Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 130 p.; also contains graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Mario Miranda, Dept. of Agricultural, Environmental & Development Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-126).

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Thesis (D. Phil. (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

The lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdovirus family is divided into seven genotypes. Genotype 3, Mokola virus, has only been found on the African continent, and has been reported to infect rodents, cats, dogs and humans. The first Mokola virus identification in South Africa was made in 1970, on the east coast of the KwaZulu-Natal province. After 25 years, Mokola virus was again identified in three cats, 650 km south-west of the previous isolation. In 1997 two more Mokola infections were identified in Pinetown, only about 23 km south-west of the 1970 isolation. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleic acid sequences of the nucleoprotein gene region of the Mokola genome, indicated that the Mokola viruses from the same geographical region were more closely related, irrespective of the time of isolation. The identification of these two distinct clusters of Mokola in South Africa leads i us to believe that this virus is more widespread than previously thought, but that the reservoir host species remains to be identified. Genotype 1 in the Rhabdovirus family, rabies virus, is found on all continents, except Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Hawaii, Taiwan, United Kingdom, Ireland, etc. An ongoing rabies enzootic in southern Africa is associated with two genetically distinct groups of viruses, called the canid biotype (infecting carnivores of the family Canidae) and the viverrid biotype (infecting carnivores of the subfamily Viverrinae). We identified the first cases of spillover of canid biotype virus into viverrid hosts, using monoclonal antibody and nucleic acid sequence analysis. Genetic analysis of the G-L intergenic region of the rabies virus genome, showed that these spillover events do not bring about any significant change on this part of the virus genome. All of these spillover isolates maintained a typical canid virus phylogeny. Rabies viruses associated with the family Viverridae form a highly diverse group of viruses, which can be divided into four distinct phylogenetic groups, each associated with a specific geographical area in South Africa. The canid biotype of rabies virus is divided into three specific groups, based on geographic location and the associated reservoir species, namely KwaZulu-Natal province (with domestic dogs as its main vector), the western parts of South Africa (bat-eared foxes) and the northern parts of South Africa (black-backed jackals). In order to determine the degree of genetic change in the virus over a period of time, we identified two endemic canid rabies regions (KwaZulu-Natal and the northern parts of South Africa) and analysed the nucleic acid sequence variation 0f the viruses over 15 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the variable G-L intergenic region of t e virus genome indicated that the canid rabies biotype changed less than 1% over the period studied. This implies that the highly diverse viverrid biotype has been circulating in the southern African wildlife for a very long time. In order to obtain a faster, more economical, and reliable method for rabies virus biotype identification, a competitive, hemi-nested PCR assay was developed. In a single tube, two biotype specific oligonucleotides (developed by Jaftha, 1997), and a common downstream primer were -used in the biotype specific, second round amplification. The specific virus biotypes were identified on the basis of specific amplicon sizes for each biotype. A third biotype specific primer was designed to target a region of the Nucleoprotein gene, this primer was used in a second round hemi-nested reaction. Despite having been designed to specifically amplify canid biotype viruses, this primer amplified all rabies biotypes non¬specifically. We conclude that the nucleoprotein genes are too conserved to make this part of the genome a good target for a biotype-specific PCR diagnostic assay. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric) Microbiology)--University of Pretoria, 1997. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

A raiva bovina continua sendo uma importante zoonose. A ocorrência de casos confirmados da doença no meio rural é um problema atual de saúde pública, sendo mais relevante quando se consideram os casos de raiva huma na que ocorreram nos últimos anos no país. Este projeto teve por objetivo estudar a situação da raiva bovina no município de Guaxupé - MG, consideran do: a presença do morcego hematófago no município; o nível de conhecimento dos produtores/empregados rurais sobre a raiva; a vacinação contra a raiva bovina; a notificação de casos da doença junto ao Instituto Mineiro Agro pecuário (IMA); os casos confirmados de raiva animal. Quanto à metodologia, fo ram realizados: um levantamento de dados secundários junto ao IMA e junto à Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gerência Regional de Alfenas - MG, da qual faz parte o município de Guaxupé; a apli cação de um questionário sobre a raiva bovina junto a uma amostra de produtores/empregados rurais do município. Foi feita uma estratificação da amostra em dois grupos, sendo o questionário aplicado em 35 pequenas e médias propriedades e em cinco grandes propriedades. De acordo com os dados do IMA, durante o período de 1999 a 2003, foram realizados 34 exames laboratoriais para diagnóstico da raiva, entre eles, 10 foram conside rados positivos, sendo oito da espécie bovina e dois da espécie eqüina. Com relação ao conhecimento de produto res/empregados rurais sobre a raiva, constatou-se que 74,3% consideram o veterinário como uma importante fonte de informação; 85% procuram o veterinário se houver um animal doente; 97,5% conhecem a importância da vacinação; 72,5% indicaram a salivação aumentada do animal como sintoma característico da doença; 58,3% indicaram o carbúnculo como doença que se confunde com a raiva; 90,0% afirmaram ser o morcego hematófago o transmissor da doença; 57,1% afirma ram aplicar algum tipo de produto em mordeduras por morcegos; 92,5% afirmaram ter conhecimento da presen ça do morcego em sua propriedade; 17,5% afirmaram ter tido caso confirmado de raiva na propriedade; 53% apontaram galpões de secador de café como abrigo para os morcegos; 90% afirmaram vacinar o rebanho durante as campanhas de vacinação. Com relação aos dados da Vigilância Epidemiológica, entre os anos de 2000 e 2006, ocorreram 587 casos de agressão por animais no município de Guaxupé. Desses casos, 24,3% ocorreram com crianças de até nove anos de idade; 91,5% ocorreram na zona urbana; 82,9% dos ferimentos foram por mordedura; 49,0% foram nas mãos; em 78,2% dos casos a espécie agressora era a canina; ocorreu apenas um caso de raiva canina com diagnós tico laboratorial e quatro casos de raiva animal com diagnóstico clínico. Esses estudos permitiram concluir que ainda é atual a necessidade de manter todas as ações que visam o controle da raiva, especialmente a vacinação; é importante a realização de um trabalho de consci entização com relação aos casos de agressão por animais, especialmente os cães. / Bovine rabies continues to be an important zoonosis. The occurrence of confirmed cases of the disease in the rural environment is a current public health problem, which is even more relevant when the cases of human rabies that occurred in the last few years are considered. The objective of the present project was to study the situation of bovine rabies in the municipality of Guaxupé - MG, on the basis of the presence of blood-sucking bats in the municipality, the level of knowledge of rural producers/employe es about rabies, the vaccination against bovine rabies, the notification of cases of the disease to the \"Instituto Mineiro Agropecuário\" (IMA), and the confirmed cases of animal rabies. The methodology consisted of a survey of secondary data at IMA and at the Epidemiological Surveillance of the Regional Management of Alfenas - MG, to which the municipality of Guaxupé belongs, and the application of a questionnaire about bovine rabies to a sample of rural producers/employees of the municipality. The sample was stratified into two groups, with the questionnaire being applied to 35 small and medium-sized properties and to 05 large properties. According to IMA data, 34 laboratory exams for the diagnosis of rabies were performed during the period from 1999 to 2003. Of these, 10 were considered to be positive, 08 of them involving cattle and 02 involving horses. Regarding the knowledge of rural producers/employe es about rabies, 74.3% were found to consider the veterinary to be an impor tant source of information; 85% called a veterinary when an animal was sick, 97.5% were aware of the importance of vaccination, 72.5% indicated that incre ased animal salivation is a characteristic symptom of the disease, 58.3% indica ted that carbuncle is a disease often confused with rabies, 90.0% stated that blood-sucking bats are the transmitters of the disease, 57.1% stated that they applied some type of product to bat bites, 92.5% stated that they were aware of the presence of bats on their property, 17.5% stated that they had a confirmed case of rabies on their property, 53% pointed out that coffee-drying barns are a shelter for bats, and 90% stated that they vaccinated the herd during vaccination campaigns. Regarding the data of Epidemiological Surveillance, 587 cases of aggression by animals occurred between 2000 and 2006 in the municipality of Guaxupé. Of these, 24.3% involved children up to 09 years of age, 91.5% occurred in the urban zone, 82.9% of the wounds were bites, 49.0% were in the hands, in 78.2% of cases the aggressing species was the canine one, and there was only one case of canine rabies with a laboratory diagnosis, plus 04 cases of animal rabies with a clinical diagnosis. These studies led to the conclusion that there still is the need to maintain all actions aiming at the control of rabies, especially vaccination, and that it is important to conduct awareness-raising work regarding cases of aggression by animals, especially dogs.

A raiva bovina continua sendo uma importante zoonose. A ocorrência de casos confirmados da doença no meio rural é um problema atual de saúde pública, sendo mais relevante quando se consideram os casos de raiva huma na que ocorreram nos últimos anos no país. Este projeto teve por objetivo estudar a situação da raiva bovina no município de Guaxupé - MG, consideran do: a presença do morcego hematófago no município; o nível de conhecimento dos produtores/empregados rurais sobre a raiva; a vacinação contra a raiva bovina; a notificação de casos da doença junto ao Instituto Mineiro Agro pecuário (IMA); os casos confirmados de raiva animal. Quanto à metodologia, fo ram realizados: um levantamento de dados secundários junto ao IMA e junto à Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gerência Regional de Alfenas - MG, da qual faz parte o município de Guaxupé; a apli cação de um questionário sobre a raiva bovina junto a uma amostra de produtores/empregados rurais do município. Foi feita uma estratificação da amostra em dois grupos, sendo o questionário aplicado em 35 pequenas e médias propriedades e em cinco grandes propriedades. De acordo com os dados do IMA, durante o período de 1999 a 2003, foram realizados 34 exames laboratoriais para diagnóstico da raiva, entre eles, 10 foram conside rados positivos, sendo oito da espécie bovina e dois da espécie eqüina. Com relação ao conhecimento de produto res/empregados rurais sobre a raiva, constatou-se que 74,3% consideram o veterinário como uma importante fonte de informação; 85% procuram o veterinário se houver um animal doente; 97,5% conhecem a importância da vacinação; 72,5% indicaram a salivação aumentada do animal como sintoma característico da doença; 58,3% indicaram o carbúnculo como doença que se confunde com a raiva; 90,0% afirmaram ser o morcego hematófago o transmissor da doença; 57,1% afirma ram aplicar algum tipo de produto em mordeduras por morcegos; 92,5% afirmaram ter conhecimento da presen ça do morcego em sua propriedade; 17,5% afirmaram ter tido caso confirmado de raiva na propriedade; 53% apontaram galpões de secador de café como abrigo para os morcegos; 90% afirmaram vacinar o rebanho durante as campanhas de vacinação. Com relação aos dados da Vigilância Epidemiológica, entre os anos de 2000 e 2006, ocorreram 587 casos de agressão por animais no município de Guaxupé. Desses casos, 24,3% ocorreram com crianças de até nove anos de idade; 91,5% ocorreram na zona urbana; 82,9% dos ferimentos foram por mordedura; 49,0% foram nas mãos; em 78,2% dos casos a espécie agressora era a canina; ocorreu apenas um caso de raiva canina com diagnós tico laboratorial e quatro casos de raiva animal com diagnóstico clínico. Esses estudos permitiram concluir que ainda é atual a necessidade de manter todas as ações que visam o controle da raiva, especialmente a vacinação; é importante a realização de um trabalho de consci entização com relação aos casos de agressão por animais, especialmente os cães. / Bovine rabies continues to be an important zoonosis. The occurrence of confirmed cases of the disease in the rural environment is a current public health problem, which is even more relevant when the cases of human rabies that occurred in the last few years are considered. The objective of the present project was to study the situation of bovine rabies in the municipality of Guaxupé - MG, on the basis of the presence of blood-sucking bats in the municipality, the level of knowledge of rural producers/employe es about rabies, the vaccination against bovine rabies, the notification of cases of the disease to the \"Instituto Mineiro Agropecuário\" (IMA), and the confirmed cases of animal rabies. The methodology consisted of a survey of secondary data at IMA and at the Epidemiological Surveillance of the Regional Management of Alfenas - MG, to which the municipality of Guaxupé belongs, and the application of a questionnaire about bovine rabies to a sample of rural producers/employees of the municipality. The sample was stratified into two groups, with the questionnaire being applied to 35 small and medium-sized properties and to 05 large properties. According to IMA data, 34 laboratory exams for the diagnosis of rabies were performed during the period from 1999 to 2003. Of these, 10 were considered to be positive, 08 of them involving cattle and 02 involving horses. Regarding the knowledge of rural producers/employe es about rabies, 74.3% were found to consider the veterinary to be an impor tant source of information; 85% called a veterinary when an animal was sick, 97.5% were aware of the importance of vaccination, 72.5% indicated that incre ased animal salivation is a characteristic symptom of the disease, 58.3% indica ted that carbuncle is a disease often confused with rabies, 90.0% stated that blood-sucking bats are the transmitters of the disease, 57.1% stated that they applied some type of product to bat bites, 92.5% stated that they were aware of the presence of bats on their property, 17.5% stated that they had a confirmed case of rabies on their property, 53% pointed out that coffee-drying barns are a shelter for bats, and 90% stated that they vaccinated the herd during vaccination campaigns. Regarding the data of Epidemiological Surveillance, 587 cases of aggression by animals occurred between 2000 and 2006 in the municipality of Guaxupé. Of these, 24.3% involved children up to 09 years of age, 91.5% occurred in the urban zone, 82.9% of the wounds were bites, 49.0% were in the hands, in 78.2% of cases the aggressing species was the canine one, and there was only one case of canine rabies with a laboratory diagnosis, plus 04 cases of animal rabies with a clinical diagnosis. These studies led to the conclusion that there still is the need to maintain all actions aiming at the control of rabies, especially vaccination, and that it is important to conduct awareness-raising work regarding cases of aggression by animals, especially dogs.

Objective: To provide a more innovative review of the published paper on rabies to better inform and guide developing countries in planning long-term rabies prevention campaigns. Methods: All articles that described the rabies situation and controlling measures in developing countries and published between 01/01/2000 and 31/07/2013 in Pubmed and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched by using specific terms and setting limits, and finally included in this review after being methodological quality assessment. Results: A total of 10 reviews out of 7383 articles were included in this systematic review. Rabies remains a serious public health problem in developing areas which substantially affects their animal welfare, economic and human health. The situation of rabies in these areas is usually characterized by a high rate of human mortalities, with an annual estimate of more than 30,000. India is affected by rabies the most, suffering from rabies with at least 20,000 rabies deaths reported every year. However, only a few developing countries showed a reduction on human rabies deaths through implementing effective programmes during the last decades. In order to successfully control and eliminate rabies deaths in developing countries, some important tasks should be taken into account, such as cost-effective vaccines, dog rabies control, sensitive surveillance system and so on. Discussion, Conclusion: Since the rabies is prevalent in most developing countries, national rabies control and elimination calls for efforts from all sides. Nevertheless, it is believed that rabies elimination would be achievable in developing areas if vaccines can be improved, efficient control programmes can be undertaken and more inside and outside support can be received. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Infection with challenge virus standard-11 (CVS) strain, a laboratory fixed rabies virus strain, induces neuronal process degeneration in both in vivo and in vitro models. CVS-induced axonal swellings of primary rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons are associated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal staining indicating a critical role of oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most important causes of oxidative stress. We hypothesized that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of CVS infection on several mitochondrial parameters in different cell types. CVS infection increased electron transport chain capacity, Complex I and IV activities, but did not affect Complex II-III, citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase activities. CVS maintained normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity and proton leak, indicating a tight mitochondrial coupling. Possibly as a result of enhanced Complex activity and efficient coupling, a high mitochondrial membrane potential was generated. CVS infection reduced the intracellular ATP level and altered the cellular redox state as indicated by high NADH/NAD+ ratio. CVS infection was associated with a higher rate of hydrogen peroxide production. We conclude that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to ROS overgeneration, oxidative stress and neuronal process degeneration.

Infection with challenge virus standard-11 (CVS) strain, a laboratory fixed rabies virus strain, induces neuronal process degeneration in both in vivo and in vitro models. CVS-induced axonal swellings of primary rodent dorsal root ganglion neurons are associated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal staining indicating a critical role of oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the most important causes of oxidative stress. We hypothesized that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of CVS infection on several mitochondrial parameters in different cell types. CVS infection increased electron transport chain capacity, Complex I and IV activities, but did not affect Complex II-III, citrate synthase, and malate dehydrogenase activities. CVS maintained normal oxidative phosphorylation capacity and proton leak, indicating a tight mitochondrial coupling. Possibly as a result of enhanced Complex activity and efficient coupling, a high mitochondrial membrane potential was generated. CVS infection reduced the intracellular ATP level and altered the cellular redox state as indicated by high NADH/NAD+ ratio. CVS infection was associated with a higher rate of hydrogen peroxide production. We conclude that CVS infection induces mitochondrial dysfunction leading to ROS overgeneration, oxidative stress and neuronal process degeneration.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-76). Also available via the Internet.