51 |
Využití srážkových vod ve sportovním a kulturním centru / Rainwater reuse in the sports and cultural centerBardonová, Hedvika January 2017 (has links)
The diploma thesis is focused on rainwater reuse in the sports and cultural center and elaboration of project sanitary equipment installation. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on performance issues rainwater reuse in the buildings. In another part of thesis are drawn calculations with three variants of the design volume storage reservoir for rain water. The drawings are part of the project.
|
52 |
Developing community-informed technology for harvesting rainwater for domestic use in a semi-arid area of South AfricaNyamukondiwa, Pertina 16 May 2020 (has links)
PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Approximately, 780 million of people in the world lack access to safe water for domestic use. Out
of these, 37 % are found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the negative impact of climate
variability and change, scarcity of water is likely to continue worsening. Although semi-arid areas
experience water shortages, they receive limited amounts of rainfall. Rainwater might help
alleviate temporal water shortages. However, rainwater is rarely harvested for use when most
needed. The PhD in Rural Development thesis research was carried out in Mabayeni village,
which falls under Ward 35 of Collins Chabane Local Municipality in Limpopo Province of South
Africa. It was designed to develop a grassroots community-informed prototype for a technology
that could be used to harvest rainwater for domestic use. A series of interrelated studies with the
following specific objectives underpinned the research: (1) To determine the extent of water
scarcity; (2) To identify strategies households used to cope with inadequate availability of water
for domestic use; (3) To document the rainwater harvesting techniques rural households used;
(4) To compare the features of rainwater harvesting technology that people of different age groups
preferred; (5) To develop community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology with
the best potential to increase access to water for domestic use; and (6) To evaluate the
community-preferred prototypes of rainwater harvesting technology.
Partly, the study was conducted as a follow-up to a Master’s research study on climate change
carried out in 2014 in Mabayeni village. In the 2014 study, it was revealed that water scarcity was
a major result of climate change in the area. In addition, Mabayeni was perceived as the driest
compared to other villages in the ward. The Cresswell (2013) explanatory sequential mixed
method design guided the study. Multi-stage sampling was followed to select respondents. This
entailed categorizing respondents first dividing them by age and gender. Respondents were
placed in the following clusters: children (boys and girls), youth (male and female), adult (men
and women), and the elderly. This was done in order to ensure that there was triangulation of
data sources. Various participatory research techniques were used to collect qualitative data for
the same reason. For objective 1, data collection techniques such as photo voice, key informant
interviews, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, transect walks, storytelling and
seasonal diagramming were used. Data were analysed through card sorting, Atlas.ti version
7.5.7-mediated thematic content analysis, map ranking, matrix scoring and conversation analysis.
Data collection techniques employed for objective 2 were similar to those used in objective 1 with
the exception of participatory mapping. Thematic content analysis in Atlas.ti, map ranking and
matrix ranking were used to analyse data for this objective.
Only focus group discussions, key informant interviews and transect walks were used to collect
data for objective 3. Data analysis techniques used were similar to those used in the previous
objective with the exception of map ranking. For objective 4, data were collected through focus
group discussions and analysed using matrix ranking and Atlas.ti-aided thematic content analysis.
In objective 5, development of artefacts was guided by prototyping and sketch modelling
techniques. Techniques such as verbal protocol analysis, mathematical calculations and
presentation and analysis were used to analyse data. A questionnaire with open and closed
ended questions was also used to collect data for the last objective. Open-ended questions were
analysed using thematic content analysis. In addition, the Kruskal Wallis test in SPSS version 25
determined first, the two prototypes (one for zinc and another for thatch roof) that were regarded
as the best; and second, if prototype component ratings significantly differed (p <0.05) across
prototypes. As a post hoc test, the Dunn’s test in R Statistical Software version 3.3.0 was used
for pairwise comparisons. Data saturation determined the sample size. A total of 17 community
engagement sessions were held to collect, analyse and validate findings with the grassroots
community members in Mabayeni village.
Water scarcity in Mabayeni village was reconfirmed to be seasonal. The dry season in each year
was five months long. During this time, residents adopted random, risky and unhygienic coping
strategies. Although rainwater was collected from rooftops, there was no formal technology used
to gather and store large quantities for later use. This was attributed to lack of resources and
knowledge on how to develop such technologies. The most commonly preferred features of
rainwater harvesting technology across interest groups related to water quality, construction
materials and security. All interest groups preferred a technology that harvested clean/potable
water. Moreover, the elderly wanted a technology that would help them access the stored water
easily.
In total, 14 prototypes were developed. When all the interest groups evaluated the prototypes,
the ones that boys and men developed were selected as the best for zinc and thatched roofbased
technologies, respectively. Selection of a prototype that children produced as the best
underlined that children were an important resource that communities should never marginalise.
Nor should their ability to contribute useful ideas be underestimated when seeking solutions to
local challenges. Active involvement of grassroots community members in the entire design
process helped tailor specifications of the technology to user needs, thereby highlighting the
importance of inclusive decision making in development practice. This was also important
because it created ownership and increased chances of adopting the technology. Lastly, the
current study reaffirmed the view that postgraduate degree research can be harnessed to
coproduce solutions to community-identified challenges. / NRF
|
53 |
Real-time vizualizace povětrnostních vlivů v terénu / Realtime Weather in a Landscape VisualisationVlček, Adam January 2009 (has links)
Thanks to the increasing computation power the complexity and dynamism of virtual reality is continuously improving. This work aims to examine influences of weather in a landscape and the means to simulate and dynamically visualize them in real time on the current personal computer hardware. The main goal is to find quick well looking approximations rather than a complex physically correct simulation. The work covers using modern programmable GPU not only for visualization but also as a powerful simulation instrument. The main topic is water movement in the terrain and its effects on it like erosion, snow melting and moisture impact on vegetation. This requires dynamic terrain texturing and algorithms supporting fast geometry and normals updates.
|
54 |
Análisis y caracterización de las instalaciones interiores de suministro de agua desde el punto de vista de ahorroLópez Patiño, Gonzalo 07 March 2016 (has links)
[EN] SUMMARY
It is a fact that in our environment there is a water shortage that affects the agricultural
and urban freshwater consumption. The environmental conditions of climate change will
aggravate the situation in the coming years. The efficient management of water
resources is, and will be, an important issue for society that must be addressed from a
social and technological point of view.
Although nonfarm consumption represents only 30% of the total demand for freshwater,
the urban water use is the more worrying because it directly affects the lives of people.
A shortage of water resources is answered from two points of view. On the one hand,
increasing supply through an increase in water uptakes, transfers from surplus basins, or
desalination. On the other hand the reduction of demand, or efficient demand
management. It is from this approach where this research takes place.
The aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology to select the most appropriate water
saving system to equip a building.
The selection process arises from two approaches, each corresponding to a different use
of the building. For buildings intended to develop a productive activity a cost-benefit
selection method is used. For other buildings, a multicriteria selection method is used.
For this last situation, application of analytic hierarchy process to selection of water
saving systems is chosen.
For the implementation of the multicriteria selection method, a series of selection criteria
have to be defined and considered: water conservation, energy conservation, social and
environmental impact, design, and economic viability.
Each device or water saving system should be characterized on the basis of each of
these criteria. In the thesis has been developed the way to characterize the "water
efficient systems" for every of the selection criteria defined.
As part of the characterization process, it is necessary to know drinking water demand
patterns produced in the building. To do this, a water consumption audit can be
performed, for the existing buildings, or results of similar buildings can be extrapolated,
in the event that the building were a new construction that is going to be equipped with
water efficient systems. The thesis shows how to carry out an audit of water consumption
of the building. Also, some studies of water demand patterns in residential buildings are
set. A self-done study on water patterns demands in the area of Valencia is presented.
For the economic viability of implementing water saving systems it is very important that
the size of all its equipments are as tight as possible to the use made of them in the
building. Therefore, a study of the optimal and economic dimensioning of rain water
harvesting systems has been made.
It has also been theoretically studied the generating capacity of water condensation in
air conditioning systems, for its use in water supply facilities. This information is used for
equipment sizing of this water saving system. As there was no verified information on the
validity of the theoretical method, measurements have been performed to contrast them.
Finally, in this thesis measurements, studies, analysis, and equipment characterization,
had been performed to make available a complete methodology for multi-criteria
selection of the most suitable water efficient systems to equip a given building. / [ES] RESUMEN
Es una realidad que en nuestro entorno existe un déficit hídrico que afecta tanto al
consumo agrícola de agua dulce como al consumo urbano de agua potable. Las
condiciones ambientales de cambio climático agravarán la situación en los próximos
años. La gestión eficiente de los recursos hídricos es, y será, un tema importante para
la sociedad que debe ser abordado desde un punto de vista social y tecnológico.
Aunque el consumo no agrícola supone sólo una 30% de la demanda total de agua
dulce, es el uso urbano del agua, que consume la mayor parte de ese porcentaje, el
más preocupante por cuanto afecta directamente a las condiciones de vida de las
personas.
A la escasez de recursos hídricos se responde desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado el
aumento de la oferta, a través de un aumento de las captaciones, trasvases desde
cuencas excedentarias, o desalación. Por otro lado la reducción o gestión eficiente de
la demanda. Es desde este enfoque desde donde se desarrolla este trabajo de
investigación.
El objetivo de la tesis doctoral es desarrollar una metodología para la selección de los
sistemas de ahorro de agua potable más adecuados para equipar en un edificio.
El proceso de selección se plantea desde dos aproximaciones, correspondiendo cada
uno de ellos a un uso diferente del edificio. Para los edificios destinados a desarrollarse
una actividad productiva se utiliza un método de selección coste-beneficio. Para el resto
de edificios se utiliza un método de selección multicriterio. Para esta situación se ha
optado por aplicar el método del proceso analítico jerárquico a la selección de
sistemas de ahorro de agua.
Para la aplicación de la selección multicriterio, se han definido una serie de criterios a
tener en cuenta: ahorro de agua, ahorro de energía, impacto socio-ambiental, diseño,
y viabilidad económica.
Cada dispositivo o sistema de ahorro de agua debe ser caracterizado en base a cada
uno de estos criterios. En la tesis se ha desarrollado la forma de caracterizar los
denominados "sistemas de hidroeficiencia" para cada uno de los criterios de selección
definidos.
Como parte del proceso de caracterización, es necesario conocer la forma de consumir
agua potable que se produce en el edificio. Para ello se puede realizar una auditoría de
demandas, en el caso que el edificio exista, o se debe extrapolar resultados de edificios
similares, en caso que el edificio sea un edificio de nueva planta que se quiere equipar
con los sistemas de hidroeficiencia, ya de partida. En la tesis se indica cómo llevar a
cabo una auditoría del consumo de agua del edificio. Igualmente se exponen algunos
estudios de patrones de consumo en edificios de viviendas, y se presenta un estudio
propio sobre patrones de demanda en la zona de Valencia, para la que no existía
información.
Para la viabilidad económica de la implantación de los sistemas de ahorro tiene gran
importancia que su tamaño sea lo más ajustado posible al uso que se hace de ellos en
el edificio. Por ello, se ha hecho un estudio del dimensionado óptimo y económico de
los sistemas de aprovechamiento de aguas pluviales.
Igualmente se ha estudiado de forma teórica la capacidad de generación de agua de
condensación de los sistemas de climatización, para su aprovechamiento en las
instalaciones de suministro de agua. Dicha información se utiliza para el dimensionado
de los equipos de ese sistema de hidroeficiencia. Como no había información
contrastada sobre la validez del método teórico, se han realizado mediciones para
contrastarlos.
Con todo, en la tesis que se presenta se han realizado las mediciones, estudios,
análisis y caracterización de equipos necesarios para que se disponga de una
metodología completa para la selección multicriterio de los sistemas de hidroeficiencia
más adecuados para equipar un determinado edificio. / [CA] RESUM
És una realitat que en el nostre entorn hi ha un dèficit hídric que afecta tant el consum
agrícola d'aigua dolça com al consum urbà d'aigua potable. Les condicions ambientals
de canvi climàtic agreujaran la situació en els pròxims anys. La gestió eficient dels
recursos hídrics és, i serà, un tema important per a la societat que ha de ser abordat
des d'un punt de vista social i tecnològic.
