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This thesis reports an analysis of 3.0fb^-1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment in 2011 and 2012. Decays of neutral B mesons to neutral D mesons and excited neutral kaons are reconstructed, because of their sensitivity to the CP-violating phase of the CKM matrix, γ.

The gauge-invariant formulation of quantum mechanics is compared to the conventional approach for the case of a one-dimensional charged harmonic oscillator in an electromagnetic field in the electric dipole approximation. The probability of finding the oscillator in the ground state or excited states as a function of time is calculated, and the two approaches give different results. On the basis of gauge invariance, the gauge-invariant formulation of quantum mechanics gives the correct probability, while the conventional approach is incorrect for this problem. Therefore, expansion coefficients or a wave function cannot always be interpreted as probability amplitudes. For a physical interpretation as probability amplitudes the expansion coefficients must be gauge invariant.

Dans cette thèse intitulé "Dynamique quantique de la phase et de la charge dans des chaînes des jonctionsJosephson", une étude expérimentale et une description théorique des effets quantiques des phases et descharges dans les chaînes de jonctions Josephson est présenté.La dynamique des chaînes de jonctions est dominé par deux échelles d'energie: l'energie Josephsonrelié a la superposition des fonctions d'ondes de deux électrodes et l'energie de charge relié a l'énergieélectrostatique des charges sur les deux électrodes. La réalisation d'un état quasi-classique de la chargenécessite une énergie de charge importante pour diminuer lesfluctuation quantique de la charge. En plus,le temps de relaxations de la jonctions dois être augmenté par un environnement a haute impédance.Un état de charges localisé a été réalisé sur une jonctions Josephson dans un environnement inductiveréalisé par une chaîne de jonction Josephson. L'état de charge localisé se manifeste par l'apparition d'undomaine a haute résistances dans les caractéristques courant-tension.Une chaînes des jonctions n'est pas une inductances parfaite. Des résonances electro-magnétique lié a lacapacité vers la masse des îlots supra-conducteurs altèrent la localisation de charge.Une characterisation des effets de pertes et des non-lineartés de ces résonances a été effectué. / In this thesis entitled ' Quantum phase and charge dynamics in Josephson junction chains ' an experimental study and theoretical description of quantum effects of phases and charges in chains of Josephsonjunctions is presented.The dynamics of Josephson junction chains are dominated by two different energy scales: the Josephsonenergy, which is related to the overlap of the superconducting wave functions of the two superconductorsforming the junction and the charging energy that is related to the electrostatic energy of the Cooper-pairs on the islands. The realization of a well-defined charge state on a Josephson junction requires a highcharging energy to suppress the quantumfluctuations of the charge. In addition, the charge relaxationtimes must be increased by inserting the junction in a high impedance environment.We have realized such a well-defined charge state on a Josephson junction in an inductive environmentthat is formed by a Josephson junction chain. The localized charge state manifest itself by the appearanceof a high resistive regime in the current-voltage characteristic.A Josephson junction chain is however not a perfect inductor. Electromagnetic resonances related withthe finite ground capacitance of the superconducting islands influence the charge localization.We have characterized the effect of losses and nonlinearities on the electromagnetic resonances of Josephson junction chains in microwave spectroscopy measurements.

xv Abstract The aim of this thesis is to investigate the accurate stabilization energy and binding free energy in various non-covalent complexes spanned from small organic molecules to biomolecules. Non-covalent interactions such as H-bonds, π...π stacking and halogen bonds are mainly responsible for understanding of most biological processes, such as small molecule interactions with surface, protein-ligand binding in the cell machinery, etc. In the thesis, different non-covalent complexes such as graphene…electron donor- acceptor complexes, DNA base pair interaction with silica surface, etc, were investigated. The reference stabilization energies were calculated at ab initio level, e.g., CCSD(T)/CBS method wherever possible. On the other hand, more approximated scaled MP2 method (MP2.5/CBS/6-31G*(0.25)) is taken as reference instead of CCSD(T)/CBS due to the size of the complexes. Further, the DFT and MM energies were also tested towards the reference one. The knowledge of non- covalent interaction is required for rationalizing of any association processes in nature which requires accurate description of the free energy change. The state-of- the-art molecular dynamics simulation in full atomic scale and biased metadynamics free energy method is used for binding free energy calculations. The well tempered...

A mistura de quatro ondas (4WM) é um processo não linear que permite a amplificação paramétrica de campos óticos. A partir de um campo de bombeio, podemos amplificar um campo de prova e gerar um campo conjugado neste processo com um elevado ganho. Recentemente, vários experimentos de 4WM foram realizados em células de rubídio revelando compressão de ruído e emaranhamento da luz [1, 2, 3], levando a aplicações interessantes na área de informação quântica. Estudamos a mistura de quatro ondas numa célula de vapor de rubídio dentro de uma cavidade ótica, servindo como um oscilador paramétrico ótico (OPO). Resolvemos o modelo de campo médio e estudamos as flutuações quânticas dos campos na operação acima do limiar de oscilação para os casos de ressonância dupla (prova e conjugado) e tripla. Mostramos o emaranhamento de três campos (bombeio, prova e conjugado), além de compressão de ruído para o campo de bombeio e para os campos convertidos. Nosso modelo permite estudar o caso de uma cavidade aberta, explorando a região próxima ao limiar, diferente da situação experimental observada para sistemas com não-linearidades (2), que geralmente possuem ganhos baixos e necessitam de cavidades fechadas. Palavras chave: ótica quântica, mistura de quatro ondas, Oscilador paramétrico ótico, emaranhamento. [1] Squeezed light and entangled images from four-wave-mixing in hot rubidium vapor, vol. 7092, 2008. [2] R. C. Pooser, A. M. Marino, V. Boyer, K. M. Jones, and P. D. Lett, Low-noise amplifi- cation of a continuous-variable quantum state, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, p. 010501, Jun 2009. [3] V. Boyer, A. M. Marino, R. C. Pooser, and P. D. Lett, Entangled images from four-wave mixing, Science, vol. 321, no. 5888, pp. 544547, 2008. / The four waves (4WM) is a non-linear process that allows a parametric amplification of optical fields. From a pump field, we can amplify a test field and generate a conjugate field in this process with a high gain. Recently, several experiments of 4WM were carried out on rubidium cells revealing noise squeezing and entanglement [1, 2, 3], leading to some interesting aplications in the area of quantum information. We Studied the four wave mix in a rubidium vapor cell inside an optical cavity, serving as an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). We solved the mean field model and studied the quantum fluctuations of the fields in the operation above the oscillation threshold for the cases of double resonance (pump and conjugate) and triple (pump, probe and conjugate). We show the entanglement of three fields (pump, probe and conjugate), as well as squeezing for the pump field and the converted fields. The model allows to study the case of an open cavity, exploring the region around the threshold, different from the experimental situation observed for non-linear systems (2), which in general producess low gains and needs closed cavities. Key words: quantum optics, four wave mixing, optical parametric oscilator, entanglement. [1] Squeezed light and entangled images from four-wave-mixing in hot rubidium vapor, vol. 7092, 2008. [2] R. C. Pooser, A. M. Marino, V. Boyer, K. M. Jones, and P. D. Lett, Low-noise amplifi- cation of a continuous-variable quantum state, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 103, p. 010501, Jun 2009. [3] V. Boyer, A. M. Marino, R. C. Pooser, and P. D. Lett, Entangled images from four-wave mixing, Science, vol. 321, no. 5888, pp. 544547, 2008.