INTRODUÇÃO: A insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação é um evento comum após a descontinuação da ventilação mecânica, sendo a reintubação necessária em cerca de 10% (4-24%) dos casos. A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) tem sido considerada como uma terapia promissora para evitar a reintubação, sendo aplicada como um adjunto para extubação precoce, de forma preventiva ou em pacientes que desenvolveram insuficiência respiratória pós extubação. OBJETIVO: Comparar as características clínicas e os desfechos da população de estudo, de acordo com as três formas de aplicação da VNI no período pós extubação. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo em 11 Unidades de Terapia Intensiva por um período de nove meses, onde todos os pacientes adultos submetidos à VNI dentro de 48h após a extubação foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Um total de 174 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. A média(DP) de idade foi de 56 (18) anos e 55% eram do sexo masculino. A média (DP) do SAPS II foi de 42(14). As formas de aplicação da VNI foram: Insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação (G-IRpA) (26%), como adjunto no desmame precoce (G-PRECOCE) (10%) e como VNI preventiva (G-PREVENT) (64%). O tempo mediano de tempo de ventilação mecânica foi similar nos três grupos (66h), o tempo mediano entre a extubação e o inicio da VNI foi de 0h (0-16h), e o tempo mediano entre a extubação e a reintubação foi de 2 dias (0,7-4d). Apenas 3% dos pacientes tinham DPOC. A taxa de sucesso da VNI foi de 67% no G-IRpA, 70% no G-PRECOCE e 64% no G-PREVENT, com taxa de reintubação de 34%. A taxa de mortalidade na UTI foi de 27%. Pacientes com hipercapnia tiveram uma taxa de sucesso maior (81%), já os pacientes que necessitaram de aspiração de secreção e que passaram mais tempo na VNI foram mais susceptíveis a serem reintubados. CONCLUSÃO: A VNI pode reduzir as taxas de reintubação em pacientes que apresentaram insuficiência respiratória pós extubação, apresentar um sucesso moderado em pacientes heterogêneos que a utilizaram no desmame precoce e quando utilizada em uma população não seleta de forma preventiva, não reduz, significativamente, as taxas de mortalidade e de reintubação / BACKGROUND: Respiratory failure after extubation is a common event and reintubation occurs in 10% (4-24%) of patients. Studies suggests that noninvasive ventilation (NIV) may be successfully used to avoid reintubation, being applied as an adjunct to an early extubation, to prevent postextubation respiratory failure or in patients who developed postextubation respiratory failure. OBJECTIVE: Observe the outcomes from daily routine standard use of NIV in postextubation in its three different forms of application. METHODS: A prospective observational study in 11 Intensive Care Units (ICU), was conducted over a 9 months period, it was evaluated all adult patients submitted to NIV within 48hs after extubation. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients were included in this study. The mean (SD) age was 56 (18) years, and 55% were male. The mean (SD) SAPS II was 42 (14). NIV forms of application were: (G-IRpA) posextubation respiratory failure (26%), (G-PRECOCE) as an adjunct to an early extubation (10%) and (G-PREVENT) NIV preventive (64%). The median time of mechanical ventilation was similar in the 3 groups (66 h), the median time between extubation and beginning of NIV was 0h (0-16h), and the median time between extubation and need of reintubation was 2 days (0,7-4d). There were only 2,8% COPD patients. NIV success rate was 67% in G1, 70% in G2 and 64% in G3, with reintubation rate of 34%. Mortality rate in ICU was 27%. Patients with hypercapnia had a higher success rate (80,6%), yet patients that needed secretion aspiration and that spent more time in NIV were more susceptible to be reintubated. CONCLUSION: NIV may reduce the reintubation rate in patients with respiratory failure after extubation, present a moderate success in heterogeneous patients who used in early weaning and when used in a non selected population in a preventive way does not reduce mortality and reintubation rates

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) or home mechanical ventilation (HMV) can improve survival time in chronic respiratory failure. A national quality register could be an aid to identifying risk markers and optimizing therapy for respiratory failure. Aims: ▪To identify risk markers for chronic respiratory failure, especially when triggered by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ▪To predict sex-related differences in the future need of LTOT for COPD and to study sex related survival rate in COPD patients starting LTOT. ▪To investigate if HMV is more effective than LTOT alone in treating chronic respiratory failure caused by kyphoscoliosis. ▪To evaluate the use of quality indicators in LTOT. Methods: Swedish national registers for LTOT and HMV were established in 1987 and 1996 respectively. They were reconstructed in 2004 to form the web-based register Swedevox. Indications for LTOT were based on the guidelines from the Swedish Society for Respiratory Medicine. The incidence and prevalence of LTOT for COPD were measured annually from 1987 to 2000, and the future need for LTOT was estimated on the basis of the frequency of ever smoking in Sweden in 2001 in different age groups. A postal questionnaire on occupational exposures was completed by 181 patients with severe pulmonary fibrosis who started LTOT between 1997 and 2000, and by 757 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Time to death was evaluated in kyphoscoliotic patients starting HMV or LTOT alone in 1996-2004. Ten quality indicators were defined and evaluated based on data from patients starting LTOT in 1987-2005. Results: The incidence each year of LTOT in COPD patients increased more rapidly in women than in men (from 2.0 and 2.8/100,000 in 1987 to 7.6 and 7.1/100,000 in 2000 respectively, (p < 0.001)). Women ran a 1.9 times higher risk than men to develop chronic hypoxemia from COPD and had a higher survival rate during LTOT. In men, IPF was associated with exposure to birch dust with an OR 2.7, (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–5.65) and with hardwood dust, OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.14–6.52). Patients with kyphoscoliosis showed a better survival rate with HMV than with LTOT alone with a hazard ratio of 0.30 (95%CI 0.18-0.51), adjusted for age, sex, concomitant respiratory diseases, and blood gas levels. There were improvements in the following eight quality indicators for LTOT: access to LTOT, PaO2 ≤ 7.3 kPa without oxygen, no current smoking, low number of thoracic deformity patients without concomitant HMV, LTOT > 16 hours of oxygen/day, mobile oxygen equipment, reassessment of hypoxemia when LTOT was not started in a stable state COPD, and avoidance of continuous oral steroids in COPD. There was a decline in the indicator PaO2 > 8 kPa on oxygen. First-year survival rate in COPD was unchanged. Conclusions: The incidence and prevalence of LTOT increase more rapidly in women than in men. Survival rate during LTOT in COPD is better in women than in men. Exposure to birch and hardwood dust may contribute to the risk of IPF in men. Survival rate in patients with kyphoscoliosis was three times better with HMV than with LTOT alone. The national quality register for LTOT showed improvements in eight out of ten quality indicators. Levels for excellent quality in the indicators are suggested.

Chez l’enfant, l’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë est responsable de la majeure partie des admissions en soins intensifs. La population pédiatrique étant marquée par une grande hétérogénéité en termes d’âge, de pathologie respiratoire et de maturation pulmonaire, une individualisation de la prise en charge thérapeutique est indispensable. Dans ce contexte, différents outils sont disponibles pour évaluer de manière plus objective le travail respiratoire du patient en insuffisance respiratoire aiguë. Objectifs - Le principal objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer l’intérêt diagnostique et thérapeutique de la mesure du travail respiratoire dans l’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë hypercapnique de l’enfant.Méthodes - Trois principaux outils d’évaluation du travail respiratoire ont été utilisés dans nos travaux : la mesure des pressions œsogastriques, la mesure de l’activité électrique du diaphragme et la mesure de la consommation en oxygène par la calorimétrie.Résultats - Nous avons pu mettre en évidence les intérêts de ces outils de mesure aux différents stades d’évolution de la maladie : (i) à la phase initiale pour indiquer l’initiation d’une ventilation non invasive et pour optimiser ces réglages ; (ii) à la phase d’évolution de la maladie pour évaluer l’interaction patient-ventilateur ; (iii) à la phase de sevrage ventilatoire pour détecter précocement une augmentation du travail respiratoire.Conclusion - Tout au long du processus évolutif de la maladie, la surveillance objective du travail respiratoire peut aider à comprendre les mécanismes de la maladie pulmonaire, optimiser les réglages de l’assistance respiratoire, et adapter les interventions thérapeutiques. / Acute respiratory failure is the leading cause of hospital admissions in the pediatric intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Since the pediatric population is characterized by a great heterogeneity in terms of age and respiratory pathology, individualization of therapeutic management is essential. Different minimally invasive methods have been described to assess the patient's work of breathing in acute respiratory failure.Objectives - The main objective of the project was to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic contribution of the measurement of the work of breathing in children with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.Methods - We used in the present work three tools to assess the work of breathing: oesogastric pressures, electrical activity of the diaphragm monitoring and oxygen consumption measurements.Results - We highlighted how these different methods are valuable during the ICU stay: (i) in the early phase of the disease to initiate or withdraw noninvasive ventilation and to optimize its settings; (ii) in the recovery phase to evaluate the patient-ventilator interaction; (iii) during the weaning process to early detect an increase in work of breathing.Conclusion - Throughout the disease process, the work of breathing assessment can be useful to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of lung disease, to optimize mechanical ventilation settings and adapt therapeutic interventions.

Orientador: Sebastião Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonella_RodrigoMarques_M.pdf: 1794716 bytes, checksum: 39387ec279a5a2fa4d65487b1583c298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia da eletroestimulação nervosa transcutânea (TENS) no alívio da dor pós-operatória (PO) relacionada à fisioterapia em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias abdominais. Desenho: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e randomizado, incluindo 48 pacientes, no 1º PO, apresentando escore de dor = 3 pontos na escala visual, divididos em três grupos: controle (n=14): com rotina analgésica habitual, sem TENS e com fisioterapia; estudo (n=18), recebendo rotina analgésica habitual mais TENS, e fisioterapia; contraste-placebo (n=16), recebendo rotina analgésica habitual, TENS desligada e fisioterapia. Uma escala visual analógica de dor foi apresentada ao paciente antes (M1) e depois da TENS (M2) e após fisioterapia (M3), para realizar: tosse, incentivador respiratório, mudança de decúbito (lateral e sentado), quantificando a efetividade da eletroanalgesia. O tempo de eletroestimulação foi 30min, com 150Hz de freqüência e largura de pulso entre 150-250µs. Resultados: Houve alívio significativo da dor no grupo TENS, comparando-se os três grupos, apenas para o procedimento tosse, no M3 (p=0,015). Dentro do grupo TENS houve diminuição significativa da dor para tosse (p=0,003) [M1xM3]; para decúbito lateral (p=0,025), sentar-se (p=0,001) e utilizar o incentivador inspiratório (p=0,017) [M1xM2]; e ao se mudar para decúbito lateral (p=0,03) e sentar-se (p=0,001) [M1xM3]. Não houve diferenças significativas dentro do grupo contraste. Conclusões: Houve diminuição da dor no grupo TENS, para alguns momentos e parâmetros. Entretanto, é necessário cautela na análise, pois a casuística e as diferenças são pequenas. Assim, estudos adicionais são necessários, já que a utilização da TENS está indicada apenas como coadjuvante no controle da dor pós-operatória relacionada a procedimentos fisioterapêuticos / Abstract: Objective: To verify the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for the relief of pain caused by physiotherapic procedures in post-operative (PO) abdominal surgery patients. Design: Prospective, randomized clinical trial including 48 patients in the 1st PO day divided into three groups: control: treated with normal analgesic routine, without TENS, and physiotherapy; TENS: treated with routine analgesia plus TENS, and physiotherapy; and SHAM: treated with routine analgesia, TENS-sham, and physiotherapy. The frequency was 150 Hz, with pulse width between 150-250 µs, the intensity was maximal, comfortable for the patient and the treatment was applied for 30 minutes. An analogical visual scale for pain scoring was shown to the patient before (M1) and after application of TENS (M2) and after physiotherapy (M3), for procedures; cough, incentive spirometer, and decubitus changing, trying to quantify the effectiveness of TENS. Results: By comparing the 3 groups, it was found a significant difference in the relief of pain in TENS group, only for cough at M3 (p=0.015). Inside the TENS group, it was fond significant difference in the relief of pain for cough (p=0.003) [M1xM3]; and to lateral decubitus (p=0.025), sitting down (p=0.001) and to the incentive spirometer (p=0.017) [M1xM2]; and to lateral decubitus (p=0.03) and sitting down (p=0.001) [M1xM3]. There wasn¿t any significant reduction of pain in the sham group. Conclusions: Although a reduction of pain has been observed in the TENS group, these findings must be analyzed with caution, therefore the casuistry is small and the differences were not so great. Thus, applying TENS method must be better studied, thus being indicated only as adjuvant in the control of postoperative pain / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia

This diploma thesis deals with a non-invasive ventilatory support method and its use in commercial practice. The intention was to find out what theoretical basis nurses have in the mentioned issue, to characterize the most common indications, contraindications and particularly complications emerging at patients connected to a non-invasive ventilatory support. In the theoretical part there are found chapters about anatomy and physiology of airways and about a principle of an artificial pulmonary ventilation. A non-invasive ventilatory support represents a detailed chapter. The main part focuses on nursing care and monitoring of a patient connected to a non-invasive ventilatory support. I mainly deal with hygiene of airways, rehabilitation and breathing physiotherapy, positioning and the motion regime. Care for physical state of a patient connected to a ventilation and an issue of worsened communication during implementation of a non-invasive ventilatory support cannot be committed. The empirical part contains mainly anonymous questionnaire research leading to evaluation of given aims and hypothesis of work. In total, 200 respondents in four Prague hospitals were questioned and 164 of them completed this research. The research has brought very satisfactory results. The respondents has shown good...

