The thesis consists of several parts. The first one presents basic characteristics of the Usti Region emphasizing its weaknesses and strengths. Interregional and nationwide comparison is used for some indicators. The second part is devoted to mining as the industrial activity so typical for the Usti Region. Here, milestones of the region's mining history and the current operation of mining companies in the region are described, and major mining sites listed and briefly presented. The third part deals with explanation of the term of "restoration, existence of various forms of restoration, their financing or basic documents for them, and importance of post-mining revitalisation in the territory. The final part is devoted to application of revitalisation in the Usti Region. The objective of the thesis is to identify the overall economic cost for restoring the territory affected by mining in its maximum variant - complete exploitation of all the soft coal deposits occurring in the Usti Region territory.

The concept of this thesis was developed during the author's two years of work with the British Columbia Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Resources as a Reclamation Inspector. During that period (1973-75) one of the author's major duties was to review reclamation plans prepared by mining companies, pursuant to Section 8 of the Coal Mines Regulation Act3 as applications for either surface mining permits or permit extensions. The quality of these reports varied greatly, with few being really comprehensive. No uniform standard of reclamation report was achieved by industry or, perhaps even more important, demanded by the Ministry. Reclamation programmes on many mining operations were suffering from an obvious lack of management planning. Work was being undertaken without clear objectives, and no apparent attempt was being made to develop an ongoing planning process. The author contends that the following characteristics are implicit in the term "management planning": 1. A stated management period; 2. An initial collection of facts and a description of the area to be managed; 3. An analysis of the facts and an assessment of management options; 4. The designation of management objectives; 5. The design of a programme to accomplish the objectives; and 6. A record of results and a collection of further information by inventory and research to be used in formulating the plan for the next management period. He further explains that, by intent, Section 8 of the Coal Mine's Regulation Act would appear at present to require most of these elements of a management process in the preparation of a reclamation report. The object of this thesis is to develop and illustrate a management plan format that reflects the continuous planning process outlined above. As a basis for the plan the experience and information gained by the author at Kaiser Resources Ltd.'s mining operation in Sparwood during the period 1971-1973 are summarized and interpreted, and management prescriptions formed from that synthesis. The thesis is written as though it were a management plan prepared in early 19 75 for the management period 1975- 1978. In summary, the format of the plan is essentially as follows: 1. An initial collection of facts and description of the area to be managed. This portion of the plan consists of two chapters; a description of the biophysical characteristics of the mining area, and a description of the mining environment to be reclaimed. The biophysical description includes topography, drainage, bedrock and surficial geology, soils, climate, vegetation and fauna. The description of the mining environment deals with the history of coal mining in the East Kootenay, the tenure of the mining area, and the location, extent and nature of mining, milling and exploration operations. 2. An assessment of Management Options. Two items are considered to be important in assessing reclamation management options; the environmental impact of the mining operation, and the legal responsibilities of the mining company for reclamation. Basically, reclamation is undertaken in order to mitigate some of the adverse effects of mining on the natural environment. For this reason, a discussion of the major impacts of mining, concentrating on those that can be mitigated by reclamation, is a prerequisite to the formulation of management objectives. This chapter of the plan contains a description of land capability for forestry, agriculture, wildlife and recreation, and a discussion of the impact of mining on land capability, water quality and the fishery resource. The second chapter of this portion of the plan deals with the legislative and administrative framework for reclamation in British Columbia. The Coal Mines Regulation Act currently states that reclamation must be carried out to a level satisfactory to the Minister, without defining what that level is. This chapter discusses present interpretations of the Act, the administrative procedures for reclamation enforcement, and speculates on the form that eventual reclamation standards might take. 3. The designation of management objectives. Management