Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis explores the reactivity of amine-boranes with the {Rh(Xantphos)}+ fragment, with the aim of gaining mechanistic insight into the catalytic dehydropolymerisation of the amine-borane H₃B∙NMeH₂ to yield the polyaminoborane [H₂BNMeH]_n. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of suitable Rh^III and Rh^I Xantphos precursors to be used in this investigation. Moreover, the first example of the dehydrogenative B—B homocoupling of the tertiary amine-borane H₃B∙NMe₃ to form H₄B₂•2NMe₃ is reported. The synthesis of the Rh^I precatalyst introduced in Chapter 2 entails the hydroboration of tert-butylethylene by H₃B∙NMe₃. In Chapter 3, the ability of the {Rh(Xantphos)}+ fragment to mediate this hydroboration in a catalytic manner is explored, and a mechanism is presented in which reductive elimination is proposed to be turnover-limiting. Other alkenes and phosphine-boranes are also trialled to determine the scope of the hydroboration. Chapter 4 investigates the catalytic dehydrocoupling of H₃B∙NMe₂H and H₃B∙NMeH₂ with {Rh(Xantphos)}+ to form the dehydrocoupling products [H₂BNMe₂]₂ and [H₂BNMeH]_n, respectively, and the dehydrocoupling mechanisms are shown to be similar. Both involve an induction period in which the active catalyst is formed (thought to involve N—H activation), and saturation kinetics operate during the productive phase of catalysis. H₂ is shown to inhibit the dehydrocoupling, and lead to production of shorter chain [H₂BNMeH]_n. Conversely, using THF as the dehydropolymerisation solvent instead of C₆H₅F results in longer chain [H₂BNMeH]_n. Finally, Chapter 5 presents new dicationic {Rh(Xantphos)}-based dimers, the formation of which involves loss of a phenyl group from the Xantphos ligands by P—C activation. The dimers are produced by routes involving either dehydrogenative homocoupling of H₃B∙NMe₃, or dehydrocoupling of H₃B∙NMe₂H. One of these dimers was tested as a catalyst for the dehydrocoupling of H₃B∙NMe₂H, and the reaction kinetics appear closely related those obtained using {Rh(Xantphos)}+, suggesting that the active catalysts in each system may be related.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Vários complexos de ródio Rh2(L)4 (L = acetato, propionato, butirato, trifluoroaceta-to e trifluoroacetamidato) ligam-se à albumina de soro humana (HSA) em relações mola-res de aproximadamente 8:1. Medidas de dicroísmo circular mostraram que os carboxila-tos mais lipossolúveis (butirato e trifluoroacetato) provocaram as maiores alterações na estrutura secundária da HSA. As constantes de Stern-Volmer para a supressão de fluo-rescência da HSA por esses complexos também foram maiores para os compostos mais lipofílicos. O amidato lipossolúvel, Rh2(tfc)4, apresentou supressão intermediária e não provocou alterações estruturais. Isto mostra que é possível projetar metalofármacos anti-tumorais que se ligam a proteínas de transporte em grande quantidade, sem provocar al-terações estruturais importantes. Esses complexos tiveram também suas afinidades em relação à HSA determinadas por espectrofotometria, observando-se no caso dos alquil-carboxilatos uma correlação inversa com suas lipossolubilidades, o que sugere uma com-petição entre coordenação axial ao metal e interação hidrofóbica do ligante. A difusão dos complexos livres ou ligados à proteína para células de Ehrlich in vitro parece primordial-mente governada pelo caráter hidrofóbico do complexo. O complexo Rh2(tfc)4 apresentou afinidade pela proteína (K = 214,1), além de partição celular tanto em ausência (32,1%) como na presença (48,6%) de HSA. Desta forma, o composto HSA:Rh2(tfc)4 teve sua a-ção antitumoral investigada em camundongos Balb-c portadores de ascite de Ehrlich, mostrando que a HSA pode ser um reservatório para o complexo de ródio. / Various divalent rhodium complexes Rh2(L)4 (L = acetate, propionate, butyrate, tri-fluoroacetate and trifluoroacetamidate) have been found to bind to non-defatted human serum albumin (HSA) at molar ratios about 8:1. The circular dichroism measurements showed that the more liposoluble carboxylates butyrate and trifluoroacetate caused the major alterations of the secondary structure of HSA. Stern-Volmer constants for the fluo-rescence quenching by these complexes were also higher for the lipophilic metal com-pounds. In the case of the rhodium carboxylates it was observed that their denaturating and quenching properties could be explained in terms of their liposolubilities: the higher their lipophilic characters, the higher their abilities to penetrate inside the protein frame-work leading to structural alterations, and the closer they could get to the Trp214 residue causing fluorescence quenching. The liposoluble amidate complex Rh2(tfc)4, presented an intermediate quenching and did not cause structural alterations in the protein, presumably not penetrating inside the peptidic backbone. This shows that it is possible to design new antitumor metal complexes which bind to a large extent to a transporter protein causing little structural damage. The affinities for human albumin of these five rhodium(II) comple-xes were determined by spectrophotometry. In the case of the alkylcarboxylates, an inver-se correlation of affinity with their liposolubilities was observed. Diffusion of the free or pro-tein-bound complexes into Ehrlich cells in vitro seems to be primarily governed by the hy-drophobic character of the complex. The complex Rh2(tfc)4 exhibited considerable affinity towards the protein (K = 214.1) as well as cell partition both in the absence (32.1%) and presence (48.6%) of HSA. The compound HSA:Rh2(tfc)4 has had its antitumoral action in tumor-bearing Balb-c mice investigated, showing that HSA can be a drug reservoir for the rhodium complex.

by Maoqi Feng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Foram estudados os produtos da interação entre o acetato e o trifluoroacetato de ródio (respectivamente, Rh2(OAc)4 e Rh2(TFA)4) com amidas (formamida, FA; acetamida, AA; N-metil-acetamida, MA; benzamida, BA; N-fenil-acetamida, NFAA; trifluoroacetamida, TMA; ciclofosfamida, CFA), objetivando caracterização química e avaliação do potencial anti-tumor. Foram sintetizados por refluxo em clorofórmio dois adutos de Rh2(OAc)4 (Rh2(OAc)4-2FA e Rh2(OAc)4-2AA) e sete adutos inéditos de Rh2(TFA)4, de fórmula geral Rh2(TFA)4-2L (L = AA, BA, CFA, FA, MA, NFAA e TMA). Também obtivemos o novo amidato de Rh(II), Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA), por fusão de Rh2(OAc)4 com TMA. Através da fusão de Rh2(TFA)4 com MA, obtivemos um composto que formulamos como Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2. Os resultados de análise elementar foram satisfatórios. Os adutos apresentaram bandas de absorção características dos carboxilatos de ródio (~ em 600, 450, 250 - ombro - e 220 nm). O modo de coordenação do ligante axial, pelo átomo de oxigênio da amida, foi determinado pela diminuição da freqüência de estiramento C-O na região do infravermelho (IV). Os amidatos apresentaram apenas uma banda na região do visível, e na região do IV os valores de?estiramentos característicos dos principais grupos orgânicos. Estudos comparativos dos espectros Raman mostraram que a freqüência Rh-Rh diminui ao se passar de um carboxilato para um amidato. Medidas de susceptibilidade magnética atestam o diamagnetismo de todas as moléculas (ligação Rh-Rh simples). O mecanismo de termodecomposição do Rh2(TFA)4 e dos seus adutos com amidas envolve mais de uma etapa, sendo que os intermediários podem apresentar estruturas do tipo Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)n (x e n = 1 ou 2). Avaliação do potencial citostático (frente a células U937, K562 e ascite de Ehrlich) e da DL50 (camundongos Balb-c) do complexo Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA mostraram atividade in vitro superior e toxicidade in vivo semelhante às da cisplatina. / We studied the interaction products of two Rh carboxylates (acetate, AC; and trifluoroacetate, TFA) with amides (formamide, FA; acetamide, AA; N-methyl-acetamide, MA; benzamide, BA; N-phenyl-acetamide, NFAA; trifluoroacetamide, TMA; cyclophosphamide, CFA). Two adducts of AC (AC-2FA e AC-2AA) and seven new adducts of TFA (TFA-2FA, TFA-2AA, TFA-2MA, TFA-2BA, TFA-2NFAA, TFA-2TMA, TFA-2CFA) were synthesized by reflux in CHCl3 solution. We obtained also the new Rh(II) amidates Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (TFACAM-2TMA) and a compound formulated as Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2 (\"Semi-MACAM\"), by fusion of the appropriate reagents. Elemental microanalysis results were satisfactory. Thermal decomposition mechanism of TFA and its adducts involves more than one step, and the intermediates can exhibit structures as Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)x (x = 0 or 1). Citostatic potential evaluation (towards U937, K562 and Ehrlich ascites cells) and of LD50 (Balb-c mice) of the compound TFACAM-2TMA showed superior in vitro activity and similar in vivo toxicity when compared with cisplatin.

