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<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> År 2005 infördes en ny lag, att företagen som gjorde avsättningar till periodiseringsfonder var tvungna att beskatta en schablonintäkt som erhölls från de gjorda avsättningarna. Problemet som uppsatsen berör är huruvida användandet av överavskrivningar hade förändrats efter att lagen tillkom för periodiseringsfonder jämfört med tidigare. Dessutom fokuserades det också på vilka konsekvenser obeskattade reserver har fått före och efter att lagen trädde i kraft. Syftet med examensarbetet är att kartlägga hur företagens vanor kring avskrivningar över plan förändrades efter införandet av schablonintäkten på periodiseringsfonder, och om överavskrivningar kan anses som ett substitut till periodiseringsfonder istället för ett komplement.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>En undersökning gjordes på företagen som är listade på börslistan ”large cap”. De åren som undersökningen omfattade var åren 2003, 2004, 2005 och 2006. Företagen som användes var redan förutbestämda, varför urvalet blev ett subjektivt urval. Anledningen till det var för att undersökningen ämnade skapa en stor insikt i Sveriges ledande börsföretags resultatplanering. De data som insamlades hämtades från företagens årsredovisningar, och data sammanställdes i tabeller och diagram.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Resultatet för undersökningen visade på att företagen hade ett lågt användande av resultatjusteringar redan under år 2003, och det fortsatte att avta allt eftersom åren gick, emellertid fanns en tendens att företagen ökade sitt användande under år 2006.</p><p>Periodiseringsfonder var mer vanliga att använda för alla år förutom år 2005. Med detta som underlag blev slutsatsen att överavskrivningar inte är ett substitut till periodiseringsfonder. Vidare tycks företagen inse att det är billigare för dem att inte använda sig av obeskattade reserver, och betala skatten direkt, eftersom färre gjorde avsättningar.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Förslag till fortsattforskning:</strong> I uppsatsen koncentrerades urvalet till att enbart omfatta Sveriges 60 största börsnoterade företag, och forskningen bör utvidgas till att omfatta ett mer representativt urval i Sveriges företagsklimat. Anledningen till det är för att kunna erhålla en statistisk säkerställning kring användandet av obeskattade reserver.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen har skapat en större förståelse kring obeskattade reserver och i vilken omfattning de används bland företagens som tenderar att bestämma praxis. Vidare har också djupare kunskap erhållits kring vilken av de två bokslutsdispositionerna som är mest användbar, samt skatters påverkan på företagens valmöjligheter.</p> / <p><strong>Aim:</strong>  By the year 2005 a new law was introduced, the companies was now being charged with an interest income on the tax allocation reserve. The problem this thesis is based on is how the usage of excess depreciation had changed pre and post the new law was established because this tool do not have a fee for its usage. Additionally this thesis also focused on what consequences this law have had on the general usage of untaxed reserves. The purpose with the thesis is to get an understanding if the usage of excess depreciation changed after the tax allocation reserves was being taxed and if excess depreciation can be a substitute to tax allocation reserve instead of being a complement to it.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> A survey was performed, with the companies listed on the Stockholm stock exchange's large cap as the only objects in the survey. The sample of the survey was pre-decided; hence the sample of the survey was subjective, but also because the survey intended to create an insight in the income planning of the leading enterprises of the stock exchange in Stockholm. The years included in the survey were 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 and the data, foundation to the survey, was gathered from the companies' annual reports. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>The result of the survey showed that the companies had a low usage of appropriations, already back in 2003, which continued to decrease as the years went by however in the year 2006 a tendency was that the companies had increased their usage of untaxed reserves. Tax allocation reserves were more frequently used in all the years except in the year 2005. With regard to this information following conclusions could be made: excess depreciation could not be seen as a substitute to the tax allocation reserve. Moreover, a decrease in the usage of untaxed reserves could also be seen, as the companies realised that it would be cheaper for them not using them.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research: </strong>The survey was narrowed to just include the sixty largest companies traded on the Stockholm exchange; hence the research should be extended to include a more representative sample of all the companies in Sweden. The reason is to find out if the usage in appropriations has changed to the degrees of being statistically significant.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>The thesis has produced a greater understanding about appropriations and to what degree the companies who set praxis are using them. Furthermore, a comprehension about which of the two appropriations that is the most useful has been received, and also how much taxes influence the choices made by companies.</p>

Syfte: År 2005 infördes en ny lag, att företagen som gjorde avsättningar till periodiseringsfonder var tvungna att beskatta en schablonintäkt som erhölls från de gjorda avsättningarna. Problemet som uppsatsen berör är huruvida användandet av överavskrivningar hade förändrats efter att lagen tillkom för periodiseringsfonder jämfört med tidigare. Dessutom fokuserades det också på vilka konsekvenser obeskattade reserver har fått före och efter att lagen trädde i kraft. Syftet med examensarbetet är att kartlägga hur företagens vanor kring avskrivningar över plan förändrades efter införandet av schablonintäkten på periodiseringsfonder, och om överavskrivningar kan anses som ett substitut till periodiseringsfonder istället för ett komplement.   Metod: En undersökning gjordes på företagen som är listade på börslistan ”large cap”. De åren som undersökningen omfattade var åren 2003, 2004, 2005 och 2006. Företagen som användes var redan förutbestämda, varför urvalet blev ett subjektivt urval. Anledningen till det var för att undersökningen ämnade skapa en stor insikt i Sveriges ledande börsföretags resultatplanering. De data som insamlades hämtades från företagens årsredovisningar, och data sammanställdes i tabeller och diagram.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Resultatet för undersökningen visade på att företagen hade ett lågt användande av resultatjusteringar redan under år 2003, och det fortsatte att avta allt eftersom åren gick, emellertid fanns en tendens att företagen ökade sitt användande under år 2006. Periodiseringsfonder var mer vanliga att använda för alla år förutom år 2005. Med detta som underlag blev slutsatsen att överavskrivningar inte är ett substitut till periodiseringsfonder. Vidare tycks företagen inse att det är billigare för dem att inte använda sig av obeskattade reserver, och betala skatten direkt, eftersom färre gjorde avsättningar.   Förslag till fortsattforskning: I uppsatsen koncentrerades urvalet till att enbart omfatta Sveriges 60 största börsnoterade företag, och forskningen bör utvidgas till att omfatta ett mer representativt urval i Sveriges företagsklimat. Anledningen till det är för att kunna erhålla en statistisk säkerställning kring användandet av obeskattade reserver.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen har skapat en större förståelse kring obeskattade reserver och i vilken omfattning de används bland företagens som tenderar att bestämma praxis. Vidare har också djupare kunskap erhållits kring vilken av de två bokslutsdispositionerna som är mest användbar, samt skatters påverkan på företagens valmöjligheter. / Aim:  By the year 2005 a new law was introduced, the companies was now being charged with an interest income on the tax allocation reserve. The problem this thesis is based on is how the usage of excess depreciation had changed pre and post the new law was established because this tool do not have a fee for its usage. Additionally this thesis also focused on what consequences this law have had on the general usage of untaxed reserves. The purpose with the thesis is to get an understanding if the usage of excess depreciation changed after the tax allocation reserves was being taxed and if excess depreciation can be a substitute to tax allocation reserve instead of being a complement to it.   Method: A survey was performed, with the companies listed on the Stockholm stock exchange's large cap as the only objects in the survey. The sample of the survey was pre-decided; hence the sample of the survey was subjective, but also because the survey intended to create an insight in the income planning of the leading enterprises of the stock exchange in Stockholm. The years included in the survey were 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 and the data, foundation to the survey, was gathered from the companies' annual reports.    Result &amp; Conclusions: The result of the survey showed that the companies had a low usage of appropriations, already back in 2003, which continued to decrease as the years went by however in the year 2006 a tendency was that the companies had increased their usage of untaxed reserves. Tax allocation reserves were more frequently used in all the years except in the year 2005. With regard to this information following conclusions could be made: excess depreciation could not be seen as a substitute to the tax allocation reserve. Moreover, a decrease in the usage of untaxed reserves could also be seen, as the companies realised that it would be cheaper for them not using them.   Suggestions for future research: The survey was narrowed to just include the sixty largest companies traded on the Stockholm exchange; hence the research should be extended to include a more representative sample of all the companies in Sweden. The reason is to find out if the usage in appropriations has changed to the degrees of being statistically significant.   Contribution of the thesis: The thesis has produced a greater understanding about appropriations and to what degree the companies who set praxis are using them. Furthermore, a comprehension about which of the two appropriations that is the most useful has been received, and also how much taxes influence the choices made by companies.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Residential outdoor schools are multi-day learning camps that provide unique settings in which to deliver environmental education. However, such schools are also very complex to develop and difficult to maintain and operate. Within Canada though, there are many examples of successful outdoor school operations, three of which are considered here: the North Vancouver Outdoor School, the Olympic Park Institute and the Golden Ears Learning Centre. From these case studies lessons can be learned regarding issues such as: land tenureship, program design, staffing options, administrative systems, facility requirements, finance options and abilities to attract students. The discussion of these factors can then be applied to the development of a nation wide network of residential outdoor schools within the framework of Canadian Biosphere Reserves. / Currently there are ten Biosphere Reserves in Canada which, when analyzed, prove to be very adequate sites for environmental education from both physical and social stand points. The Canadian Biosphere Reserve Association is the coordinating body which fosters communication and cooperation between individual Reserves. If a network of residential outdoor schools were to be developed within this association framework, it would serve, both to fulfill the Canadian Biosphere Reserve Associations mandate to support environmental education and would help partially alleviate the lack of adequate environmental education facilities in Canada today.

In 1996, two years after the election of a fully democratic government and the return of South Africa as an acceptable member of international society, the Premier of South Africa's Limpopo Province met with his counterpart, the Governor of Gaza Province, in Mozambique, to discuss the potential of establishing business links between these two adjacent regions. As a result, an International Agreement to establish the Great Limpopo National Park (GLTP) was signed in 2000. Areas included in the GLTP are the Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa, Limpopo National Park (LNP) in Mozambique and the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe. Other areas earmarked for inclusion are the Sengwe Communal land in Zimbabwe, and Zinave and Banhine National Parks in Mozambique. This thesis explores the processes of decision making throughout the administrative hierarchy of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP), and evaluates these in terms of social and environmental justice principles. The three main objectives are: to identify decision making procedures and approaches currently being used in the setting up of the GLTP; to determine the extent to which decision making approaches have incorporated concerns relating to social and environmental justice; and to assess public participation in the GLTP to date - particularly at the community level. Findings indicate that the popular rhetoric surrounding the GLTP has, to date not taken place in reality. Many of the flagship projects have been met with opposition from the community. Social justice is not sufficiently prioritised within the GLTP, as shown by ongoing power differentials, prioritising of wildlife over people in terms of water rights, ongoing harsh treatment of "poachers", the disruption of traditional land use activities, and resettlement of villages into new and potentially different communities. Findings displayed in the questionnaire results, indicate that policies and action plans for the GLTP were developed by the state with little public participation. The community's powerless to influence any decisions or affect any change is encapsulated in the fact that they are, at present living with introduced wild animals. A public participation technique that took the form of a community barriers meeting did take place. This however did not contribute to the community having a say in the park plans. One cannot deny that decision makers have realised their mistake of bypassing community consultation and moving directly to implementation. It seems more effort is being made to bring communities into the process, through the formation of the Project Liaison Board, and thereby ensuring that they receive their promised benefit from the development of the GLTP. It is very difficult to try and categorise the type of approach to community conservation in the GLTP. Certain elements from all three relationships are evident, but more so from Protected Area Outreach. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 266-280).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-168). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-168).

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