Encara que el consum no agrícola suposa només una 30% de la demanda total d'aigua
dolça, és l'ús urbà de l'aigua, que consumix la major part d'eixe percentatge, el més
preocupant ja que afecta directament les condicions de vida de les persones.
A l'escassetat de recursos hídrics es respon des de dos perspectives. Per un costat
l'augment de l'oferta, a través d'un augment de les captacions, transvasaments des de
conques excedentàries, o dessalatge. Per un altre costat la reducció o gestió eficient de
la demanda. És des d'este enfocament des d'on es desenrotlla este treball d'investigació
L'objectiu de la tesi doctoral és desenrotllar una metodologia per a la selecció dels
sistemes d'estalvi d'aigua potable més adequats per a equipar en un edifici.
El procés de selecció es planteja des de dos aproximacions, corresponent cada un d'ells
a un ús diferent de l'edifici. Per als edificis destinats a desenrotllar-se una activitat
productiva s'utilitza un mètode de selecció cost-benefici. Per a la resta d'edificis s'utilitza
un mètode de selecció multicriterio. Per a esta situació s'ha optat per aplicar el mètode
del procés analític jeràrquic a la selecció de sistemes d'estalvi d'aigua.
Per a l'aplicació de la selecció multicriterio, s'han definit una sèrie de criteris a tindre en
compte: estalvi d'aigua, estalvi d'energia, impacte socioambiental, disseny, i viabilitat
econòmica.
Cada dispositiu o sistema d'estalvi d'aigua ha de ser caracteritzat basant-se en cada un
d'estos criteris. En la tesi s'ha desenrotllat la forma de caracteritzar els denominats
"sistemes de hidroeficiencia" per a cada un dels criteris de selecció definits.
Com a part del procés de caracterització, és necessari conéixer la forma de consumir
aigua potable que es produïx en l'edifici. Per a això es pot realitzar una auditoria de
demandes, en el cas que l'edifici existisca, o s'ha d'extrapolar resultats d'edificis
semblants, en cas que l'edifici siga un edifici de nova planta que es vol equipar amb els
sistemes de hidroeficiencia, ja de partida. En la tesi s'indica com dur a terme una
auditoria del consum d'aigua de l'edifici. Igualment s'exposen alguns estudis de patrons
de consum en edificis de vivendes, i es presenta un estudi propi sobre patrons de
demanda en la zona de València, per a la que no existia informació.
Per a la viabilitat econòmica de la implantació dels sistemes d'estalvi té gran
importància que la seua dimensió siga el més ajustat possible a l'ús que es fa d'ells en
l'edifici. Per això, s'ha fet un estudi del dimensionat òptim i econòmic dels sistemes
d'aprofitament d'aigües pluvials.
Igualment s'ha estudiat de forma teòrica la capacitat de generació d'aigua de
condensació dels sistemes de climatització, per al seu aprofitament en les instal·lacions
de subministrament d'aigua. La dita informació s'utilitza per al dimensionat dels equips
d'eixe sistema de hidroeficiencia. Com no hi havia informació contrastada sobre la
validesa del mètode teòric, s'han realitzat mesuraments per a contrastar-los.
Amb tot, en la tesi que es presenta s'han realitzat els mesuraments, estudis, anàlisi i
caracterització d'equips necessaris perquè es dispose d'una metodologia completa per a
la selecció multicriterio dels sistemes de hidroeficiencia més adequats per a equipar un
determinat edifici. / López Patiño, G. (2016). Análisis y caracterización de las instalaciones interiores de suministro de agua desde el punto de vista de ahorro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61476
|
55 |
Aproveitamento da água da chuva após tratamento por filtração ascendente e radiação ultravioleta / Rainwater utilization after treatment upflow filtration and ultravioleta radiationSilva, Felipe Amaral 19 August 2015 (has links)
CAPES / A escassez, deterioração da qualidade dos mananciais e o aumento da demanda por água tem sido problema global. Diante desses problemas o uso de fontes alternativas é citado como solução, com destaque para o aproveitamento de água da chuva. Em alguns locais, a água da chuva escoada de telhados tem sido utilizada para fins potáveis e não potáveis e a água da chuva in natura tem qualidade superior ao de águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Embora a água da chuva tenha qualidade físico-química dentro dos padrões de potabilidade, é necessário melhorar sua qualidade para utilizá-la. Assim neste trabalho é avaliado o tratamento da água da chuva por filtro ascendente (volume de 35,4 L) com meio suporte de 0,50 m de seixo rolado e camada filtrante composta de 0,15m de brita, 0,25 m de areia e 0,55 m de carvão ativado e desinfecção por radiação UV. Para melhorar a qualidade da água antes de chegar ao filtro foi instalado um dispositivo de primeiro descarte com volume de 41,4 L. A avaliação do tratamento foi realizada através da análise dos parâmetros pH, temperatura, cor, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato, sulfato, DQO e coliformes. Os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos da água após o tratamento foram de 6,7 para o pH, 22,3 °C para a temperatura, 12,5 UPC para cor, 6,7 mg/L para OD, 0,5 UNT para turbidez, 0,2 mg/L para amônia, 0,01 mg/L para nitrito, 1,7 mg/L para nitrato, 0,2 mg/L para fosfato, 0,7 mg/L para sulfato e 1,3 mg/L para DQO. O tratamento proposto obteve resultados de eficiência para remoção de cor de 22,4%, turbidez de 28,6%, amônia de 50,0%, nitrito de 23,1%, nitrato de 37,0%, fosfato de 95,1% sulfato de 41,7% e DQO de 66,7% e reduziu o numero de microrganismos para um valor menor que o limite detectável do método de análise. Todos os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos atendem aos padrões exigidos pela portaria 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde para água potável. / The scarcity, quality deterioration of water sources and increasing demand for water has been global problem. Faced with these problems the use of alternative sources is cited as a solution, especially taking advantage of rainwater. In some places, rainwater drained roofs have been used for potable and non-potable purposes and rainwater in nature has superior quality to the surface water and groundwater. Although rainwater has physicochemical quality within the potability standards, it is necessary to improve their quality to use it. Thus this work is evaluated treatment of rainwater by upflow filter (35,4 L volume) with support means of 0,50 m of Boulder and filter layer of 0,15 m of crushed stone, 0,25 m of sand and 0,55 m of activated carbon and UV disinfection. To enhance the water quality before reaching the filter was installed a first-flush device with volume of 41,4 L. The characterization of the water before and after treatment was performed through analysis of parameters pH, temperature, color, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, COD and coliforms. The mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters of the water after treatment were 6,7 to pH 22,3 °C for temperature, 12,5 UPC for color, 6,7 mg/L to OD, 0,5 NTU for turbidity, 0,2mg/L for ammonia, 0,01 mg/L for nitrite, 1,7 mg/L for nitrate, 0,2 mg/L for phosphate,0,7 mg/L for sulfate and 1,3 mg/L for COD. The obtained results proposed treatment for color removal efficiency of 22,4%, haze 28,6%, 50,0% ammonia, 23,1% nitrite, nitrate 37,0%, Phosphate 95,1%, sulfate 41,7% and COD of 66,7% and reduced the number of microorganisms to a value less than the detectable limit of the analysis method. All mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters meet the standards required by the Order 2914/2011 of the Ministry of Health for drinking water.
