I detta examensarbete var vårt syfte att synliggöra vilka matematiska strategier som framkommer vid praktisk problemlösning när det gäller barn i 6 årsåldern. Vi ville även undersöka hur barnen använder det de ritar som ett stöd för att lösa problemen. I undersökning observerades sammanlagt 10 barn i förskoleklasser från två olika enheter i Ljungby kommun. Det vi har genomfört är en fallstudie med en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod, då vi var intresserade av vilka strategier barnen använde vid problemlösningar, både med öppna frågor och frågor med givet svar. Arbetet visar att barnen använde sig av olika matematiska strategier som motsvarar vad litteraturen säger. De vanligaste strategierna var fingerräkning och huvudräkning. Det som skiljer mellan de två olika problemen var att i de öppna frågorna fick vi fler varierade svar. Det framkom också i undersökningen att barnen inte använde det de ritade som ett stöd för att lösa problemen.

<p>I detta examensarbete var vårt syfte att synliggöra vilka matematiska strategier som framkommer vid praktisk problemlösning när det gäller barn i 6 årsåldern. Vi ville även undersöka hur barnen använder det de ritar som ett stöd för att lösa problemen. I undersökning observerades sammanlagt 10 barn i förskoleklasser från två olika enheter i Ljungby kommun. Det vi har genomfört är en fallstudie med en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod, då vi var intresserade av vilka strategier barnen använde vid problemlösningar, både med öppna frågor och frågor med givet svar. Arbetet visar att barnen använde sig av olika matematiska strategier som motsvarar vad litteraturen säger. De vanligaste strategierna var fingerräkning och huvudräkning. Det som skiljer mellan de två olika problemen var att i de öppna frågorna fick vi fler varierade svar. Det framkom också i undersökningen att barnen inte använde det de ritade som ett stöd för att lösa problemen.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Brown University, 2003. / Available in film copy from University Microfilms International. Vita. Thesis advisor: Jeff Todd Titon. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-241). Also available online.

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Field work to determine possible causes of variation in avian social behavior in a nonbreeding community of 42 species was undertaken during two winter seasons in oak-juniper woodland of the Santa Rita mountains of southern Arizona. Transect observations are used to calculate monthly densities, frequency of social foraging, and size and composition of social groups for all species. Additional data taken to quantify the foraging logistics of 22 species includes foraging substrate, time spent at a foraging station, and distance travelled between foraging stations. These data are used to generate indices of logistic similarity and interspecific association for species pairs in order to test the hypothesis that species which are similar in their foraging logistics are more likely to associate than those which are not. Causes of solitary behavior and variation in intraspecific social behavior are also examined. Exclusively solitary foraging behavior is strongly associated with species that use sparse, unpredictable prey too small to share. These species, referred to as "extensive foragers," appear to be constrained from both intraspecific and interspecific association by being logistic mismatches with all but their closest competitors, with which the potential for interference competition is high. Evidence is presented to refute the hypothesis that solitary behavior is due to low vulnerability to predators. Species which are intraspecifically solitary tend to use evenly distributed resources, and gregarious species use patchy and abundant resources. Exceptions are most frequent among permanent residents, which may continue to maintain social and spacing systems used in the breeding season. Among gregarious species, permanent residents are more likely to maintain stable group sizes than winter residents. A correlation exists between similarity of foraging logistics and likelihood of interspecific association, but it is subject to considerable variance. Causes of this variance include the tendency of transient migrants not to associate with other species, and the tendency of certain species to form temporary associations, regardless of logistic similarities. Why some species form temporary ("opportunistic") associations while others do not remains unclear.

A study of the coyote in southern Arizona was initiated to gain insight into basic ecological relationships and to provide a basis for more detailed future studies. The behavioral portion of the study was conducted on the Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER), where apparent minimum home ranges for 6 radio-tracked coyotes ranged in size from 0.5 to 7.9 square miles, and averaged 4.2 square miles. The relatively small home ranges may have reflected high coyote density and abundance of food during the period of study. Females tended to occupy larger areas than did males. Home ranges appeared to be a composite of foraging ranges, each of which had its own center of activity. Generally home ranges exhibited the property of linearity. Coyotes typically became active before dusk and remained so until midmorning of the following day, with cooler weather extending activity periods. Based upon annuli counts from canine teeth of 378 coyotes, the age distribution within the general population was as follows: 0-1 year old, 32.8%; 1-2, 14.3%; 2-3, 15.3%, 3-4, 12.2%; 4-5, 11.4%; 5-6, 5.0%; and over 6 years, 9.0% of the sample. The average age was 3.2 years (s.d. 2.4), with one animal reaching just under 14 years of age. Subsamples representing different years, causes of death, and counties had significantly different age class distributions. Also, coyote age class structures from various regions of North America exhibited highly significant variations. Of 273 known-sex coyotes, the ratio was 154 males: 119 females. Males tended to outlive females; for coyotes over 5 years of age males significantly outnumbered females. The control practices of trapping and poisoning killed a highly significant majority of male coyotes. Hypothetically, disproportionate sex ratios were part of a mechanism whereby coyote populations maintained a balance with their environment. Reproductive tracts from 22 males and 20 females were examined. Males produced spermatozoa from January to June. There was no evidence of breeding among juvenile females. Over 100 coyote specimens were examined for parasites. Information on the occurrence of ectoparasites tended to be of qualitative value. The species identified were Pulex simulans, Echidnophaga gallinacea, Thrassis arizonensis, Heterodoxus spiniger, and Otobius megnini. The 15 species of helminths recovered consisted of 5 cestodes, including Taenia pisiformis (56% infection rate), T. multiceps (22%), T. macrocystis (6%), T. hydatigena (1%), and Mesocestoides sp. (6%); 8 nematodes, including Ancylostoma caninum (38%), Filaroides osleri (3%), Toxascaris leonina (43%), Physaloptera rara (51%), P. sp. (1%), Rictularia cahirensis (3%), Mastophorus numidica (1%), and Dirofilaria immitis (2%); and 2 acanthocephalans, including Oncicola canis (46%) and Pachysentis canicola (1%). Pups and females were subject to greater collective endoparasite burdens. Variations in incidence and intensity of infection were also noted with year, season, and county. A general picture of food habits was obtained by examining 101 coyote stomachs. By percentage of overall volume, stomach contents were: larger mammel, 25.4%; smaller mammal, 35.0%; bird, 16.4%; reptile, 0.1%; invertebrate, 6.4%; and vegetable matter, 16.2%. Much of the larger mammal material was carrion. Statistical analyses revealed that there were significant differences in the diets of pups and females versus adults and males, respectively, while variations in diet between years, seasons, and counties did not appear significant. By percentage of organic weight, contents of 619 coyote scats from the SRER were: larger mammal, 15.8%; smaller mammal, 49.9%; bird, 0.8%; reptile, 0.2%; insect, 5.4%; and vegetable matter, 27.9%. Variations in recovered weights of the major food categories between seasons were highly significant. The proportion of native fruits and insects in the scats increased greatly in summer and fall, and appeared responsible for moderating predation upon smaller mammals for several months.

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