The western phosphate field produced about 15 percent, in 1970, of the nation's domestically consumed phosphate rock and contains an estimated 58 percent of the nation's indicated phosphate reserves. The central portion of the western phosphate field, which contains the Dry Valley area of southeastern Idaho, encompasses the greatest amount of mineable phosphate reserves in the smallest geographic area within the western field. Exploration of properties in the area should follow an orderly sequence of literature search, area reconnaissance, detailed target appraisal, and detailed three-dimensional sampling to effectively evaluate each property. Present exploration techniques include topographic analysis, vegetative investigation, profile drilling patterns using a portable rotary-table drilling rig, geophysical logging of the drill holes including gamma-radiation logs, neutron logs, temperature gradient and differential temperature logs, and bulk density logs, trenching, tunneling, and test mining. The economic analysis of exploration programs embodies bookkeeping, project cost forecasting and an economic analysis of alternate methods of exploration. The evaluation of individual phosphate properties includes such variables as geology, mining characteristics, alternate concepts in reserve calculation, transportation and governmental policies. The structural geology of the Dry Valley area is less complex than the structural geology of other phosphate deposits in the western phosphate field. Yet most structural features outlined by drilling in Dry Valley occur elsewhere in the western phosphate field. The stratigraphy of the Phosphoria Formation and its Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member is simple and correlatable throughout southeastern Idaho through the use of gamma-radiation logs. The history of land acquisition and property evaluation by FMC in Dry Valley covers a relatively short eight-year period. Future plans for companies operating in the western phosphate field include trading and selling of properties to build mineable units covering large volumes of the estimated 300,000,000 tons of economically surface extractable ore in the Dry Valley vicinity.

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At first glance, the image of a map looks familiar to a graphic designer. It comprisescolours, shapes and typography. But beyond the graphical surface it hides a complex system of techniques and rules, like the clockwork behind a dial. This thesis tries toapproach and improve map production from a starting point in graphic design. Byaddressing visitor maps for nature reserves it aims to make nature more accessibleand appealing to a larger group of people.The main purpose of the thesis is to examine how Swedish nature reserve visitormaps can be improved with focus on relevance for their aims and use and how thisis communicated through the visual presentation. A secondary purpose is to examinehow to produce such maps in a rational way, using digital geographic informationsystems (GIS) and adopted working processes.The research was conducted using a combination of traditional methods and techniques combined with research through design activity. Methods and techniques were gathered from ethnography, action-research and usability-research and include literature studies, interviews, questionnaire surveys, participatory observation, action-research protocols, beta-testing and collection of samples.The design activity resulted in both free-standing sketches and map-sketches forthe Gotlandic nature reserves Langhammars and Stora Karlsö. Two processes and one descriptive structure were developed and described: a process to adopt visual representations of map-information to its contextual relevance, a process to produce nature reserve visitor maps, and a structure to present practical design work in a scientificcontext. Results also comprised collected answers, discussions and samples from questionnaire surveys, participatory observation, interviews and general research.The thesis concludes that it is fruitful to consider the visitor map as “a product made for use” and apply a usability-approach as it is rather an example of visual information than visual communication. Close research of both sender and users is also important to be ableto select, adapt and fine-tune the information in the map in relation to its aims and use.The digital possibilities that enables GIS to provide easy accessible and accurate data can produce efficient workflows in map design if combined with the graphic designers experience to develop and streamline design processes. The combination of modern technology, practical design work and research is profitable in both an analogue and digital context and makes visitor maps a contemporary and interesting area for both researchers and practitioners.