Foram estudados os produtos da interação entre o acetato e o trifluoroacetato de ródio (respectivamente, Rh2(OAc)4 e Rh2(TFA)4) com amidas (formamida, FA; acetamida, AA; N-metil-acetamida, MA; benzamida, BA; N-fenil-acetamida, NFAA; trifluoroacetamida, TMA; ciclofosfamida, CFA), objetivando caracterização química e avaliação do potencial anti-tumor. Foram sintetizados por refluxo em clorofórmio dois adutos de Rh2(OAc)4 (Rh2(OAc)4-2FA e Rh2(OAc)4-2AA) e sete adutos inéditos de Rh2(TFA)4, de fórmula geral Rh2(TFA)4-2L (L = AA, BA, CFA, FA, MA, NFAA e TMA). Também obtivemos o novo amidato de Rh(II), Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA), por fusão de Rh2(OAc)4 com TMA. Através da fusão de Rh2(TFA)4 com MA, obtivemos um composto que formulamos como Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2. Os resultados de análise elementar foram satisfatórios. Os adutos apresentaram bandas de absorção características dos carboxilatos de ródio (~ em 600, 450, 250 - ombro - e 220 nm). O modo de coordenação do ligante axial, pelo átomo de oxigênio da amida, foi determinado pela diminuição da freqüência de estiramento C-O na região do infravermelho (IV). Os amidatos apresentaram apenas uma banda na região do visível, e na região do IV os valores de?estiramentos característicos dos principais grupos orgânicos. Estudos comparativos dos espectros Raman mostraram que a freqüência Rh-Rh diminui ao se passar de um carboxilato para um amidato. Medidas de susceptibilidade magnética atestam o diamagnetismo de todas as moléculas (ligação Rh-Rh simples). O mecanismo de termodecomposição do Rh2(TFA)4 e dos seus adutos com amidas envolve mais de uma etapa, sendo que os intermediários podem apresentar estruturas do tipo Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)n (x e n = 1 ou 2). Avaliação do potencial citostático (frente a células U937, K562 e ascite de Ehrlich) e da DL50 (camundongos Balb-c) do complexo Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA mostraram atividade in vitro superior e toxicidade in vivo semelhante às da cisplatina. / We studied the interaction products of two Rh carboxylates (acetate, AC; and trifluoroacetate, TFA) with amides (formamide, FA; acetamide, AA; N-methyl-acetamide, MA; benzamide, BA; N-phenyl-acetamide, NFAA; trifluoroacetamide, TMA; cyclophosphamide, CFA). Two adducts of AC (AC-2FA e AC-2AA) and seven new adducts of TFA (TFA-2FA, TFA-2AA, TFA-2MA, TFA-2BA, TFA-2NFAA, TFA-2TMA, TFA-2CFA) were synthesized by reflux in CHCl3 solution. We obtained also the new Rh(II) amidates Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (TFACAM-2TMA) and a compound formulated as Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2 (\"Semi-MACAM\"), by fusion of the appropriate reagents. Elemental microanalysis results were satisfactory. Thermal decomposition mechanism of TFA and its adducts involves more than one step, and the intermediates can exhibit structures as Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)x (x = 0 or 1). Citostatic potential evaluation (towards U937, K562 and Ehrlich ascites cells) and of LD50 (Balb-c mice) of the compound TFACAM-2TMA showed superior in vitro activity and similar in vivo toxicity when compared with cisplatin.

Vários complexos de ródio Rh2(L)4 (L = acetato, propionato, butirato, trifluoroaceta-to e trifluoroacetamidato) ligam-se à albumina de soro humana (HSA) em relações mola-res de aproximadamente 8:1. Medidas de dicroísmo circular mostraram que os carboxila-tos mais lipossolúveis (butirato e trifluoroacetato) provocaram as maiores alterações na estrutura secundária da HSA. As constantes de Stern-Volmer para a supressão de fluo-rescência da HSA por esses complexos também foram maiores para os compostos mais lipofílicos. O amidato lipossolúvel, Rh2(tfc)4, apresentou supressão intermediária e não provocou alterações estruturais. Isto mostra que é possível projetar metalofármacos anti-tumorais que se ligam a proteínas de transporte em grande quantidade, sem provocar al-terações estruturais importantes. Esses complexos tiveram também suas afinidades em relação à HSA determinadas por espectrofotometria, observando-se no caso dos alquil-carboxilatos uma correlação inversa com suas lipossolubilidades, o que sugere uma com-petição entre coordenação axial ao metal e interação hidrofóbica do ligante. A difusão dos complexos livres ou ligados à proteína para células de Ehrlich in vitro parece primordial-mente governada pelo caráter hidrofóbico do complexo. O complexo Rh2(tfc)4 apresentou afinidade pela proteína (K = 214,1), além de partição celular tanto em ausência (32,1%) como na presença (48,6%) de HSA. Desta forma, o composto HSA:Rh2(tfc)4 teve sua a-ção antitumoral investigada em camundongos Balb-c portadores de ascite de Ehrlich, mostrando que a HSA pode ser um reservatório para o complexo de ródio. / Various divalent rhodium complexes Rh2(L)4 (L = acetate, propionate, butyrate, tri-fluoroacetate and trifluoroacetamidate) have been found to bind to non-defatted human serum albumin (HSA) at molar ratios about 8:1. The circular dichroism measurements showed that the more liposoluble carboxylates butyrate and trifluoroacetate caused the major alterations of the secondary structure of HSA. Stern-Volmer constants for the fluo-rescence quenching by these complexes were also higher for the lipophilic metal com-pounds. In the case of the rhodium carboxylates it was observed that their denaturating and quenching properties could be explained in terms of their liposolubilities: the higher their lipophilic characters, the higher their abilities to penetrate inside the protein frame-work leading to structural alterations, and the closer they could get to the Trp214 residue causing fluorescence quenching. The liposoluble amidate complex Rh2(tfc)4, presented an intermediate quenching and did not cause structural alterations in the protein, presumably not penetrating inside the peptidic backbone. This shows that it is possible to design new antitumor metal complexes which bind to a large extent to a transporter protein causing little structural damage. The affinities for human albumin of these five rhodium(II) comple-xes were determined by spectrophotometry. In the case of the alkylcarboxylates, an inver-se correlation of affinity with their liposolubilities was observed. Diffusion of the free or pro-tein-bound complexes into Ehrlich cells in vitro seems to be primarily governed by the hy-drophobic character of the complex. The complex Rh2(tfc)4 exhibited considerable affinity towards the protein (K = 214.1) as well as cell partition both in the absence (32.1%) and presence (48.6%) of HSA. The compound HSA:Rh2(tfc)4 has had its antitumoral action in tumor-bearing Balb-c mice investigated, showing that HSA can be a drug reservoir for the rhodium complex.

Chiral amines are ubiquitous functionalities found in the architecture of the natural world and have been embedded into materials, catalysts, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and bioactive natural products. However, limited approaches are accessible for the construction of an enantioenriched tertiary or quaternary-containing amine. This thesis describes the development of new methodologies for the synthesis of 7-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle and 1,2-diamine compounds. Chapter one describes the application of dynamic kinetic asymmetric amination (DYKAT) of branched allylic acetimidates in the synthesis of 2-alkyldihydrobenzoazepin-5-ones. These 7-membered-ring aza-ketones are generated in good yield with high enantiomeric excess through sequential rhodium-catalyzed allylic amination with 2-amino aryl aldehydes followed by intramolecular olefin hydroacylation of the resulting alkenals. This two-step procedure is efficient, straightforward and convenient for the enantioselective preparation of these ring systems. In Chapter two, we further extended the methodology towards the allylic amination of racemic secondary and tertiary allylic trichloroacetimidates possessing β-nitrogen substituents, and proximal nitrogen-containing heterocycles, using the DYKAT transformation to provide branched allylic 1,2-diamines with high enantioselectivity. The catalytic system is versatile in the synthesis of 1,2-diamines possessing two contiguous stereocenters, with excellent diastereoselectivity. Additionally, the nitrogen-containing heterocycles suppress competing vinyl azirdine formation, allowing for the high enantioselective syntheses of 1,2-diamines possessing tertiary and quaternary centers. Chapter three gives a very brief outlook on our efforts in rhodium-catalyzed amination strategy in providing access to a variety of enantiopure α-fluoromethylated allylic amines.

Aren-Halbsandwichkomplexe des Rhodiums und Iridiums wurden dargestellt und ihre Reaktivität gegenüber Substrate wie Wasserstoff, Olefine oder Alkine untersucht. Neu synthetisierte Trialkylphosphane mit integrierten Arylgruppen wurden als Chelatliganden eingesetzt sowie intramolekulare C-H Aktivierungen mit diesen Phosphanen durchgeführt. / Arene halfsandwich-type complexes of rhodium and iridium have been prepared and their reactivity toward substrates like hydrogen, olefins or alkynes has been studied. New synthesized trialkyl phosphanes with integrated aryl groups have been used as chelating ligands, C-H activations with these phosphanes have been carried out.