A tornado is a violent rotating column of air hanging from the cloud base of a thunderstorm. They occur most frequently in the United States, about 1000 tornadoes every year, but they can also take place in other parts of the world. For a tornado to arise the atmosphere has to be in a specific state. The state includes a steep lapse rate, a significant difference in wind speed between the ground and at 1 km altitude and moisture represented by a low cloud base level. With these three parameters present there is a good chance that a tornado will form. A tornado alone is not possible to predict with the technology that is available today, but the parameters that were just mentioned are. With climate models and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP-scenarios) the future climate can be investigated based on greenhouse gas emissions among other things. In this research occurrence of the three parameters in the area of the United States with most tornado activity during a period of 30 years in present time was compared to a period of 30 years in the future for two different RCP-scenarios. The result was calculated to see how many times and days the three parameters occurred both at the same time and individually. It was seen that the amount of times they occurred corresponded to what was expected from the theory, about 1000 every year for both time periods. Thereby no difference was seen in the frequency of tornadoes today compared to any of the future scenarios. A difference that could be determined however was the amount of days in which they occurred. The criteria for a tornado was met in 623 days for present time, compared to RCP 8.5, which is the RCP-scenario with the largest amount of greenhouse gas emissions, where the criteria was met 655 days. RCP 2.6 that is the least devastating scenario with the smallest amount of greenhouse gas emissions had the lowest amount of 604 possible tornado days. / En tromb är ett väderfenomen som består av en intensivt roterande luftpelare mellan ett åskmoln och jordytan. De förekommer över hela världen men är vanligast i USA där det bryter ut ungefär 1000 stycken varje år. För att en tromb ska uppstå krävs det att atmosfären i området har några speciella egenskaper. Den ska vara instabilt skiktad, vilket kan förknippas med ett kraftigt temperaturavtagande med höjd, ha stor skillnad i vindhastighet mellan marken och 1 km upp, samt ha hög relativ luftfuktighet vilket indikeras av en låg molnbas. Är dessa tre kriterier uppfyllda samtidigt finns en möjlighet för en tromb att bildas. Enskilda trombers existens kan inte förutspås med dagens teknik eftersom de är kortlivade väderfenomen och inte en del av ett större vädersammanhang. Med dagens klimatmodeller och Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP-scenarier) kan däremot olika väderparametrars förekomst i framtiden undersökas bl.a. med avseende på mängden utsläpp av växthusgaser.      I den här studien har de tre ovan nämnda parametrarnas förekomst analyserats för det mest trombdrabbade området i USA och jämförts under en 30-årsperiod i nutid med en 30-årsperiod i framtiden för två olika RCP-scenarier. Resultatet togs fram utifrån hur många tillfällen och dagar som de tre parametrarna uppfylldes både enskilt och samtidigt. Antalet tillfällen de uppfylldes samtidigt motsvarade statistiken över trombförekomst relativt bra med ungefär 1000 gånger per år i båda tidsperioderna. Det var därmed ingen större skillnad mellan antalet potentiella tromber idag jämfört med något av RCP-scenarierna i framtiden. Däremot var det en viss skillnad på hur många dagar det finns en chans att det bildas tromber. Kriterierna uppfylldes under 623 dagar i nutid jämfört med 655 dagar i RCP-8.5, vilket är scenariot med störst andel utsläpp av växthusgaser. Under RCP-2.6, det mildaste scenariot med minst utsläpp, uppfylldes kriterierna under 604 dagar, färre än både nutid och RCP 8.5.

An expansion of the railway, East Coast Line is essential in order to ensure transportation of passenger and goods back and forth to Northern Sweden. The preliminary studies of the planned expansion to a double track have identified vulnerabilities linked to how our climate changes. Because of these risks and vulnerabilities, the railway station in Hudiksvall needs to be relocated or the Current station needs to be adapted to potential future climate scenarios. Furthermore, social sustainability and the aspect of accessibility is also a vital perspective to consider during the development of railway infrastructure. This study compares the three different station locations from an accessibility perspective and from different climate scenarios through Network Analyst in ArcGIS Pro. To visualize future climate scenarios, two RCP-scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) are considered, which is RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5. Additionally, the GTFS specification in ArcGIS Pro is used to model public transit to these railway stations in an accessibility perspective. Because one strategy when developing the East Coast Line is to increase the active transportation in comparison to car transportation.  Results from this study indicates that the Current station, which is located in a coastal area will be worst affected of potential future climate scenarios from an accessibility perspective. Other findings are that vulnerable groups in the society, such as low-income earners and elderly will be most affected, if the railway station remains in the current location. The results from the performed Service area analysis and Location-allocation analysis advocates the Eastern station as a location for the new railway station. / En expansion av Ostkustbanan är viktigt för att kunna säkerställa transport av passagerare och gods till och från norra Sverige. Förstudierna av den planerade expansionen till ett dubbelspår har identifierat sårbarheter kopplat till hur vårt klimat förändras. Som en följd av dessa risker och sårbarheter behöver järnvägsstationen i Hudiksvall flyttas. Alternativt behöver den nuvarande klimatanpassas. Detta ställer krav på att ta hänsyn till den sociala hållbarheten och tillgängligheten för befolkningen i Hudiksvall. Denna studie ämnar att jämför de tre olika stationslägena ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv samt utifrån olika klimatscenarier i ArcGIS Pro. För att visualisera framtida klimatscenarier beaktas två RCP-scenarier, det vill säga representativa koncentrationsvägar, vilket är RCP4.5 och RCP8.5. Dessutom används GTFS-specifikationen i ArcGIS Pro för att modellera kollektivtrafik till dessa järnvägsstationer ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv, då ett mål med utvecklingen av Ostkustbanan är att utöka andelen av personer som väljer aktiv transport i jämförelse med biltransporter.  Resultatet av denna studie visar att den nuvarande stationen, som är placerad i närheten av Hudiksvalls kust, kommer att vara hårdast drabbad av potentiella framtida klimatscenarier ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv. Vidare visar studien på att låginkomsttagare och äldre kommer att drabbas hårdast om järnvägsstationen ligger kvar på den nuvarande platsen. Resultatet från de utförda Service area analyserna och Location-allocation analyserna, visar att det östra alternativet är det alternativ som kommer att vara minst påverkad av ett framtida klimat från ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv.