At first glance, the image of a map looks familiar to a graphic designer. It comprisescolours, shapes and typography. But beyond the graphical surface it hides a complex system of techniques and rules, like the clockwork behind a dial. This thesis tries toapproach and improve map production from a starting point in graphic design. Byaddressing visitor maps for nature reserves it aims to make nature more accessibleand appealing to a larger group of people.The main purpose of the thesis is to examine how Swedish nature reserve visitormaps can be improved with focus on relevance for their aims and use and how thisis communicated through the visual presentation. A secondary purpose is to examinehow to produce such maps in a rational way, using digital geographic informationsystems (GIS) and adopted working processes. The research was conducted using a combination of traditional methods and techniques combined with research through design activity. Methods and techniques were gathered from ethnography, action-research and usability-research and include literature studies, interviews, questionnaire surveys, participatory observation, action-research protocols, beta-testing and collection of samples. The design activity resulted in both free-standing sketches and map-sketches forthe Gotlandic nature reserves Langhammars and Stora Karlsö. Two processes and one descriptive structure were developed and described: a process to adopt visual representations of map-information to its contextual relevance, a process to produce nature reserve visitor maps, and a structure to present practical design work in a scientificcontext. Results also comprised collected answers, discussions and samples from questionnaire surveys, participatory observation, interviews and general research.The thesis concludes that it is fruitful to consider the visitor map as “a product made for use” and apply a usability-approach as it is rather an example of visual information than visual communication. Close research of both sender and users is also important to be ableto select, adapt and fine-tune the information in the map in relation to its aims and use. The digital possibilities that enables GIS to provide easy accessible and accurate data can produce efficient workflows in map design if combined with the graphic designers experience to develop and streamline design processes. The combination of modern technology, practical design work and research is profitable in both an analogue and digital context and makes visitor maps a contemporary and interesting area for both researchers and practitioners.

In an effort to increase understanding of social values connected with natural resources, a methodology was developed to identify and assess community values of 14 National Park Service (NPS) units in Virginia. The methodology used a qualitative research approach which emphasized meaning and understanding. Numerical analyses were used where appropriate. This thesis reports the design, application, and evaluation of the methodology. Representatives of the NPS, local government, and chamber of commerce were chosen to provide a broad-based perspective of community values. Time and budget constraints excluded the use of a random survey. Interviews using open-ended questions elicited comments about various topics related to community values. The survey results were used to quantify the relative importance of services and contributions of the NPS units. The survey indicated relatively high importance of educational and cultural/historical contributions to all groups. Active recreation pursuits and social activities were least important. Differences in perceived contributions between NPS personnel and the community (local government and chamber of commerce) were greatest in the education, economic, and cultural/historical categories. NPS personnel always indicated a higher value in the education and cultural/historical categories and the community indicated higher value in the economic category. Comments received were analyzed by categorizing and examining them for common themes. Common themes were found in the areas of land use, education, psychological benefits, and interactions between the NPS and community. Many of these themes included values recognized by NPS personnel and community representatives. Key differences include land development buffer and psychological benefits that were perceived to be greater by community representatives. The results of the survey and interview comments enhanced understanding of the types of community values associated with NPS units and how they affect public perceptions of the NPS. Evaluation provided feedback to improve the methodology in its future applications to NPS units in other states or regions and for other preserved cultural and natural landscapes. Suggestions are given for future research to examine specific community values which this study identified. / Master of Science

While Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have proven to be effective tools for the management and analysis of forest resources data, estimates of the reliability of area and distance measures computed in GIS have been lacking. Using fairly weak assumptions regarding the variability of point location errors, expressions for computing the mean, variance and covariance of polygon area, and an approximate distribution for distance are derived. Assumptions about point location errors include unbiasedness, independence between X and Y coordinate errors, known and equal variance of errors in X and Y coordinates, and correlation between errors at adjacent points. For the derivation of distance from a point to a line, the assumption of normality of errors is added. Because the variance of polygon area that was derived depends on the location of the centroid, a centroid location which minimizes polygon variance was defined. After the mean and variance of polygon area errors were obtained, polygon area was shown to be approximately normally distributed in a simulation of errors in regular polygons. Distance between a point and a line consists of two cases: distance from the point to a vertex of the line, and perpendicular distance to a line segment. The square of vertex distance was shown to be distributed as a non-central chi-square random variable when normal errors are assumed. The normal distribution was demonstrated to be a reasonable approximation for perpendicular distance under similar assumptions. As an application of the polygon variance and covariance formulas, the variability of value of a tract of land was estimated, based upon fixed per-acre values and assumptions regarding variability of location errors. Under moderate assumptions of variability and correlation, the coefficient of variation of mean tract value was 8%. To demonstrate the application of the distribution of distance, a probabilistic point-in-polygon analysis was performed using timber cruise plot locations in a timber stand map. Over half of the plots were ambiguously located when evaluated using the most liberal set of assumptions tested. The advantages and disadvantages of the models developed herein are discussed. / Ph. D.

A typical coal resource characterization study calls for estimating thickness, density, and quality parameters over a block or node simultaneously. Traditionally, estimation has been done for each variable independent of the other variables. The methods range from the well known polygonal and distance weighting methods to the geostatistical method of kriging. None of these methods takes the correlations between the variables into account explicitly. A comprehensive study has been undertaken to determine whether the joint estimation technique of cokriging may be used to utilize intervariable correlations in increasing the accuracy of estimation. Seam thickness, density, ash, calorific value, and sulphur have been studied to determine whether they are cross-correlated. Significant cross-correlations have been found to exist between ash content, density, and calorific value, where the rank of the coal is stable. A survey and a case study indicated that seam thickness may also be cross-correlated with ash content and density. Subsequently, separate kriging and cokriging results have been subjected to comparison via a cross-validation procedure. After normalization, cokriging has provided substantial improvements over kriging in estimating thickness, density, and ash content. Moreover, cokriging performed well in replicating the correlation schemes where kriging occasionally failed. In this study, geostatistical methods have been found to produce results in compliance with their probabilistic premises. A general purpose geostatistics software package has been written to carry out modeling and part of the research on a personal computer. This package has been designed to provide many advantages over the existing costly and black-box type software. / Ph. D.

Lam Tsz Fung. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-126). / Mission statement --- p.1 / Background / Country Parks --- p.2 / Marine Parks --- p.5 / Current design approach for Country Parks --- p.7 / Current views for Country Parks --- p.8 / Limitation of current design approach --- p.10 / "Case study - Shing Mun Country Park, HK" --- p.11 / "Case study 一 Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, HK" --- p.14 / "Case study 一 Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, US" --- p.16 / Future recreation pattern / Proactive recreation --- p.19 / "Interpretative planning case study - Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho, US" --- p.22 / Development studies / Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance - Technical Memorandum --- p.25 / Ecotourism --- p.27 / "Case study (Building) - Monterrey Bay Aquarium, California" --- p.28 / Case study (Building) - Jockey Club HSBC WWF HK Marine Life Centre - Hoi Ha Wan --- p.31 / Tung Ping Chau Marine Park / Context --- p.33 / Marine Park / Location map --- p.34 / General map --- p.35 / Topography --- p.36 / Sections --- p.37 / Accessibility --- p.38 / Environment --- p.39 / Behavior pattern --- p.43 / User feedback --- p.A7 / Reason for choosing Tung Ping Chau Marine Park as the study area --- p.48 / Proposed sites --- p.49 / Design strategies --- p.50 / The design of the visit --- p.51 / Preliminary development schedule --- p.53 / Site analysis / Location map --- p.55 / "Path, infrastructure" --- p.56 / "Activities, open spaces" --- p.57 / "Trees, visual attractions" --- p.58 / Use of outdoor living spaces --- p.59 / Existing condition --- p.61 / Preliminary design / Floating decks design --- p.67 / Modification for the existing structure --- p.69 / Proposed plans --- p.72 / Design discussion --- p.77 / Design development / Zoning --- p.78 / Open space design --- p.78 / Separated structure to support new floor deck and new roof --- p.79 / New partition and openings --- p.80 / Updated development schedule --- p.81 / Special study - offsite prefabrication / Theories --- p.83 / Case studies - non-volumetric --- p.86 / Case studies - volumetric --- p.87 / Case studies - modular buildings --- p.88 / Construction process --- p.90 / Material - aluminium --- p.92 / Structural calculation --- p.93 / Final design / Concepts --- p.104 / Existing condition --- p.106 / Proposed scheme --- p.107 / Spatial organization --- p.108 / Functions --- p.109 / Plans --- p.110 / Site section --- p.113 / Construction sequence --- p.116 / Structural concept --- p.117 / Detail --- p.118 / Panels --- p.119 / Site model --- p.122 / Partial building model --- p.123 / Acknowledgements --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.125

Lam Lai Ling Charis. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137). / INTRODUCTION / Chapter PART I --- RESEARCH STUDIES / Observations / Exploration - Model / PRECEDENT STUDIES / Mass with light / Chapter - --- Peter Zumthor / Chapter - --- Louis I. Kahn / Chapter - --- Rafael Moneo / Chapter - --- Le Corbusier / Chapter - --- Tadao Ando / Chapter - --- Steven Holl / Chapter - --- Alberto Campo Baeza / Chapter - --- Carlos Ferrater Lambarri / Chapter - --- James Turrell / Chapter - --- Keith Sonnier / Law Court / Chapter - --- Sandwich-type / Chapter - --- Core-type / Chapter - --- Courtyard-type / Chapter - --- Distinct-type / Chapter PART II --- DESIGN / Site selection / Schematic design / Programatic design / Spatial design / Final design

Tsang, Yin Ting Anton. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 373-402). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iv / 論文摘要 --- p.viii / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xxiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Who are “our dolphins and their MPA´ح？ - A general introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- What is a MPA? --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Why MPAs? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- MPAs & Cetaceans --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- MPAs & Marine Conservation in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Mascot of Hong Kong ´ؤ The Chinese White Dolphin --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Cetaceans in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- History of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Taxonomy of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- General Descriptions of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Distribution of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Conservation Status of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins & Threats that They are Facing --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- The “Dolphin Sanctuary´ح？ - Sha Chau & Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance & Objectives of This Study --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6 --- Study Areas --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7 --- Organization of This Thesis --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "How are our dolphins doing in the MPA? - Abundance, behaviour and habitat use of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins within and outside the marine park" / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methodology --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Field Sampling --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Dolphin survey --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Collection of information on physical parameters --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Definition of parameters --- p.35 / Chapter a) --- Seasonality --- p.35 / Chapter b) --- Dolphin observation regions and areas --- p.36 / Chapter c) --- Standardization of effort --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Observability --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Distribution of Dolphin Sightings --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Number of Dolphin Sightings --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Dolphin Sightings at Different Tidal Movements --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Sighting Rate and Density of Dolphin Sightings --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Composition --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Group Size --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Dive Times --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Behaviours --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Identifying “Hotspots´ح --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Areas other than “Hotspots´ح --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Is SLMP Effective? --- p.72 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Seasonality of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins --- p.75 / Chapter 2.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- How is our MPA doing to the dolphins? - Factors affecting the abundance and behaviours of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.129 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.132 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Field Sampling --- p.132 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Fish survey --- p.132 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Traffic count --- p.133 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.135 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Definition of parameters --- p.135 / Chapter a) --- Food species --- p.135 / Chapter b) --- Regions and study areas --- p.136 / Chapter c) --- Standardization of effort --- p.137 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.137 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.140 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Abundance & Biomass of Fish --- p.140 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Diversity & Species Richness of Fish --- p.153 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Distribution & Density of Vessel Traffic --- p.158 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Patterns of Vessel Traffic --- p.164 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- "Relationship among Dolphin, Fish & Vessel Traffic" --- p.166 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Fish & dolphin --- p.166 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Traffic & dolphin --- p.167 / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- "Fish, vessel traffic & dolphin" --- p.173 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.174 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- How Was the Fish Doing to the Dolphins? --- p.174 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- How Was Traffic Doing to the Dolphins? --- p.179 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Is SLMP Effective? --- p.184 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Limitations of This Study --- p.187 / Chapter 3.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.189 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- An example to follow or a lesson to learn? - The effectiveness of Sha Chau & Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park in conserving the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.275 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.279 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Source of Data --- p.279 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Dolphin survey --- p.279 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Fish survey --- p.280 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.281 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Definition of parameters --- p.281 / Chapter a) --- Years --- p.281 / Chapter b) --- Standardization of effort --- p.282 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.283 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.284 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison of Dolphin Survey Results --- p.284 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Abundance --- p.284 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Group size --- p.286 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Behaviours --- p.287 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Comparison of Fish Survey Results --- p.289 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Fish abundance & biomass --- p.289 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Fish species & diversity --- p.294 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Trends of Dolphin & Fish --- p.297 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Dolphin trends --- p.297 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Fish trends --- p.299 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Correlations between dolphin & fish trends --- p.301 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.302 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- How Were the Dolphins & Fish doing Throughout These Years? --- p.302 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Further Implications on Cetacean Conservation in Hong Kong --- p.306 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Is SLMP Effective? --- p.309 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Limitations of This Study --- p.315 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Summary --- p.316 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "How shall our dolphin MPA be doing? - Summary, conclusions & further recommendations" / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary & Conclusions --- p.358 / Chapter 5.2 --- Further Recommendations --- p.364 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Larger MPA for the CWD in the Pearl River Estuary --- p.364 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Fishing Management --- p.366 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Traffic Management --- p.367 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Developmental Management --- p.368 / Chapter 5.3 --- PLEASE ACT FAST!! --- p.369 / List of References --- p.373