Graduation date: 1969

Graduation date: 1982

Graduation date: 1966

The nuclear power plant has given new direction to power generation. It offers a new source of heat. The heat can now come from the fission of atomic fuel and not from the burning of fossil fuel. Safety and protection from the possible hazards of radioactivity generated by nuclear power plants is a completely new and untested area. Emergency systems and over designed construction are only part of what has to be done to make absolutely certain such accidents, if they occur, will be contained allowing no harmful radioactivity to reach the environment. Handling of radioactive wastes is very critical in a nuclear power plant. These wastes have to be stored in protective containers and transported to predetermined storage sites. At these sites the containers of radioactive wastes are lowered into large salt mines. Licensing and regulation of nuclear power plants during construction and operation is the responsibility of the Atomic Energy Commission. The five member federal panel has issues strict requirements that must be met in each step in the process of obtaining permits and licenses, construction, and generation.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has modeled twelve reference animal and plant (RAP) species using simple geometric shapes in Monte���Carlo (MCNP) based simulations. The focus has now shifted to creating voxel phantoms of each RAP to advance the understanding of radiation interactions in nonhuman biota. The work contained herein presents results for the voxel phantom of the Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister, the Sand Dab, Limanda limanda, and the brown seaweed, Fucus vesiculosus, and details a generalized framework for creating voxel phantoms of the other RAPs. Absorbed fractions (AFs) for all identified organs were calculated at several discrete initial energies: 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 MeV for photons and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 MeV for electrons. AFs were then tabulated for each organ as a source and target at each energy listed above. AFs whose error exceeded 5% are marked with an underline in the data tables; AFs whose error was higher than 10% are shown in the tabulated data as a dashed line. The AF���s were highly dependent on organ mass and geometry. For photons above 0.5 MeV and electrons above 0.2-0.4 MeV a nontrivial amount of energy escapes the source organ. / Graduation date: 2013

No description available.

Current protection of the marine environment from radiation is based largely on measuring, estimating and modelling accumulation and impact(s) of radionuclides in a few marine species. Using a relevant marine organism, this thesis focusses on investigating some poorly described phenomena that could cause deviations from predicted measurements. Paper I investigated the biological transformation of tritium (radioactive hydrogen) into an organic compound. The resulting organically bound tritium (OBT) showed increased accumulation in mussels, unique incorporation into a key biological molecule (DNA), extended persistence in tissues, and greater toxicity than the inorganic form. Paper II demonstrated significant disparity in OBT accumulation between functionally similar microalgae species and that OBT in algae is readily transferred to a consumer. Highly radioactive particles are a complex issue in radioecology due to their concentrated dose geometry, potentially inducing very different impacts in organisms, compared to external irradiation. Paper III developed a method to introduce radioactive particles that would facilitate their recovery, improve dose-calculation, and aid the measurement of toxicological endpoints. It also showed that such particles can be incorporated into mussel tissues, causing significant effects. In Paper IV, hypoxia – another major ecological hazard in the marine environment – was expected to reduce radiosensitivity. The minimal observable effect from radiation prevented identification of such an interaction, and indicates drawbacks in the (otherwise sensitive) endpoints used. It appears that stressors like hypoxia may be more of a health hazard to marine organisms than environmental levels of ionising radiation. By understanding such causes of variation in accumulation and impact, it is possible to improve risk assessment, providing more justification for regulations chosen and minimising conservatism in setting environmental standards. / <p>At the time of doctoral defense, the following papers were not published and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A pesquisa tem por objeto estudar as melhores práticas existentes para subsidiar uma proposta conceitual de SGI - Sistema de Gestão Integrado (qualidade, meio ambiente, segurança e saúde no trabalho) aplicável a Laboratórios Radioecológicos. O planejamento da pesquisa está organizado nas seguintes etapas: realizou-se, numa primeira etapa, a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental em SGI, levantamento e estudo das normas aplicáveis (SGQ NBR ISO 9000 (2005), NBR ISO 9001 (2008), NBR ISO 9004 (2000), SGA NBR ISO 14001 (2004) e SGSST OHSAS 18001 (2007) e OHSAS 18002 (2008)), identificação e caracterização de processos em Laboratórios Radioecológicos e estudo de metodologia de melhores práticas e benchmarking; na segunda etapa da pesquisa desenvolveu-se o estudo de caso (pesquisa qualitativa, com a aplicação de questionários via correio eletrônico e entrevistas presenciais, quando possível), precedido de um levantamento e seleção de Laboratórios Radioecológicos internacionais e nacionais estudados e, em seguida, esses laboratórios foram contatados e parte deles concordou em participar na pesquisa; na terceira etapa da pesquisa foi construída a matriz de melhores práticas que mostrou resultados que puderam subsidiar uma proposta conceitual de SGI para Laboratórios Radioecológicos; a quarta e última etapa da pesquisa consistiu na construção da referida proposta conceitual de estrutura de SGI para Laboratórios Radioecológicos, tendo sido, então alcançado objetivo inicial da pesquisa. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A pesquisa tem por objeto estudar as melhores práticas existentes para subsidiar uma proposta conceitual de SGI - Sistema de Gestão Integrado (qualidade, meio ambiente, segurança e saúde no trabalho) aplicável a Laboratórios Radioecológicos. O planejamento da pesquisa está organizado nas seguintes etapas: realizou-se, numa primeira etapa, a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental em SGI, levantamento e estudo das normas aplicáveis (SGQ NBR ISO 9000 (2005), NBR ISO 9001 (2008), NBR ISO 9004 (2000), SGA NBR ISO 14001 (2004) e SGSST OHSAS 18001 (2007) e OHSAS 18002 (2008)), identificação e caracterização de processos em Laboratórios Radioecológicos e estudo de metodologia de melhores práticas e benchmarking; na segunda etapa da pesquisa desenvolveu-se o estudo de caso (pesquisa qualitativa, com a aplicação de questionários via correio eletrônico e entrevistas presenciais, quando possível), precedido de um levantamento e seleção de Laboratórios Radioecológicos internacionais e nacionais estudados e, em seguida, esses laboratórios foram contatados e parte deles concordou em participar na pesquisa; na terceira etapa da pesquisa foi construída a matriz de melhores práticas que mostrou resultados que puderam subsidiar uma proposta conceitual de SGI para Laboratórios Radioecológicos; a quarta e última etapa da pesquisa consistiu na construção da referida proposta conceitual de estrutura de SGI para Laboratórios Radioecológicos, tendo sido, então alcançado objetivo inicial da pesquisa. / The research aims to study the best practices to support a conceptual proposal for IMS - Integrated Management System (quality, environment, safety and health) applicable to Radioecology laboratories. The research design is organized into the following steps: in a first step, it was developed the bibliographic and documentary research in IMS, survey and study of standards (QMS ISO 9000 (2005), ISO 9001 (2008), ISO 9004 (2000), EMS ISO 14001 (2004) and OHSMS OHSAS 18001 (2007) and OHSAS 18002 (2008)), identification and characterization of processes in Radioecology Laboratories and study of best practices methodology and benchmarking; in the second stage of the research it was developed a case study (qualitative research, with questionnaires via email and interviews, when possible), preceded by a survey and selection of international and national radioecology laboratories and then these laboratories were contacted and some of them agreed to participate in this research; in the third stage of the research it was built the framework of best practices that showed results that could support the conceptual proposal for the IMS Radioecology Laboratory; the fourth and final stage of research consisted in the construction of the proposed conceptual framework of SGI for Radioecology Laboratory, being then achieved the initial objective of the research.