Background: While cognition is the dominant view of understanding in psychology, there appear to be few occupational therapy interventions within this field that are cognitive. Objective: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify how occupational therapists work with interventions that are cognitive in the field of psychiatry and mental health internationally. Methods: Searches were conducted in the Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, PubMed, OVID Medline, Google Scholar, AMED, OTSeeker, PsycInfo and Cochrane Library databases between the years 1997 to 2017 and identified 21 publications for inclusion. Results: Three themes were identified and consequently discussed: Occupational therapy as a cognitive intervention, specifically named as cognitive interventions used by occupational therapists and multi-professional cognitive interventions. Conclusions: The findings indicate that interventions used by occupational therapists on a broad range of psychiatric diagnoses contain everyday occupations such as cooking, grocery-shopping and occupations meaningful to the client. These occupations are the notion of occupational therapy while simultaneously improving the cognition and can be considered to be cognitive. This connection needs to be researched further in the future. Significance: Occupational therapy interventions can be considered to improve on cognition and are therefore important in psychiatry and mental health.

The Mask (1908-1929, Florence, Italie, 15 volumes) : le nom seul de ce journal exclusivement dédié à l’Art du Théâtre officia en son temps comme un « mot de passe » auprès des défenseurs de la scène moderne en Europe. Cette thèse, la première en France à être consacrée à cette revue, est une recherche historique enrichie de nombreux documents inédits du fonds Craig du Département des Arts du Spectacle de la BnF. The Mask fut la performance permanente de Craig : tout en même temps le lieu de la théorie, d’une Histoire du Théâtre et un lieu d’expérimentation visuel. Son habileté fut de doter précisément cette revue des qualités d’un laboratoire lui permettant de créer et d’exprimer ses idées sur l’Art du Théâtre. L’aspect physique et concret du périodique lui fournissait une permanence qu’une représentation théâtrale ne pourrait pas lui donner. Dans ce sens ce périodique pourrait être ce substitut du théâtre qu’il ne posséda jamais au sein de la réalité, et le lieu préservé d’un héritage, en vue du théâtre du futur. / The Mask (1908-1929, Florence, Italy, 15 volumes) : in its time, the very name of this newspaper exclusively dedicated to the theatrical Art played the part of a « passeword » among promoters of modern theatre in Europe. This doctoral thesis, the first to be consecrate to this review in France, is an historical research enriched by a lot of documents from the Craig archives of the Departement des Arts du Spectacle, BnF. By the study of this review, we search to understand better Craig’s personality and his conception of the artist. The Mask was Craig’s permanent performance : at once a place for theory, for a history of drama and a place of visual experimentation. He had the talent to endow this review with the very characteristics of a laboratory allowing him to create and express his ideas on Theatrical Art. The actual and physical aspect of the periodical provided a permanence that theatrical performances did not possess. In this way this periodical could be seen as a substitute for the theatre house he never actually owned and a repository for a heritage to be saved in order to create the theatre of the future.

The aim of this thesis was to explore the relationships between the constructs of self-compassion (SC), self-esteem (SE) and recovery in psychosis. It is presented to the reader as three separate papers. 1) A systematic literature review exploring the relationships between SE and the positive symptoms of psychosis, 2) an empirical study investigating SC, SE, recovery in psychosis and positive psychotic symptoms and 3) a critical appraisal and personal reflection of the processes involved in conducting the research. Paper one presents a systematic review of the existing literature that explores the relationships between SE and the positive symptoms of psychosis. Thirty-four articles were identified which met the strict criteria. The evidence was mixed and much of it inconclusive. There was some support for the relationship between SE and delusions, in particular paranoia. The evidence for hallucinations was much less conclusive. Recommendations for future research were suggested as were potential clinical implications which arose from the review. The empirical study presented in paper two explores the relationships between SE, SC and recovery in psychosis, and aimed to assess whether SC was a unique predictor of recovery in psychosis, over and above the impact of SE (using cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis). Further exploratory analysis was conducted to ascertain whether specific positive symptoms of psychosis were related to SC and SE. At baseline, the results indicated that SC did not contribute unique variance in recovery from psychosis over and above that attributable to SE. Longitudinally, SC at baseline was not related to recovery at follow up. Exploratory analysis revealed levels of SE and SC were significantly different in groups who had a presence or absence hallucinations, but not delusions. Methodological strengths and limitations, clinical implications and ideas for future research discussed. Paper three provides the reader with a critical reflection of the processes involved in the undertaking of the two papers presented. Implications for clinical practice are discussed as well as directions for future research.

My own experiences of disjuncture sparked questions related to how practical nursing education is situated within the larger nursing disciplinary landscape. On acute care nursing units, work relationships are changing between RNs and LPNs as new collaborative care models are introduced, creating ambiguity and confusion with increasingly overlapping scopes of practice. Gaps remain in knowing how RNs and LPNs experience changes in these intra-professional team contexts, and how patient care, nursing work, and nursing education may be influenced by these new collaborative models. This has been the foundation for the journey towards graduate study and this dissertation work. In this dissertation I address the overarching research question: How are registered and practical nurses’ experiences of learning to work together being organized by educational and work contexts? This question consists of two sub-questions: 1) What are the experiences of pre-licensure health professional students and educators learning to work in intra-professional teams? and, 2) How are institutional texts organizing post-licensure nurses’ experiences of learning to practice on intra-professional teams? The first sub-question is addressed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) qualitative systematic review methodology to reveal what is currently known about how pre-licensure health professional students learn to work on intra-professional teams. The second question is approached using an institutional ethnographic analytic lens to explore how post-licensure nurses’ (RNs and LPNs) work is socially organized via educational, union, health authority, and regulatory texts and how this social organization impacts intra-professional relationships. Taking a plural approach to knowledge construction allows for a multi-perspectival view of RNs and LPNs experiences and the role of educational and work contexts in shaping how they learn to work together. Incorporating methodologies as diverse as a JBI systematic review and institutional ethnography raises methodological tensions. Each has its own philosophical assumptions, reflecting particular strengths and limitations in the production of knowledge. The challenges of employing a plural approach are explored alongside new knowledge and possibilities for exploring and understanding how best to care for patients and educate students within complex, collaborative environments. / Graduate / 2018-08-29

Becoming a mother derails many women’s chances for career progression. One reason for this is that women leave organisations when they become mothers, or reduce their working hours. Another reason is that people within the organisation start to view them as less career-orientated as a result of being mothers. At the core of this issue is that who a woman is – her identity – is being redefined in the transition to motherhood, by herself and by those around her. But, little is known about how her professional identity develops during the transition to motherhood, or whether its development is related to her growing maternal identity. This paper, therefore, presents a systematic review of the literature concerning changes in maternal and professional identities, as well as the relationship between them. Based on the evidence, this review concludes that although the development of maternal identity has been well documented in the literature, little is known about how a woman’s professional identity develops, as she becomes a mother. Suggestions for further research and practice are discussed.

Objective: This work consisted of three research projects bridged by their focus on a multivariate assessment of executive functions in research and practice: (a) a systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies on executive function test batteries, (b) a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), the most commonly administered executive function test battery in clinical practice, and (c) the derivation of multivariate base rates for the D-KEFS, offering a psychometric resource with direct applications to clinical practice. Method: Systematic review. The systematic review identified 45 eligible samples (N=9,498 participants, mean age range: 3.01-74.40 years-old) and 21 correlation matrices eligible for re-analysis, comparing seven competing models including the most commonly evaluated factors: updating/working memory, inhibition, and shifting. Model results were summarized based on the mean percent accepted (i.e., mean rate at which models both properly converged and met fit thresholds: CFI≥.90/RMSEA≤.08). CFA. Using adults from the D-KEFS normative sample (N=425; 20-49 years-old), eight alternative measurement models were evaluated for a subset of D-KEFS tests. Factors from the accepted measurement model predicted three tests measuring constructs less often evaluated in the executive function literature: abstraction, reasoning, and problem solving. Base rates. The frequency of low scores occurring among the D-KEFS normative sample (N=1,050; 16-89 years-old) was calculated for the full D-KEFS and two brief batteries using stratifications for age, education, and intelligence. Results: Systematic review. The most often accepted models varied by age (preschool=one/two-factor; school-age=two/three-factor; adolescent/adult=three/nested-factor; older adult=two/three-factor), and most frequently included updating/working memory, inhibition, and shifting factors. The nested-factor and three-factor models were accepted most often and at similar rates among adult samples: 33-34% and 25-32%, respectively. No model was accepted most often for child/adolescent samples, but those with shifting differentiated garnered less support. CFA. A three-factor model including inhibition, shifting, and fluency fit the data well (CFI=0.938; RMSEA=0.047), although a two-factor model merging shifting/fluency fit similarly well (CFI=0.929; RMSEA=0.048). A bifactor model fit best (CFI=0.977; RMSEA=0.032), but rarely converged. Shifting best predicted tests of reasoning, abstraction, and problem solving (p<0.05; R2=0.246-0.408). Base rates. Low scores, based on commonly used clinical cutoffs, occurred frequently among healthy adults. For a three-test, four-test, and full D-KEFS battery, 62.8%, 71.8%, and 82.6% obtained ≥1 score(s) ≤16th percentile, respectively, and 36.1%, 42.0%, 50.7%, obtained ≥1 score(s) ≤5th percentile, respectively. The frequency of low scores increased with lower intelligence and fewer years of education. Discussion: The systematic review effort did not identify a definitive model of executive functions for either adults or children/adolescents, demonstrating the continued need to re-evaluate the conceptualization and measurement of this construct in future research. The D-KEFS CFA offers some evidence of clinical measures capturing theoretical constructs, but is not directly translatable into clinical practice; while the multivariate base rates are useful to clinicians, but do not bridge theory and assessment. This research reaffirms the elusive nature of executive functions in both research and clinical spheres, and represents a step forward in an enduring scientific process towards a true understanding of this mysterious construct. / Graduate / 2018-07-24