Le contrôle de la ventilation procède d’une interaction complexe entre des efférences centrales à destination des groupes musculaires ventilatoires et des afférences ventilatoires provenant de mécano et de chémorécepteurs. Cette commande de la ventilation s’adapte en permanence aux besoins ventilatoires. L’activation électrique du diaphragme (EAdi) informe sur la commande ventilatoire, la charge des muscles respiratoires, la synchronie patient-ventilateur et l’efficacité de la ventilation des patients de réanimation. L’utilisation inadaptée d’un mode deventilation spontanée avec une sur ou sous-assistance peut entrainer des dysfonctions diaphragmatiques, des lésions alvéolaires et des asynchronies. La première étude a permis de cibler l’assistance du mode NAVA en fonction de l’EAdi enregistrée lors d’un échec de test de sevrage. Nous avons observé une augmentation quotidienne de cette EAdi au cours du sevrage jusqu’à l’extubation. La deuxième étude a montré que cette augmentation n’est pas associée à une modification de l’efficacité neuro-ventilatoire lors du test de sevrage, possiblement en rapport avec l’inhibition d’une sédation résiduelle. La troisième étude a montré l’importance de l’inhibition de cette sédation résiduelle par midazolam sur l’EAdi et le volume courant au début du sevrage ainsi que la corrélation qui existe entre les deux. Une dernière étude a montré l’absence d’augmentation du volume courant sous NAVA chez des patients transplantés pulmonaires aux poumons dénervés sans réflexe de Herring Breuer par rapport à un groupe contrôle. Par ailleurs le volume courant sous NAVA était corrélé à la capacité pulmonaire totale. Ces études ont montré l’intérêt du monitorage l’EAdi dans le sevrage. / The control of breathing results from a complex interaction involving differentrespiratory centers, which feed signals to a central control mechanism that, in turn, provides outputto the effector muscles. Afferent inputs arising from chemo- and mechanoreceptors, related to thephysical status of the respiratory system and to the activation of the respiratory muscles, modulatepermanently the respiratory command to adapt ventilation to the needs. Diaphragm electricalactivation provides information about respiratory drive, respiratory muscle loading, patientventilatorsynchrony and efficiency of breathing in critically ill patients. The use of inappropriatelevel of assist during spontaneous breathing with over or under assist might be harmful withdiaphragmatic dysfunction, alveolar injury and asynchrony. The first study settled NAVA modeaccording to the EAdi recorded during a failed spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). An unexpecteddaily increase of EAdi has been found during SBT until extubation. The second study did not findany increase of the neuroventilatory efficiency during weaning, possibly because of residualsedation. A third study described the inhibition of residual sedation on EAdi and tidal volume at thebeginning of the weaning, and the correlation between them. The last study did not find anyincrease of tidal volume under NAVA after lung transplantation, with denervated lung withoutHerring Breuer reflex, compared to a control group. Moreover tidal volume under NAVA wascorrelated to total lung capacity. These studies highlight the interest of EAdi monitoring duringweaning.