objectives are defined on the basis of the environmental impacts of the mining operation and on the legal requirements for reclamation. For the Kaiser Resources Ltd. operation the overall reclamation management objectives are defined as: i. To re-establish watershed values, by either mechanical means or the establishment of a self-sustaining vegetation cover, as soon as possible after the cessation of mining activities on any particular parcel of land. ii. To accomplish watershed rehabilitation in a manner that is compatible with the potential prime surface use of the land and consistent with post-mining site conditions. On the basis of the description of both the mining environment and land capability, two land use objectives are proposed: a. To provide food and, ultimately, cover for mule deer, Rocky Mountain elk and moose through the establishment of appropriate plant communities. b. To re-establish aesthetic values on all disturbed lands and, where possible, to - enhance opportunities for outdoor recreation. 4. The design of a programme to accomplish the objectives. This section of the plan consists of a discussion of the major constraints to successful reclamation and a description of the various components of the reclamation programme. The most significant constraints to reclamation on the Kaiser Resources Ltd. operation are considered to be, in decreasing order of importance: surface instability, soil temperature, soil compaction, soil chemistry, and increasing elevation. Seven components of the reclamation programme are described - species selection, seed collection, plant propagation, site preparation, seeding, planting, and tending. In each case, past experience, including cost information, is summarized, and major prescriptions proposed for the coming management period. 5. Assessment of Results. The assessment programme relates to the management objectives, and focuses primarily on watershed and wildlife habitat parameters. Parameters to be measured relate to water quality, protective cover, species composition, the degree of ungulate use, forage quantity and forage quality. The management plan thus prepared provides the framework for the two final steps in the management process for any particular management period; the subdivision of the area for management purposes, and the preparation of operational plans. The management area is divided, primarily for record keeping, into compartments, which are permanent unit's based on topography, access or mining operations, and sub-compartments, which are temporary subdivisions of compartments based on treatment. Each compartment should be subject to a specific land-use objective. Sub-compartments may be combined or further subdivided in the light of future operations. The last step in the process is the preparation of annual operational plans. These outline, for each year of the management period, the specific operations to be undertaken and the projected costs of each. Operational plans become the basis for the development of annual budgets. / Forestry, Faculty of / Unknown

Public involvement in decisions about mine reclamation presents challenges to government, industry and the public. Among them are inclusion of relevant interests, representation, dealing with ignorance and misconceptions, uncertain science and technology, conflicting values, and very long spans of time. Planning theory suggests there is no preferred method, "no ideal solution to the conflict among the legitimate demand for public participation, the need for technical and economic rationality, and the necessity of assuring accountability and responsibility of decision making bodies" (Renn et al., 1993). In the 1990s, public involvement was introduced into reclamation planning and decision making processes at three metal mines in British Columbia: Brenda, Sullivan and Island Copper. A review of them shows that different techniques have been used. At Brenda a public surveillance committee was formed to review and comment on reclamation options produced by the mine in co-operation with a technical committee comprised of regulatory officials. At Sullivan a single committee consisting of public representatives, mine staff and regulatory officials met to review a draft reclamation plan and recommend amendments. At Island Copper a round table was convened to examine the use of the site as a regional landfill. Based on unpublished primary documents (mainly minutes), supplemented by published material and informal interviews, the public involvement processes were first classified and then evaluated. Criteria for the classification and evaluation were drawn from planning literature. The classification focused on purpose and methods. Public involvement mainly functioned at a consultative or advisory level. Of the three processes reviewed, the single committee method developed at Sullivan comes closest to shared decision making (CORE, 1995). All three processes used consensus negotiations as the primary means for reaching decisions. Only at Island Copper was this formally defined and intentionally used. At the others, consensus was undefined and operated informally. The processes were also qualitatively evaluated in terms of whether they fulfilled their own goals, were equitable, efficient, effective, and representative, and whether they promoted good public participation and contributed to good decision making. The processes mostly, fulfilled their own goals (as defined by their terms of reference). The processes are rated about the same with respect to procedural and distributional equity, effectiveness of outcome, representation, and promoting good public involvement. The Sullivan and Island Copper processes are rated relatively better than the Brenda process with respect to administrative equity, efficiency and process effectiveness. The Sullivan process, with half the number of meetings and exchanging written answers to questions in advance of meetings, minimized demands on participants. All three processes were well structured with respect to promoting good public involvement. However, judged by the norms of decision literature, the processes were relatively weak with respect to decision making. Problems were not defined, nor were interests or objectives. Empirical measures for goals or objectives were not identified. Few alternatives were proposed; nor were they evaluated in a way that could lead to a clear understanding of the trade-offs involved. Although few decisions were actually reached in the processes, their quality may be inferior because of these shortcomings. Notwithstanding these theoretical and empirical shortcomings, public involvement in each case found general support among government, industry, and public participants. Consequently the processes received a high degree of approval. It remains uncertain, however, whether more public involvement processes will be undertaken. Although, the province's mines ministry is formally committed to greater public involvement in reclamation decision making (MEMPR, 1991b), the ministry seems stretched to support even the two processes now underway (Brenda and Sullivan). Additional processes would require more resources than are currently allotted. As well, staff training, participant funding, professional facilitation, and clerical services could be improved. Further research is suggested, in particular applying techniques of decision analysis to public involvement processes to facilitate the making of informed and insightful reclamation decisions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis presents the history of conservation and reclamation of the natural resources of the United States in the areas of soil conservation, forestry and grazing, wildlife and scenic beauty, minerals, and water power.

Los dos baños de cobre más utilizados comercialmente son el baño ácido a base de sulfato y el baño alcalino a base de cianuro. Los baños alcalinos son utilizados principalmente para producir recubrimientos en piezas con geometría compleja y para evitar la deposición galvánica cuando se deposita un metal en un sustrato menos noble. Debido a la toxicidad de los compuestos de cianuro, se han desarrollado baños alternativos usando diferentes agentes complejantes. El punto de partida de la presente investigación es un baño primario sin cianuros para deposición de cobre en sustratos de Zamak desarrollado en el Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas del Estado de Sao Paulo / Brasil. La sustitución de materias primas como el cianuro debe ser económicamente ventajosa y técnicamente viable. De esta manera, la investigación presentada pretendió proponer una alternativa para el tratamiento de residuos líquidos del baño ya mencionado con la finalidad de recuperar de manera simultánea el agua y las materias primas en un sistema cerrado. Se ha estudiado el proceso de separación por membranas de intercambio iónico, la electrodiálisis, usando un sistema en escala de laboratorio y una disolución sintética que simulaba las aguas residuales del baño a base de HEDP. Se ha evaluado la viabilidad del sistema por medio del análisis de los parámetros de operación, como la extracción de iones, la tasa de desmineralización, el porcentaje de concentración, la eficiencia de la intensidad calculada para cada especie y el consumo medio de energía. Debido a que el ácido HEDP es un agente quelante, se ha evaluado el transporte de los quelatos Cu(II) HEDP a través de membranas de intercambio de aniones por medio de métodos electroquímicos. Se han construido curvas cronopotenciométricas y curvas intensidad-potencial para diferentes disoluciones sintéticas que contenían los mismos compuestos que el baño original. Se ha establecido la relación entre la presencia de los quelatos en las disoluciones y los grupos fijos de intercambio de aniones. Por fin, se han realizado las pruebas de deposición usando electrólitos conteniendo los compuestos reciclados y se han evaluado las características de los depósitos obtenidos. Los resultados indicaron que el sistema de electrodiálisis usando membranas de intercambio de aniones con grupos de intercambio de base fuerte ha podido producir disoluciones tratadas y un concentrado conteniendo los iones del baño. Se ha podido añadir el concentrado al baño original para compensar eventuales perdidas del arrastre sin afectar la calidad de los depósitos. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de la electrodiálisis demostró ser una alternativa viable para la recuperación del agua y de las materias primas de la disolución evaluada, reduciendo la generación de residuos líquidos y ahorrando los recursos naturales. / The two most common commercial copper baths are the acid sulfate copper bath and the alkaline cyanide copper bath. Alkaline copper baths are mostly used to coat parts with complex geometry and to avoid galvanic deposition when depositing a metal on a less noble substrate. Because of the toxicity of cyanide compounds, alternative baths have been developed using different complexing agents. The starting point of the present study is a cyanide free strike bath developed for copper plating on Zamak substrates developed by the Institute for Technological Research of the State of São Paulo/ Brazil. The replacement of a raw material such as cyanide must be economically advantageous and technically feasible. Therefore, this study intended to propose an alternative to the treatment of liquid wastes from the mentioned bath, aiming at simultaneous water reclamation and chemicals recovery in a closed system. The electrodialysis membrane separation process was studied, using a laboratory-scale system operating with a synthetic solution simulating the rinsing waters from the HEDP-based bath. The feasibility of the technique was evaluated by analyzing operational parameters such as ion extraction, demineralization rate, concentration rate, current efficiency for each anionic specie and average energy consumption. Because HEDP is a chelating agent, the transport of Cu(II) HEDP chelates through anion exchange membranes was also evaluated by means of electrochemical methods. Chronopotentiometric and current-voltage curves were constructed for different model solutions containing the same compounds as the original bath. A relation between the presence of chelates in the solutions and the fixed ion exchange group could be established. Lastly, deposition tests were performed using electrolytes containing the recycled inputs and the characteristics of the coatings were analyzed. The results showed that an electrodialysis stack using strongly basic anion exchange membranes was suitable to produce treated solutions and a concentrate containing the ions from the bath. The concentrate could be added to the copper bath to compensate eventual drag-out losses without affecting the quality of the coatings. Thus, the application of electrodialysis was shown to be a feasible alternative for recovering water and inputs from the evaluated solution, reducing the wastewater generation and saving natural resources. / Els dos banys de coure més utilitzats comercialment són el bany àcid a base de sulfat i el bany alcalí a base de cianur. Els banys alcalins són utilitzats principalment per a produir recobriments en peces amb geometria complexa i per a evitar la deposició galvànica quan es deposita un metall en un substrat menys noble. A causa de la toxicitat dels compostos de cianur, s'han desenrotllat banys alternatius usant diferents agents complexants. El punt de partida de la present investigació és un bany primari sense cianurs per a deposició de coure en substrats de Zamak desenrotllat en l'Institut d'Investigacions Tecnològiques de l'Estat de Sao Paulo / Brasil. La substitució de matèries primeres com el cianur ha de ser econòmicament avantatjosa i tècnicament viable. D'aquesta manera, la investigació presentada va pretendre proposar una alternativa per al tractament de residus líquids del bany ja mencionat amb la finalitat de recuperar de manera simultània l'aigua i les matèries primeres en un sistema tancat. S'ha estudiat el procés de separació per membranes d'intercanvi iònic, electrodiàlisi, usant un sistema en escala de laboratori i una dissolució sintètica que simulava les aigües residuals del bany a base d'HEDP. S'ha avaluat la viabilitat del sistema per mitjà de l'anàlisi dels paràmetres d'operació, com l'extracció d'ions, la taxa de desmineralització, el percentatge de concentració, l'eficiència de la intensitat calculada per a cada espècie i el consum mitjà d'energia. Pel fet que l'àcid HEDP és un agent quelant, s'ha avaluat el transport dels quelats Cu (II)-HEDP a través de membranes d'intercanvi d'anions per mitjà de mètodes electroquímics. S'han construït corbes cronopotenciomètriques i corbes intensitat-potencial per a diferents dissolucions sintètiques que contenien els mateixos compostos que el bany original. S'ha establit la relació entre la presència dels quelats en les dissolucions i els grups fixos d'intercanvi d'anions. Finalment, s'han realitzat les proves de deposició usant electròlits contenint els compostos reciclats i s'han avaluat les característiques dels depòsits obtinguts. Els resultats van indicar que el sistema d'electrodiàlisi usant membranes d'intercanvi d'anions amb grups d'intercanvi de base forta ha pogut produir dissolucions tractades i un concentrat que conté els ions del bany. S'ha pogut afegir el concentrat al bany original per a compensar eventuals perdudes de l'arrossegament sense afectar la qualitat dels depòsits. Per tant, l'aplicació de l'electrodiàlisi va demostrar ser una alternativa viable per a la recuperació de l'aigua i de les matèries primeres de la dissolució avaluada, reduint la generació de residus líquids i estalviant els recursos naturals. / Scarazzato, T. (2017). Treatment of a cyanide-free copper electroplating solution by electrodialysis: study of ion transport and evaluation of water and inputs recovery [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/98502 / TESIS

Onkwehón:we Food Systems throughout Turtle Island have always been and continue to be foundational to Onkwehón:we worldviews, social interactions with all living kin, and community health. However, the process of colonization and federations of the settler states now known as “Canada” and “The United States,” have greatly impacted all Onkwehón:we peoples’ abilities and capacities to maintain their ancestral food systems; this thesis will illuminate how colonial-imposed structural barriers, laws and phenomena such as the Indian Act, the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls and Two-Spirited (MMIWG2S+) gender-based genocide and environmental violence have particularly affected Onkwehón:we women’s engagement with their ancestral food systems historically and continually. Yet, Onkwehón:we women have remarkably found innovative ways to regenerate their ancestral food systems, which is an actionable way for them to reclaim and reembody their traditional roles in leadership, governance, decision-making and nation-building. Underlying impacts of these undertakings by Onkwehón:we women are improved wholistic health and wellness for Onkwehón:we women, which can pave a positive pathway for Onkwehón:we communal healing especially by promoting collective relations, collaboration, and normalizing women’s leadership. To bring this theoretical argument to life, I include a case-study of an Indigenous food sovereignty project that I initiated and co-created in my community, Kahnawà:ke. As a Kanien’kehá:ka, Rotinonhsón:ni and Onkwehón:we woman, initiating an Indigenous food sovereignty project with the ultimate goal of contributing to the regeneration of my own ancestral food system was important for me to attempt to address community health issues and improve community relationships through fostering an inclusive and empowering environment for Onkwehón:we women. Ultimately, this thesis celebrates Onkwehón:we women’s excellence in resurgence, particularly highlighting their work in reclaiming and regenerating Onkwehón:we food systems. / Graduate

abstract: This study explores positivist and Indigenous research paradigms as they relate to Indigenous language reclamation. Paradigms, as defined by Kuhn (2012) describe verifiable epistemological approaches that can be utilized in providing solutions for researchers and practitioners. Moreover, in the modern realm of academia, research paradigms are the keystones of research. Nevertheless, when a Eurocentric paradigm such as positivism is utilized in an Indigenous space, it can lead to further colonial trauma. Thus, through an analysis of the philosophical components from the two paradigms this study proposes a paradigmatic pivot in how linguistic students approach research. The purpose of recommending this pedagogical shift is to encourage the academy to normalize the use of Indigenous research paradigms which are intrinsically infused with Indigenous epistemologies and intercultural best practices. Furthermore, to exhibit the expediency and validity of Indigenous research paradigms, this study utilizes Walker’s (2001) Medicine Wheel paradigm to create a self-assessment tool which seeks to assist linguistic students in achieving a more relationally accountable sense of cultural awareness. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2019

no abstract provided by author / Master of Science

The content of this diploma thesis is to verify of possibilities for remediation spoil heap toxicity in Sokolov area, by the help of creating biological crusts. The main question of this work is the possibility of using algae to create biological crust on toxical substrates, which could improve the properties of substrates and contribute to the acceleration of succession. The correctness of this theory was tested using two tests on toxic soils in spoil heaps near Sokolov. In the first test (laboratory test) have been chosen two of the soils and the higher plants, in most cases, even did not germinate. That is why we decided to verify the second option to create biological crust in these phytotoxic soils. Therefore we applied selected kinds of algae in the field, some areas were liming, and the field has been monitoring and sampling during next three years. The results show that the application of dolomitic limestone does not affect progress of biological crusts. The result of the fluorescent microscopy clearly shows, that Klebsormidium algae was the only one of the tested algae, which survived and progressed compact visible crusts.