Climate change represents a critical threat to electrical infrastructure. With reliance on electricity expected to increase in Sweden due to the transition from fossil fuel based energy to greener energy sources, it is important that the reliability of the electrical grid be upheld. This thesis studies the potential climate affected effects of extreme precipitation, annual average temperature change, water pooling after 100/500-year rains, and sea level rise. The RCP scenarios used for extreme precipitation and temperature change are RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. These climate effects will be studied in this thesis to understand and determine the extent of the climate effects on the electrical grid of Gotland and Klintehamn. The possible issues on infrastructure that can be exacerbated by these climate effects will be presented. This thesis will use spatial analysis to find results using GIS as a tool. GIS will be used to compare the various climate effects over the electrical grid data. Data was received from various sources, extreme precipitation and temperature change were sourced from SMHI, water pooling, and sea level rise were sourced with permission from Region Gotland. The electrical grid data for both Gotland and Klintehamn was received from GEAB, this data is considered nationally sensitive information therefore the location of this data is not shown. The results generally show that climate change, no matter the scenario presents a threat to the infrastructure. Although it should be noted as well that the scenario will impact the severity of the effects. RCP 8.5 will likely have more of an effect for both extreme precipitation and temperature than RCP 4.5. Water pooling is expected to have a greater effect on the <20kV lines than on the 70kV infrastructure. Finally, sea level rise is expected to have a much greater effect from 2-meter sea level rise over the 1-meter sea level rise. The overarching theme found is that climate change will have impacts over the electrical grid.

Páramo ecosystems are unique alpine grasslands found at high altitudes (2000-5000 m a.s.l.) in the Andean mountain range. While they provide a wide range of important ecosystem services, such as organic carbon sinks, protect endemic species, provide agriculture services, act as recreation sites etc., their perhaps most important service is found in their ability to regulate water flows. The unique volcanic soil properties and endemic plant life that resides in these areas have an exceptional ability to capture, regulate and store water. Colombia has the world’s largest stretch of páramo areas, which supply almost the entire country with clean tap water without active filtration initiatives. Currently there are around seven million people living in Bogotá, the main capital. Northeast of the capital, in the Eastern Range of the Colombian Andes, the Chingaza National Park (CNP) is located. In this park, there are approximately 645 km² of páramo ecosystems, which supplies around 80 % of all the tap water used in Bogotá. However, with an expanding population growth and urbanisation, the demand for water is increasing rapidly. The long-lasting conflict within the country has prevented the exploitation of the economical goods belonging to the páramo ecosystems. Recent peace agreements have opened up for international trade, tourism and an expanding industry. However, the lack of regulations, which protect the páramo ecosystems, have now resulted in an increasing pressure of these systems. As such, sustainable adaptation plans are required across multiple stakeholder levels in order to prevent further deterioration of the páramos. Moreover, the anthropogenic climate changes are posing a threat to these fragile environments. An increasing temperature and changing rainfall patterns are expected to affect the hydroclimatic conditions, especially on high altitudes where these ecosystems are located. Nevertheless, the internal and external processes governing these ecosystems are highly complex and the knowledge gaps are many. One reason for this is that the remote and inaccessible locations results in generally scarcely distributed networks of monitoring stations. In this study, CNP was chosen due to the relatively well-monitored network of stations. Long-term temperature, precipitation and runoff data was analysed to identify the hydroclimatic conditions in the park. Regional downscaled precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5, covering the period 2041-2065 were obtained from the WorldClim 1.4 database. Interpolated historical observations for the same parameters but during the period 1960-1990, covering CNP, were derived from the same database. These interpolated historical parameters were used for establishing upper and lower precipitation and temperature boundaries for where a páramo ecosystem can thrive during future RCP-scenarios. Historically, the hydroclimatic conditions in CNP has been characterised by a high input of water from precipitation, low evapotranspiration due to low temperatures and clouds presence, and a stable and abundant runoff. However, the results from this study suggest increasing temperature and precipitation boundaries during both RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 compared to historical interpolated data. Furthermore, there is a tendency towards prolonged and amplified seasons, with wetter wet season and drier dry seasons. When mapping suitable páramo environments under future RCP-scenarios, there is a tendency towards decreasing suitable páramo areas, especially during dry season. However, the findings in this report are merely based on temperature and precipitation parameters. Other forcing factors (ENSO, cloud cover, fog, occult precipitation, land use etc.) that also influence these environments and the ability to adapt to new hydroclimatic conditions, were not investigated. In order to prevent further loss of these environments and their associated ecosystem services, it is recommended to apply modern techniques, such as remote sensing in combination with traditional fieldwork, point samples and hydrological models in future studies.

The diploma thesis describes Climate Change and impacts of Climate Change on the development of the water management analyis of reservoir strorage capacity. The development of climate chang influence on reserviors storage capacity is presented until 2100. It also gives a detailed online downscaling description.