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L’insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique aigüe (IRHA) est une des causes les plus fréquentes d’admission aux soins intensifs pédiatriques. Elle est liée à plusieurs mécanismes dont le plus grave est l’œdème pulmonaire lésionnel conduisant au syndrome de détresse respiratoire aigüe (SDRA) pédiatrique qui représente 5-10 % des patients admis aux soins intensifs. Actuellement, les recommandations internationales de prise en charge de l’IRHA et du SDRA sont sous-appliquées du fait d’un défaut de diagnostic ou d’un diagnostic tardif. Ceci est probablement en partie responsable d’une ventilation mécanique prolongée dans le SDRA pédiatrique. Afin d’améliorer les critères d’évaluation de l’IRHA chez les enfants et éventuellement leur devenir, les 3 objectifs de cette thèse sont d’améliorer le diagnostic précoce d’IRHA chez l’enfant, informatiser un score de gravité de défaillance d’organes (score PELOD-2) utilisable comme critère de jugement principal en recherche en remplacement de la mortalité qui est faible dans cette population et prédire la ventilation prolongée chez la population la plus fragile, les nouveau-nés. Pour réaliser ces objectifs, nous avons : 1) optimisé une base de données haute résolution temporelle unique au monde, 2) validé un indice continu d’oxygénation utilisable en temps réel et robuste à toutes les valeurs de saturations pulsées en oxygène, 3) validé une version informatisée du score PELOD-2 utilisable comme critère de jugement principal en recherche, 4) développé un modèle prédictif d’IRHA persistante dû à l’influenza et 5) proposé une définition de la ventilation prolongée en pédiatrie applicable quel que soit l’âge et le terme de l’enfant et 6) étudié le devenir des nouveau-nés ayant une ventilation prolongée et proposé un modèle prédictif du sous-groupe le plus grave. Les méthodes utilisées à travers ces différentes études ont associé la science des données massives pour le regroupement, la synchronisation et la normalisation des données continues. Nous avons également utilisé les statistiques descriptives, la régression linéaire et logistique, les forêts aléatoires et leurs dérivés, l’apprentissage profond et l’optimisation empirique d’équations mathématiques pour développer et valider des modèles prédictifs. L’interprétation des modèles et l’importance de chaque variable ont été quantifiées soit par l’analyse de leurs coefficients (statistiques conventionnelles) soit par permutation ou masquage des variables dans le cas de modèles d’apprentissage automatique. En conclusion, l’ensemble de ce travail, soit la reconnaissance et la pronostication automatique de l’IRHA chez l’enfant vont me permettre de développer, de valider et d’implanter un système d’aide à la décision en temps réel pour l’IRHA en pédiatrie. / Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) is one of the most frequent causes of admission to pediatric intensive care units. It is related to several mechanisms, the most serious of which is lesional pulmonary edema leading to pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which accounts for 5–10% of patients admitted to intensive care. Currently, international guidelines for the management of ARDS are under-implemented due to failure to diagnose or late diagnosis. This is probably partly responsible for prolonged mechanical ventilation in pediatric ARDS. In order to improve the criteria for assessing AHRF in children and possibly their outcome, we aimed to improve the early diagnosis of ARDS in children, to automate an organ failure severity score (PELOD-2 score) that can be used as a primary endpoint in research to replace mortality, which is low in this population, and to predict prolonged ventilation in the most fragile population, neonates. To achieve these objectives, we have: 1) optimized a unique high temporal resolution database, 2) validated a continuous oxygenation index usable in real time and robust to all values of pulsed oxygen saturation, 3) validated a computerized version of the PELOD-2 score usable as a primary outcome in research, 4) developed a predictive model of persistent AHRF due to influenza and 5) proposed a definition of prolonged ventilation in pediatrics applicable regardless of the age and term of the child and 6) studied the outcome of newborns with prolonged ventilation and proposed a predictive model of the most severe subgroup. The methods used across these different studies combined big data science for clustering, synchronization, and normalization of continuous data. We also used descriptive statistics, linear and logistic regression, random forests and their derivatives, deep learning, and empirical optimization of mathematical equations to develop and validate predictive models. The interpretation of the models and the importance of each variable were quantified either by analyzing their coefficients (conventional statistics) or by permuting or masking the variables in the case of machine learning models. In conclusion, all this work, i.e. the recognition and automatic prognosis of AHRF in children will allow me to develop, validate and implement a real-time decision support system for AHRF in pediatrics.