Orientador: Marlene Cristina Alves / Coorientador: Marcos Gervásio Pereira / Banca: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Banca: Enes Furlani Junior / Banca: Eduardo Vinícius da Silva / Banca: Luis Eduardo Akiyoshi Sanches Suzuki / Resumo: No intuito de retornar com subprodutos advindos da extração da celulose, de forma sustentável à natureza, o objetivo desse trabalho foi testar a eficácia de um composto orgânico formado com estes resíduos, na recuperação de um solo degradado, a partir do plantio das espécies arbóreas Mabea fistulifera Mart. e Eucalyptus urograndis. O experimento foi implantado em fevereiro de 2010 na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas subdivididas em blocos ao acaso, com esquema em faixa, com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os 2 tratamentos nas parcelas principais foram representados pelos plantios do híbrido Eucalyptus urograndis (eucalipto - espécie exótica) e Mabea fistulifera (canudo-de-pito - espécie nativa). Nas subparcelas foram testadas doses do composto e também a comparação com adução mineral, sendo 6 tratamentos (SI - área sem intervenção; D0 - sem adubação; DAM - adubação mineral de acordo com a necessidade da cultura; D10 - adubação com composto de acordo com a necessidade da cultura (10 Mg ha-1 do composto); D15 e D20 (respectivamente 15 e 20 Mg ha-1 do composto). Foram analisados no laboratório os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, o desenvolvimento das espécies arbóreas, o aporte mensal de serapilheira e a devolução de nutrientes ao solo. Os resultados foram analisados efetuando-se a análise de variância, correlação simples, teste de Scott-Knott para comparação de médias e análise de regressão entre as doses. Foram detectadas melhorias na infiltração de água no solo e resistência à penetração do solo. Os maiores valores de nutrientes foram observados na dose de 20 Mg ha-1, porém, foi observada uma elevação acentuada nos valores de pH. O maior... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order to return with byproducts arising from the extraction of cellulose, a sustainable nature, the objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of an organic compound formed with these wastes, the recovery of a degraded soil from the planting of tree species Mabea fistulifera Mart. and Eucalyptus urograndis. The experiment was carried in 2010, February out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ilha Solteira Campus (UNESP), located in Selvíria-MS. The experimental design was used split plots in blocks, with layout on track, with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The 2 treatments in main plots were represented by plantations of Eucalyptus urograndis hybrid (Eucalipto - exotic species) and Mabea fistulifera (Canudo-de-pito - native species). Subplots were tested doses of the compound and also the comparison with mineral water supply, with 6 treatments (SI - area without intervention; D0 - without fertilization; DAM - mineral fertilizer according to crop need; D10 - composted manure according the crop needs (10 Mg ha-1 of compost); D15 and D20 (15 and 20 Mg ha-1 of compost, respectively). Were analyzed in the laboratory soil physical and chemical attributes, the development of tree species, the contribution monthly litter and returning nutrients to the soil. Results were analyzed by performing the analysis of variance single correlation Scott-Knott test for comparison of means and the regression analysis between the doses. Were detected improvements in infiltration of ground water and soil penetration resistance. The highest values of nutrients were observed at a dose of 20 Mg ha-1, however, there was a sharp increase in pH. The further development of the plant was in the area where the mineral fertilization was performed and the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor