constructions in the South Moravian Region. The work is focused on the analysis of the bill of quantities selected public procurement, which consists in observance regulation No. 169/2016 Coll., of the determining the scope of documentation of public procurement and the bill of quantities, supplies and services with a bill of quantities. The conclusion of the thesis deals with the evaluation of the analysis and it focuses on the cause and effect of deficiencies in bill of quantities.

In partial differential equations (PDEs), conserved quantities like mass and momentum are fundamental to understanding the behavior of the described physical systems. The preservation of conserved quantities is essential when using numerical schemes to approximate solutions of corresponding PDEs. If the discrete solutions obtained through these schemes fail to preserve the conserved quantities, they may be physically meaningless and unreliable. Previous approaches focused on checking conservation in PDEs and numerical schemes, but they did not give adequate attention to systematically handling parameters. This is a crucial aspect because many PDEs and numerical schemes have parameters that need to be dealt with systematically. Here, we investigate if the discrete analog of a conserved quantity is preserved under the solution induced by a parametric finite difference method. In this thesis, we modify and enhance a pre-existing algorithm to effectively and reliably deduce conserved quantities in the context of parametric schemes, using the concept of comprehensive Groebner systems. The main contribution of this work is the development of a versatile algorithm capable of handling various parametric explicit and implicit schemes, higher-order derivatives, and multiple spatial dimensions. The algorithm’s effectiveness and efficiency are demonstrated through examples and applications. In particular, we illustrate the process of selecting an appropriate numerical scheme among a family of potential discretization for a given PDE.

[pt] O tema qualidade do ar em ambientes internos é de suma importância para a sociedade devido ao seu impacto na saúde humana, e pela maior permanência de indivíduos em ambientes sem circulação de ar natural. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema portátil e de baixo custo para monitoramento de grandezas atmosféricas ligadas à qualidade do ar em ambientes internos, composto por sensores integrados a unidades locais, incluindo um sistema remoto hospedado na nuvem para armazenar os resultados das medições desses sensores. Apresentam-se as diretrizes e documentos normativos e regulatórios relacionados ao tema, além das tecnologias para sensoriamento utilizadas. Após o desenvolvimento e caracterização dos sensores, as unidades foram distribuídas em ambientes universitários com distintas dinâmicas de uso, onde o gradiente espacial das grandezas atmosféricas foi avaliado e analisado segundo os requisitos para qualidade do ar publicados na regulamentação vigente. Com o monitoramento multiparamétrico identificou-se a heterogeneidade da distribuição dos valores das grandezas, dependente da dinâmica de ocupação e das condições de ventilação, especialmente para as concentrações de CO2. Este parâmetro superou os valores recomendados pela agência reguladora em todos os ensaios realizados em sala de aula, e maiores valores mostraram-se fortemente associados à região do espaço mais próxima das vias aéreas superiores dos ocupantes. Os resultados apontam para a importância de monitoramento contínuo e em vários pontos de um plano posicionado a uma distância estratégica do piso, conforme a dinâmica de ocupação e posição média da emissão de gases pelo processo respiratório. / [en] The topic of indoor air quality is of paramount importance to society due to its impact on human health and the increasing number of individuals staying in environments with no natural air circulation. This work describes the development of the system, low-cost and portable, for monitoring atmospheric quantities linked to indoor air quality, composed of sensors integrated into local units, including a remote system hosted in the cloud to store the results of measurements of these sensors. The normative and regulatory guidelines and documents related to the theme are presented, in addition to the sensing technologies used. After the development and characterization of the sensors, the units were distributed in university environments with different dynamics of use, where the spatial gradient of the atmospheric quantities was evaluated and analyzed according to the requirements for air quality published in the current regulation. With multiparametric monitoring, the heterogeneity of the distribution of the values of the quantities was identified, depending on the dynamics of occupation and ventilation conditions, especially for CO2 concentrations. This parameter exceeded the values recommended by the regulatory agency in all tests performed in the classroom, and higher values were shown to be strongly associated with the region of space closest to the occupants upper airways. The results point to the importance of continuous monitoring and at various points in a plane positioned at a strategic distance from the floor, according to the dynamics of occupation and the average position of the emission of gases by the respiratory process.

Ziel der Arbeit ist, die Konzepte von Drittklässlern zur Größe Gewicht zu beschreiben. Es handelt sich um eine hypothesengenerierende Arbeit auf Basis einer qualitativen Studie. Dabei soll geklärt werden, welche Konzepte überhaupt auftreten, welchen Einfluss Unterricht auf diese Konzepte haben kann und welche Anhaltspunkte sich finden, Unterricht an die Vorkenntnisse der Kinder anknüpfen lassen zu können. Auf der Basis der Theorie des Konzeptwechsels und der Theorie der Subjektiven Erfahrungsbereiche sowie der mathematisch-physikalischen Hintergründe zur Größe Gewicht und Ergebnissen bereits vorliegender Untersuchungen wird ein Modell eines Gewichtskonzepts erstellt, das die beteiligten Teilkonzepte identifiziert. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde eine empirische Studie konzipiert, die das Ziel hat, mit Hilfe von Einzelinterviews die Konzepte von Drittklässlern im Kontext der unterrichtlichen Behandlung der Größe Gewicht zu untersuchen. An der Studie nahmen 15 Kinder teil. Die Konzepte zweier Kinder werden in Form von Einzelfallstudien analysiert und durch ausgewählte Konzepte anderer Kinder ergänzt. Es zeigen sich sehr unterschiedlich differenzierte Konzepte zur Größe Gewicht. Manche Kinder verfügen über ein weit ausgebautes Konzept aufgrund vielseitiger Vorerfahrungen. Bei diesen Kindern ist über den Untersuchungszeitraum fast keine Entwicklung der Konzepte feststellbar. Die weniger ausgebauten Konzepte anderer Kinder zeigen insbesondere bezüglich der Teilkonzepte Einheiten, Stützpunktwissen, Waagen sowie Wiegen Entwicklung auf. Direkt nach der unterrichtlichen Behandlung sind sowohl Konzepterweiterungen als auch -neubildungen feststellbar. Später sind diese Umstrukturierungen bei einigen Kindern stabilisiert oder sogar weitergeführt, bei anderen dagegen wieder in den Hintergrund gerückt. Auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse wird das Modell eines Gewichtskonzepts reflektiert und mögliche Konsequenzen für den Unterricht diskutiert. / This thesis aims at describing German third grade pupils'' concepts concerning the physical quantity weight. It is a hypothesis-generating thesis based on a qualitative study. We are going to clarify those concepts that can be observed, what kind of influence school instruction can have on these concepts and the implications for an instruction that wants to tie in with children''s previous experiences. Based on the theory of conceptual change and the theory of subjective domains of experiences as well as the mathematical and physical background of the quantity weight but also the results of previous studies, we will develop a model of a weight concept by organizing related aspects into subconcepts. We have designed an empirical study with the purpose of examining third graders'' weight concepts in the context of a teaching unit on weights. For the study, 15 children were interviewed. The interviews of two children are evaluated in form of two single case studies. The analysed concepts of these two children are completed with selected concepts of other children to find similarities and differences, allowing us to draw conclusions on both general concept evolution and instructional issues. The interview analyses show varied differentiated weight concepts. Some of the children showed already at the beginning highly developed subconcepts based on all-round individual experience. In the later interviews hardly any change of these children''s concepts were assessed. Other children with initially less sophisticated subconcepts evolved over time the concepts units, base knowledge, scales, and weighing. Immediately after the teaching unit we were able to find both new and evolved concepts. Later, some children''s concepts had stabilised while other children had returned to pre-instructional concepts. Based on the overall results of the study, we revisit our weight concept model.