Magister Legum - LLM

Over the next thirty years, Alzheimer’s disease rates will increase alongside global aging. To handle the anticipated increase in demand, knowledgeable and skilled dementia caregivers are in need throughout the long-term care spectrum. Online training programs have emerged as a viable and convenient platform to educate both formal and informal caregivers. The first and second study systematically reviewed online dementia training programs and evaluated the CARES® Dementia Basics Training Program among formal and informal caregivers. The first study is a systematic review of online dementia-based training programs for both formal and informal caregivers conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) method. Methodological quality of the final sample (N=15) was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group criteria. Results of the systematic review suggests that online interventions improve the condition and preparedness of caregivers, but future evaluations should consider study designs with multiple time points, control groups, and content that is personalized and interactive. In the second study, an evaluation of the online CARES® Dementia Basics Program among formal and informal caregivers was performed. The sample (N=233) included respondents from the states of OR, WA, CA and IL over three time points. Results indicate baseline differences in education, race, and caregiver type and a modest improvement in knowledge among both formal and informal caregivers. Recommendations are provided for future development and evaluation of online interventions.

The research investigate the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) from a leadership and governance perspective in the African public services. The research was initiated with a historiography to map out efforts that were made to unify the continent against slavery and colonialism, which were primary factors responsible for Africa’s underdevelopment and poverty. National, regional and sub regional organisations have been formed to forge collective action against colonisation and the marginalisation of the continent. Each of the organisations, indicating their achievements and challenges has been discussed in this research. The research has revealed that there was a common denominator in most organisations, which revolved around creating a better continent for the African people and to restore their dignity as a people. The need for unity in Africa has received more attention, especially when Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was transformed into the African Union (AU), which focuses on development, democratic rule and good governance to tackle poverty, marginalisation and underdevelopment in the continent. What is evident in this research is the fact that African leaders are now seeking African solutions to the problems that have plagued the continent for decades. African leaders recognise that transplanted policies and initiatives are responsible for Africa’s dependency syndrome and marginalisation in the development process. The research has pointed out that Africans should lead the process of African development because they are the custodians of the needs of their citizens. In order to satisfy and provide essential services and goods to their citizens African leaders should exercise effective and responsible leadership, and good governance principles in order to implement policies that would create a better life for all on the continent. In order to ensure that African public services implement appropriate policies, a monitoring mechanism has been instituted, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) through which countries are evaluated and assessed on compliance with good governance and development objectives to provide essential goods and services to the African people. The New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as the vehicle of the AU has set out development objectives and priorities, which should be implemented by national, regional, and sub-regional organisations, therefore countries would be monitored to ensure that they comply with the aims and mandate of the AU. Effective leadership and good governance would ensure cost effective delivery of services and the provision of goods by public services. African leaders want to create genuine partnership with their citizens and international communities to ensure that poverty is eradicated and the needs of Africans are satisfied. Africa requires strong and effective leaders who identify and work for their people at all costs through proper utilisation and management of public resources for the benefit of all. Recommendations have been made for consideration by African leaders in their endeavour to create a better life for the African people based on effective leadership, the rule of law and good governance. Africans know what is best for them and therefore they should engage in collective action to achieve the African Development Goals. / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

In this paper. I analyze how political, economic, and administrative issues were major factors in the BC Liberal government's creation of a complex hybrid operating structure for BC Ferries. The model evolved as the result of a number of circumstances, including the former NDP government's "fast ferry" debacle and the Liberal government's decision to conduct a Core Services Review of all government services, including those provided by Crown corporations. BC Ferries' new structure has similarities to other administrative models that have been introduced as a result of New Public Management initiatives and other factors in a number of Westminster jurisdictions. The resulting operating entities are having significant impacts on the nature and scope of public accountabilities and on reporting structures. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate