Molecular markers were used in an attempt to determine the phylogenetic relationships of hexaploid wheats within Triticum aestivum L. and to identify wheat cultivars. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), gliadin protein and cytological analyses were used to assess phylogenetic relationships among five morphological groups of hexaploid wheat, namely, macha, common wheat, spelta, vavilovii and semi-wild wheat (SWW). RAPD and gliadin data were analysed using the NTSYS-pc computer program to generate Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients. Coefficients of genetic similarity in the cytological study were calculated based on the number of chiasmata in hybrids. Dendrograms were constructed based on these coefficients. The dendrogram based on RAPD analysis grouped 15 accessions into five distinct clusters which were in agreement with the morphology-based classification. The results indicated that common wheat was closely related to vavilovii. Spelta was less related to the common and vavilovii wheat cluster. SWW was distantly related to common wheat. Macha was the least related to the previous clusters. These results were consistent with those based on cytological analysis. The results of gliadin analysis were not completely consistent with those based on RAPD and cytological analyses. RFLP data showed that it was difficult to determine phylogenetic relationships among the five groups of hexaploid wheat based on variation in the intergenic spacer region of the 18-25S rRNA unit. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the 5S rRNA unit and the internal transcribed spacer of the 18-25S rRNA unit did not show any polymorphism among and within the five groups of hexaploid wheat. Twelve mis-classified Triticum accessions were found in macha and vavilovii wheat collections and investigated using RAPD and cytological analyses. A dendrogram based on RAPD analysis classified the 12 accessions into either T. monococcum, T. turgidum spp. dicoccum or T. timopheevii. The results were in agreement with cytogenetic data and morphological observations. The genetic diversity of spelta and macha wheat was also investigated using RAPD analysis and the results were generally consistent with geographic origins. Macha wheat germplasm was found slightly more diverse than spelta wheat although macha has a restricted geographic origin. In addition, duplicate accessions of macha and spelta were identified based on RAPD analysis. In the study of wheat cultivar identification and pedigree assessment, 29 cultivars were investigated using RAPD analysis. Cultivar specific markers were found, and at least eight cultivars could be identified using these specific markers. Cultivar relationships based on genetic similarity values were consistent with knownpedigrees. The study demonstrated that RAPD analysis can be used for estimating the phylogenetic relationships among the five groups of hexaploid wheat, reclassifying misclassified wheat germplasm, surveying the genetic diversity of spelta and macha wheat and identifying common wheat cultivars and duplicated accessions in wheat germplasm collections.

Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti T. Ivanausko zoologijos muziejuje surinktą vištinių paukščių medžiagą ir išanalizuoti jos tinkamumą genetiniams tyrimams atlikti. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai buvo nustatyti T. Ivanausko muziejaus vištinių paukščių eksponatų rūšinę sudėtį ir pagrindines radimvietes, išskirti DNR iš muziejinės ir šviežios medžiagos ir atlikti mikrosatelitinę ir AAPD analizę. Panaudojant Laird ir kt. 1991 metodiką su kai kuriomis modifikacijomis iš šviežios medžiagos, muziejinių plunksnų ir odos buvo išskirta DNR. Iš muziejinių plunksnų ir odos išsiskyrusi DNR yra fragmentuota, todėl netinkama AAPD analizei. Gali būti, jog neigiamą poveikį eksponatų DNR turi arsenas, kuris naudojamas kaip konservanatas paruošiant odas, ar netinkamos eksponatų laikymo salygos. Iš šaldytų, šviežiai išpeštų plunksnų ir spirite fiksuotų audinių išsiskyrusi DNR yra nefragmentuota ir yra tinkama AAPD analizei atlikti. Naudojant 3 pradmenis: ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11, AAPD metodu buvo išanalizuotos 3 naminių vištų imtys (iš Suvalkų krašto ūkio ir Žemaitijos ūkio paimtos hibridinių vištų imtys ir LVA rodailendų veislės vištų imtis). Visos hibridinės vištos buvo fenetiškai panašios į rodailendų veislės vištas. Pagal visus tris pradmenis bendras lokusų skaičius buvo 42, iš kurių 32 buvo polimorfiniai Suvalkų krašto ūkio vištose, 14 polimorfinių Žemaitijos ūkio vištose. Visi LVA vištų lokusai buvo monomorfiniai. Iš filogenetinio medžio nustatyta, kad LVA vištos genetiškai buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study was to collect information about T.Ivanauskas zoo museum Galliformes and to evaluate the application of Galliformes museum piece for genetic analysis. The main tasks were to estimate the composition of species and the main finding places of Galliformes, to isolate DNA from museum feathers or skins and newly plucked feathers and to perform microsatellite or RAPD analysis. DNA from museum feathers and skins was fragmented and unsuitable for RAPD analysis. Museum specimens were salted with arsenic and it is known that arsenic inhibits DNA reparation. So, it might lead that arsenic or nonsuitable storage conditions might compromiseability to amplify DNA with PCR, further studies are needed to confirm this. DNA from newly plucked feathers and ethanol fixed tissues was suitable for RAPD analysis. Using RAPD method with 3 primers: ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11 we evaluated 3 groups of chicken: 2 crossbred groups from Suvalkai farm and Zemaitija farm and group from LVA pedigree chickens. It was etimated 42 loci, 32 of them were polymorphic in the chicken group from Suvalkai farm, 14 polymorphic in the chickens from Zemaitija farm. All loci of LVA chickens were monomorphic and these chickens were genetically identic. The group of chickens from Zemaitija farm were more similar to LVA chickens than the group of chickens from Suvalkai farm. Using RAPD method ROTH 180-04, OPA04 ir OPA11 primers availability for other Galliformes (Tetrao tetrix and Tetrao urogallus)... [to full text]