|
56 |
Aproveitamento da água da chuva após tratamento por filtração ascendente e radiação ultravioleta / Rainwater utilization after treatment upflow filtration and ultravioleta radiationSilva, Felipe Amaral 19 August 2015 (has links)
CAPES / A escassez, deterioração da qualidade dos mananciais e o aumento da demanda por água tem sido problema global. Diante desses problemas o uso de fontes alternativas é citado como solução, com destaque para o aproveitamento de água da chuva. Em alguns locais, a água da chuva escoada de telhados tem sido utilizada para fins potáveis e não potáveis e a água da chuva in natura tem qualidade superior ao de águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Embora a água da chuva tenha qualidade físico-química dentro dos padrões de potabilidade, é necessário melhorar sua qualidade para utilizá-la. Assim neste trabalho é avaliado o tratamento da água da chuva por filtro ascendente (volume de 35,4 L) com meio suporte de 0,50 m de seixo rolado e camada filtrante composta de 0,15m de brita, 0,25 m de areia e 0,55 m de carvão ativado e desinfecção por radiação UV. Para melhorar a qualidade da água antes de chegar ao filtro foi instalado um dispositivo de primeiro descarte com volume de 41,4 L. A avaliação do tratamento foi realizada através da análise dos parâmetros pH, temperatura, cor, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fosfato, sulfato, DQO e coliformes. Os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos da água após o tratamento foram de 6,7 para o pH, 22,3 °C para a temperatura, 12,5 UPC para cor, 6,7 mg/L para OD, 0,5 UNT para turbidez, 0,2 mg/L para amônia, 0,01 mg/L para nitrito, 1,7 mg/L para nitrato, 0,2 mg/L para fosfato, 0,7 mg/L para sulfato e 1,3 mg/L para DQO. O tratamento proposto obteve resultados de eficiência para remoção de cor de 22,4%, turbidez de 28,6%, amônia de 50,0%, nitrito de 23,1%, nitrato de 37,0%, fosfato de 95,1% sulfato de 41,7% e DQO de 66,7% e reduziu o numero de microrganismos para um valor menor que o limite detectável do método de análise. Todos os valores médios obtidos para os parâmetros físico-químicos atendem aos padrões exigidos pela portaria 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde para água potável. / The scarcity, quality deterioration of water sources and increasing demand for water has been global problem. Faced with these problems the use of alternative sources is cited as a solution, especially taking advantage of rainwater. In some places, rainwater drained roofs have been used for potable and non-potable purposes and rainwater in nature has superior quality to the surface water and groundwater. Although rainwater has physicochemical quality within the potability standards, it is necessary to improve their quality to use it. Thus this work is evaluated treatment of rainwater by upflow filter (35,4 L volume) with support means of 0,50 m of Boulder and filter layer of 0,15 m of crushed stone, 0,25 m of sand and 0,55 m of activated carbon and UV disinfection. To enhance the water quality before reaching the filter was installed a first-flush device with volume of 41,4 L. The characterization of the water before and after treatment was performed through analysis of parameters pH, temperature, color, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, COD and coliforms. The mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters of the water after treatment were 6,7 to pH 22,3 °C for temperature, 12,5 UPC for color, 6,7 mg/L to OD, 0,5 NTU for turbidity, 0,2mg/L for ammonia, 0,01 mg/L for nitrite, 1,7 mg/L for nitrate, 0,2 mg/L for phosphate,0,7 mg/L for sulfate and 1,3 mg/L for COD. The obtained results proposed treatment for color removal efficiency of 22,4%, haze 28,6%, 50,0% ammonia, 23,1% nitrite, nitrate 37,0%, Phosphate 95,1%, sulfate 41,7% and COD of 66,7% and reduced the number of microorganisms to a value less than the detectable limit of the analysis method. All mean values obtained for the physicochemical parameters meet the standards required by the Order 2914/2011 of the Ministry of Health for drinking water.
|
57 |
Modélisation de l’impact des hétérogénéités lithologiques sur les écoulements préférentiels et le transfert de masse dans la zone vadose d’un dépôt fluvioglaciaire - Application à un bassin d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales / Modelling the impact of lithological heterogeneities on preferential flow and mass transfer in the vadose zone of a galciofluvial deposit – Application to a stormwater infiltration basinBen Slimene, Erij 25 April 2016 (has links)
Les bassins d’infiltration font partie intégrante des techniques alternatives de gestion des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain. Néanmoins, la potentialité de transfert de polluants vers la nappe est accrue en cas d’écoulements préférentiels dans les sols sous-jacents. Une bonne compréhension du couplage entre processus d’écoulements préférentiels en zone vadose et mécanismes géochimiques est requise. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du suivi d’un bassin d’infiltration depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années de fonctionnement. Le site d’étude est situé sur le dépôt fluvioglaciaire hétérogène couvrant une grande partie de la région lyonnaise. Des auscultations sur une fosse sous le bassin (section 13.5m*2.5m) ont mis en évidence une régionalisation particulière de la pollution dans le sol. Cette étude s’appuie sur une étude numérique visant à identifier l’origine de la régionalisation des polluants et à la relier aux écoulements préférentiels résultant des hétérogénéités lithologiques. En amont de l’étude numérique, les lithofaciès sont complètement caractérisés aux regards de leurs propriétés hydrodynamiques, hydrodispersives et géochimiques. La modélisation numérique permet de souligner l’établissement de cheminements préférentiels en lien avec le contraste de propriétés hydrodynamiques, notamment lorsque de faibles débits sont appliqués en surface. Le rôle de chaque lithofaciès et de l’architecture du dépôt (stratification et inclusions) est clairement identifié. Les répercussions de tels écoulements sur les transferts non réactifs sont ensuite investiguées en combinant l’influence des écoulements préférentiels et le fractionnement de l’eau en fractions mobile et immobile résultant de l’hétérogénéité intrinsèque au sein de chaque lithofaciès. Enfin, ces processus physiques sont couplés à la réactivité géochimique pour le cas d’un polluant modèle (le cuivre) en prenant en compte la réactivité différentielle des lithofaciès. Ces résultats permettent de générer un modèle conceptuel d’écoulements préférentiels et de transfert de masse en milieu fortement hétérogène. / An infiltration basin is a stormwater best management practice (BMP) designed to infiltrate runoff volumes in urban areas. Nevertheless, preferential flow paths in the underlying soil may cause rapid migration of pollutants, thus contributing to groundwater contamination. Understanding the coupling between preferential flow processes in the vadose zone and geochemical mechanisms is then required. This thesis is a part of the follow-up of an infiltration basin for several decades of exploitation. The study site was settled over a highly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit covering much of the Lyon region. The investigation of an excavated section of the basin (13.5m long and 2.5m deep) pointed out a specific regionalization of pollution in the soil. This research is based on a numerical study to identify the origin of such a pollutant pattern and link this with preferential flow resulting from lithological heterogeneities. Different lithofacies were fully characterized regarding their hydraulic, hydrodispersive and geochemical properties. The numerical study proves that the high contrast in hydraulic properties triggers the establishment of preferential flow (capillary barriers and funneled flow). Preferential flow develops mainly for low initial water contents and low fluxes imposed at surface. The role of each lithofacies and architecture of deposit (stratification and inclusions) is clearly identified. The impact of such flows on non-reactive transfers is then investigated by combining the influence of preferential flow and pore water fractionation info into mobile and immobile fractions, resulting from the intrinsic heterogeneity within each lithofacies. Finally, these physical processes are coupled to the geochemical reactivity for a pollutant model (copper), taking into account the differential reactivity of lithofacies. These results generate a conceptual model of preferential flow and mass transfer in strongly heterogeneous media.
|
58 |
Water quality-based real time control of combined sewer systems / Gestion en temps réel des réseaux d’assainissement unitaires basée sur la qualité de l’eauLy, Duy Khiem 28 May 2019 (has links)
La gestion en temps réel (GTR) est considérée comme une solution économiquement efficace pour réduire les déversements par temps de pluie car elle optimise la capacité disponible des réseaux d'assainissement. La GTR permet d'éviter la construction de volumes de rétention supplémentaires, d'augmenter l'adaptabilité du réseau aux changements de politiques de gestion de l'eau et surtout d'atténuer l'impact environnemental des déversoirs d'orage. À la suite de l'intérêt croissant pour la GTR fondée sur la qualité de l'eau (QBR), cette thèse démontre une stratégie simple et efficace pour les charges polluantes déversées par temps de pluie. La performance de la stratégie QBR, basée sur la prédiction des courbes masse-volume (MV), est évaluée par comparaison avec une stratégie typique de GTR à base hydraulique (HBR). Une étude de validation de principe est d'abord réalisée sur un petit bassin versant de 205 ha pour tester le nouveau concept de QBR en utilisant 31 événements pluvieux sur une période de deux ans. Par rapport à HBR, QBR offre une réduction des charges déversées pour plus d'un tiers des événements, avec des réductions de 3 à 43 %. La stratégie QBR est ensuite mise en oeuvre sur le bassin versant de Louis Fargue (7700 ha) à Bordeaux, France et comparée à nouveau à la stratégie HBR. En implémentant QBR sur 19 événements pluvieux sur 15 mois, ses performances sont constantes et apportent des avantages précieux par rapport à HBR, 17 des 19 événements ayant une réduction de charge variant entre 6 et 28.8 %. La thèse évalue en outre l'impact de l'incertitude de prédiction de la courbe MV (due à l'incertitude de prédiction du modèle) sur la performance de la stratégie QBR, en utilisant un événement pluvieux représentatif. La marge d'incertitude qui en résulte est faible. En outre, l'étude de sensibilité montre que le choix de la stratégie QBR ou HBR doit tenir compte des dimensions réelles des bassins et de leur emplacement sur le bassin versant. / Real time control (RTC) is considered as a cost-efficient solution for combined sewer overflow (CSO) reduction as it optimises the available capacity of sewer networks. RTC helps to prevent the need for construction of additional retention volumes, increases the network adaptability to changes in water management policies, and above all alleviates the environmental impact of CSOs. Following increasing interest in water quality-based RTC (QBR), this thesis demonstrates a simple and nothing-to-lose QBR strategy to reduce the amount of CSO loads during storm events. The performance of the QBR strategy, based on Mass-Volume (MV) curves prediction, is evaluated by comparison to a typical hydraulics-based RTC (HBR) strategy. A proof-of-concept study is first performed on a small catchment of 205 ha to test the new QBR concept using 31 storm events during a two-year period. Compared to HBR, QBR delivers CSO load reduction for more than one third of the events, with reduction values from 3 to 43 %. The QBR strategy is then implemented on the Louis Fargue catchment (7700 ha) in Bordeaux, France and similarly compared with the HBR strategy. By implementing QBR on 19 storm events over 15 months, its performance is consistent, bringing valuable benefits over HBR, with 17 out of 19 events having load reduction varying between 6 and 28.8 %. The thesis further evaluates the impact of MV curve prediction uncertainty (due to model prediction uncertainty) on the performance of the QBR strategy, using a representative storm event. The resulting range of uncertainty is limited. Besides, results of the sensitivity study show that the choice of the QBR or HBR strategy should take into account the current tank volumes and their locations within the catchment.
|
59 |
Zdravotně technické instalace a plynovod ve výrobním závodu / Sanitary installations and gas pipeline in the factoryStrnadová, Petra January 2019 (has links)
Diploma thesis is aimed to drainage of the sewerage and rain waters, drinkable water and fire-extinguishing water supply and supply of the gas to the gas appliances. Theoretical part is dealing with the sewerage water and its usage. Technical part is dealing with the building water distribution to sanitary installations and gas installations in the chosen solution.
|
60 |
Využití srážkových vod v průmyslovém objektu / Rainwater harvesting in an industrial buildingVacek, Jan January 2016 (has links)
Diploma thesis contains a design the plumbing and gas installations in the industrial building. The theoretical part deals with the use of rainwater in the building as the process water and the experimental determination of the flow rate and water needs for the manufacturing and storage hall with built-office. The calculation part deals with the design of variants of plumbing and gas installations in the building manufacturing and storage hall with built-office. The practical part contains a design and project documentation of selected variants plumbing and gas installations in the manufacturing and storage hall with built-office, and the use of rainwater in this type of building.
|
Page generated in 0.0477 seconds