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Dans une Allemagne détruite et divisée qui tente de faire face à son passé nazi, et dans une Amérique aux prises avec le maccarthysme et la guerre froide, quatre jeunes poètes et photographes scrutent les soubresauts de l’histoire. René Burri dans Les Allemands, Hans Magnus Enzensberger dans Landessprache, Robert Frank dans Les Américains, et Allen Ginsberg dans Howl and other poems se font les consciences de leur époque. Ils conçoivent leur pratique artistique comme l’exercice d’une essentielle critique face à un ordre social établi qui ne l’autorise guère. A travers mots et images, ils passent au crible la pensée dominante (« american way of life », « melting-pot », « miracle économique », « culpabilité collective ») et font saillir les paradoxes et apories qui la sous-tendent. Tant bien que mal, ils tentent de dessiner les contours d’une identité à la fois collective – celle d’un peuple – et individuelle – la leur, aux prises avec une société dans laquelle ils éprouvent toutes les difficultés à s’incarner. Ils trouvent appui auprès de figures littéraires, frères de révoltes contemporains ou passés, qui les accompagnent dans leur résistance. Chacun à leur manière, ils explorent de multiples voies/voix, réelles ou imaginaires, pour échapper aux formes d’enfermement et d’aliénation qui pèsent sur eux : itinérance, voyage, anarchie, utopie, drogue, folie, dédoublement poétique. A des degrés divers, leur geste poétique ou photographique se traduit en un geste phénoménologique qui s’abreuve d’images ou de sensations aiguisant la perception. C’est par ce geste, à la fois créateur et critique, qu’ils touchent au nerf de leur époque. / Four young poets and photographers trawl through the troughs and peaks of history in a divided and destroyed Germany struggling to come to terms with its Nazi past and an America grappling with McCarthysm and the Cold War. René Burri in Les Allemands, Hans Magnus Enzensberger in Landessprache, Robert Frank in Les Américains, and Allen Ginsberg in Howl and other poems are the consciences of their time. They see their artistic activity as an essential criticism of a social order which only grudgingly allows them to do so. They thoroughly examine the prevailing opinion ("American way of life", "melting pot", "economic miracle", "collective responsibility") through their words and images and in doing so cast light on the paradoxes and aporiae that underline it. Somehow, they attempt to draw the outlines of an identity that is both collective – that of a people – and individual – their own, all the time battling against a society in which they have difficulty existing. They grasp at literary figures, rebellious brothers from the present or the past who give them comfort in their act of resistance. Each in his way explores several paths and voices – real or imaginary – in order to escape from the imprisonment and alienation that threatens him: wandering, traveling, anarchy, utopia, drug-use, madness or a poetical dual personality are all brought to bear. In various degrees their poetical or photographical gesture finds expression in a phenomenological gesture that feeds on living images and sensations that sharpen the sense of perception. It is with this critical gesture, at the same time both creative and critical, that they capture the spirit of their age.

While focussing on the metaphor of scientificity in Leavis's and Macherey's writings, this dissertation addresses other questions central to criticism, cultural theory, and the philosophy of science. Whereas Leavis opposes scientificity, Macherey proposes "scientific criticism" as imperative to theoretical practice. Between the two critics, scientificity reveals its major metamorphoses. This study is divided into four major parts. Part One situates the concept of scientificity in the modern debate between critics and philosophers of science. I compare their problematization of scientificity to the way this notion has been represented in literary criticism. The debate blurs the boundary between scientific and literary knowledge, and brings the question of ideology in scientific discourse to the fore. Scientificity is thus bound with ideology as an epistemological practice. Part two focusses on Leavis's rejection of scientificity. In three chapters here I investigate the significance of Leavis's definition of "organic culture," "civilization," "science," and "criticism." These are all rooted in Arnold's cultural paradigm, which privileges a traditional order. Leavis's opposition to "theory," "science," and "philosophy" problematizes his principles of "precision," "analysis," and "standards." His controversies with CP. Snow's scientism and with Marxism reveal his concern with theory and scientific epistemology. His defence of "ambiguity," and "impossibility of definition" also makes his framework confront a theoretical impasse that is revealed by a desire to theorize criticism—Leavis's duty towards society— and a fear of theory and science, perceived as destructive. Part Three, comprising three chapter, considers Macherey's scientific criticism. His notions of the "structure of absence" and "symptomatic reading" are central to his theorization of criticism, science, and ideology. These are formulated through Freud's categories of dream analysis, Saussure's notion of difference, and Althusser's conception of ideology. For Macherey, scientific criticism negates ideology. But his emphasis on "absence" as constitutive of scientificity brings his epistemology to a theoretical impasse that resembles Leavis's. Macherey's anchoring of meaning in economic structures, in ideology, and in Marxism as "science," problematizes his scientific project because it abandons "absence." Part Four concludes the dissertation by investigating ways in which Leavis and Macherey illustrate the importance of an epistemological phenomenon in literary studies: criticism's struggle with scientificity. Whether opposed or defended, scientificity has helped criticism to emulate the hegemonic discourse of science and to combat rival critical strategies. However, to dispel "scientific" delusions, criticism must scrutinize its affiliation with ideology both in scientific method and in theory. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This study uses the framework of systemic functional grammar to conduct the stylistic investigation of extracts from two texts of literary criticism written by F.R. Leavis and Paul de Man. The aims of the study are: i) to identify the characteristic features of the type of text known as professional literary criticism, and interpret the ideological significance of the textual features thus identified; ii) to identify the characteristic features of two specific registers of literary criticism, liberal humanist criticism and deconstruction, and interpret the relationship between linguistic and ideological variation -as exemplified in the texts which are analysed- and power. The features which make systemic functional grammar a powerful tool in stylistic analysis are identified, and a review of the applications of systemic grammar to text analysis is presented. A model of the relationship between text and context is presented, and its key terms and their relationship (discourse, ideology, genre, register, language) are discussed. The analysis of extracts from literary critical texts is conducted according to the three main features of the context of situation as identified in systemic grammar: field (subject matter of the discourse), tenor (participants in the discourse) and mode (medium of the discourse). Finally, the study considers the implications and applications of the conclusions drawn, particularly those that relate to the academic institution within which literary critical texts are produced and read. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)

This study uses the framework of systemic functional grammar to conduct the stylistic investigation of extracts from two texts of literary criticism written by F.R. Leavis and Paul de Man. The aims of the study are: i) to identify the characteristic features of the type of text known as professional literary criticism, and interpret the ideological significance of the textual features thus identified; ii) to identify the characteristic features of two specific registers of literary criticism, liberal humanist criticism and deconstruction, and interpret the relationship between linguistic and ideological variation -as exemplified in the texts which are analysed- and power. The features which make systemic functional grammar a powerful tool in stylistic analysis are identified, and a review of the applications of systemic grammar to text analysis is presented. A model of the relationship between text and context is presented, and its key terms and their relationship (discourse, ideology, genre, register, language) are discussed. The analysis of extracts from literary critical texts is conducted according to the three main features of the context of situation as identified in systemic grammar: field (subject matter of the discourse), tenor (participants in the discourse) and mode (medium of the discourse). Finally, the study considers the implications and applications of the conclusions drawn, particularly those that relate to the academic institution within which literary critical texts are produced and read. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics)