This thesis considers the use of independence referendums in state-creation. It investigates whether and how an independence referendum affects secessionist dynamics, and may increase or decrease the likelihood of secession. The analysis consists of a quantitative and qualitative mixed-methods approach, which includes the creation of a new dataset on secessionist movements and independence referendums from 1905 to 2014, and an in-depth comparative study of Quebec and Montenegro. Independence referendums, as sovereignty referendums, ask the ‘people’, symbolic holders of the sovereign authority of a state under a democratic regime, whether their sovereignty should remain represented by the current state, or by a new independent sovereign state. A distinction between unilateral and agreed independence referendums is made in order to consider when and how ‘the will of the people’ determines state-creation. It is argued that only an agreed independence referendum can ensure that the referendum itself determines the secessionist outcome. The thesis argues that independence referendums are an important legitimisation tool and their outcome’s binding effect is primarily a result of political, rather than legal, dynamics. The reasons behind the calling and holding of an independence referendum, and why a state government would consent to it, are analysed to account for a possible problem of endogeneity whereby the presence of an independence referendum might be determined by how likely the secessionist movement is to secede in the first place, regardless of the plebiscite. An institutional arrangement that allows for internal self-determination (such as ethnic-federalism), and access to executive powers at the regional level, was found to facilitate the mobilisation of the population in favour of secession, and the ability to call and hold a plebiscite. It is not in itself sufficient however to secure a majority in favour of independence, and other societal, political and economic contextual factors need to be taken into account to explain why a population would wish to secede. Focusing on consensual independence referendums agreed by both the government of the existing state and secessionist leaders, the thesis further explores when and how an independence referendum affects the likelihood of secession, notably existing popular support for independence. The thesis finds that the design and campaign in particular are important elements in deciding whose support counts, how much of it is needed, and how it can be mobilised. Nonetheless, the referendum process, who participates in it and to what extent existing preferences on the question of independence can be altered are context-dependent. Finally, the perceived legitimacy of the referendum process and outcome are argued to be essential for the voting result to be binding on actors operating at the sub-state level, state level and international level and the independence referendum to successfully answer the question of secession. The review of independence referendums since the turn of the 20th century and the thesis findings suggest that independence referendums not only create important precedents within the state they are held, but also have international consequences. As democratic norms compete with the principle of state integrity and becomes entangled with a nationalist narrative, independence referendums may have an increasingly important role to play in state-creation.

No description available.

<p> The issue of preserving Quebec's French culture has become paramount to those who fear its future existence. Maintaining a large proportion of the Canadian population is necessary in order for cultural preservation. However, Quebec is losing its share of the national population, despite the introduction of various policies to increase that proportion. </p> <p> The purpose of this research is to study the effects of migration selectivity, that is, the differences in migration behaviour with respect to personal attributes, on Quebec's population. The personal attributes considered are birth place, education level, marital status, mother tongue and gender. For each personal attribute, the net migration rate is determined for 10 different age groups. The net flow of people across the Quebec border will then be revealed. The characterization of the people who are migrating in and out of Quebec will be established and finally the ultimate effect the migration process has on the Quebec population will be discussed. </p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

No description available.

Vascular access-related bloodstream infection (BSI) is frequent among patients undergoing hemodialysis increasing significantly their morbidity and mortality. Studies assessing centre- and patient-predictors of BSI have had inadequate sample size and follow-up time. The aims of this project are: to describe the incidence rates; and to determine patient- and centre-level predictors of BSI in a cohort of incident hemodialysis patients treated in teaching or community hospitals, and in First Nation dialysis units. The rates of BSI in our population were lower than those observed in other settings. Central venous catheters were the most important risk factor for BSI and their use in our study was much higher than recommended. Some variability in BSI rates was found among centres, but no centre-related variable was found to be associated with the risk of BSI. Effort to reduce catheter use in hemodialysis patients may significantly reduce the risk of BSI in this patient population.

No description available.

Thèse de doctorat : GESTION : Metz : 1999. / 1999METZ006L. 414 ref.

Dental education is a stressful experience for some students. Dental students have been found to report stress levels higher than in the general population, with 36% of students reporting significant psychological distress. Canadian dental students have reported an increase in anxiety, depression and hostility. No research was found to have investigated dental education stress using a qualitative analytical approach. Objectives: This study aimed to better understand the experience of stress among dentistry students using qualitative methodology. Methods: 12 recent graduates from the McGill University Faculty of Dentistry were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Themes from the interviews were identified and coded by reading and rereading the texts until information-saturation occurred. Results: Firstly, four sources of stress were identified: workload pressure, fear of failure, faculty relations, and transition stress. Secondly, three effective coping mechanisms were highlighted by the students: seeking support, focusing on things that they can control, and participating in extra-curricular activities. Finally, three types of students with respect to their experience of stress were found: the highly stressed student, the moderately stressed student, and the relaxed student. This typology of dental student is new information that has not been studied before. Conclusion: Faculties need to identify and aid highly stressed students.

<p>The aim of this study was to find out if there are differences in the use of Anglicisms in the</p><p>French language from Quebec and from France. This was done with the help of a well-known</p><p>sitcom named <em>Un gars, une fille</em>. The Quebecers and the French have adopted their own</p><p>version of this sitcom to their cultures. Nine similar sequences from both countries on the</p><p>theme of sports and six different on the theme of renovation/DIY were analyzed. The analysis</p><p>concentrated on the English loanwords used by the characters. It was found that the</p><p>Quebecers, in the sitcom, used more English loanwords than the French. Both French and</p><p>Quebecers employed many loanwords that are considered as integrated into their language,</p><p>but they also used loanwords that have a negative connotation because there is a French word</p><p>to replace it, but the Anglicisms used appears more fashionable. Finally, it is interesting to</p><p>note the divergence of opinions among scholars in the field of study. Where one scholar</p><p>considers an Anglicism as a part of the French language (integrated) another scholar deems it</p><p>to be a negative influence, a loanword that should not be used.</p>

Ukrainian staged dance is a popular element of Ukrainian culture. In Canada, Ukrainian dance flourished and has transformed into a distinct symbol of Canadian-Ukrainian culture. Each Canadian province shows an evolution in its Ukrainian dance that is distinct from the others, depending on where the choreographers found inspiration. Ukrainian dance in Montral has been influenced strongly by the spectacular dance model, which was associated most strongly with the state sponsored dance companies coming from the Soviet Union. A question arose regarding this observation: why would these rather anti-Soviet communities in Canada choose a Soviet style to represent Ukrainians? And why would Qubcois choreographers repeatedly choose to add Ukrainian dance into their international dance repertoire? The goal of this research project is to set a chronological and aesthetic framework of Ukrainian dance in Montral and to observe the main influences that changed its aesthetics both inside and outside the Ukrainian community. / Ukrainian Folklore