Despite the decades of intensive research, nucleic acids represent still a permanent object of structural studies. Within the framework of the doctoral work, the apparatus for measurement of UV excited resonance Raman spectra (UV RRS) was built up and optimized. A realistic and complex interpretation table was prepared based on analysis of published data and extensive series of UV RRS measurements on NA model structures, mononucleotides, and polynucleotides. The established methodology was verified when applied in several structural studies of nucleic acids, mainly the study of the influence of magnesium ions on the equilibrium between duplexes and triplexes formed by PolyA and PolyU homopolynucleotides, a study of temperature-induced structural changes in DNA double helix and DNA hairpin, and investigation of slow structural transitions of guanine quadruplexes induced by the presence of potassium ions. The results of the test measurements and the above-mentioned studies have shown that the created methodology for studying UV RRS of nucleic acids brings most of the expected benefits of the resonance excitation: the possibility of Raman scattering measurements at the same concentrations as in the case of UV absorption, high sensitivity to fine temperature-induced structural changes and good interpretability...

Les bactéries des microbiotes vivent avec l'homme une interaction mutualiste et tout facteur perturbant l'un ou l'autre des protagonistes peut rompre l'équilibre établi engendrant diverses modifications des interactions existantes. Dans ce contexte instable, les bactéries pathogènes opportunistes d'origine endogène et environnementale qui ont une grande adaptabilité vont pouvoir étendre leur niche écologique ou trouver une nouvelle niche. La diversité des bactéries atypiques ainsi que l'évolution génétique et génomique des bactéries du microbiote respiratoire des patients atteints de mucoviscidose (CF) illustrent ces phénomènes d'adaptation. Le déficit de l'immunité innée locale va en effet être à l'origine d'une colonisation des voies respiratoires (VRCF) par des bactéries endogènes et exogènes qui vont alors mettre en jeu divers mécanismes d'adaptation à cette niche écologique particulière. Le but de notre travail était d'étudier des marqueurs phénotypiques, génétiques et génomiques, témoins potentiels de l'adaptation bactérienne, en particulier au cours de la mucoviscidose. Pour cela, l'étude de la diversité intragénomique des copies du gène de l'ARN ribosomique 16S (rrs), reflétant la capacité d'adaptation bactérienne à des conditions environnementales fluctuantes, a été réalisée par une méthode de PCR et d'électrophorèse avec dénaturation en gradient de température (PCR-TTGE) sur un grand nombre de Veillonella spp. (n=149), d'Achromobacter xylosoxidans (n=164), ainsi que sur 6 autres espèces impliquées dans la colonisation des VRCF (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis et Streptococcus pneumoniae). L'étude de la dynamique du génome de 90 isolats de 12 patients colonisés chroniquement par A. xylosoxidans a été menée par PCR-TTGE, analyse du polymorphisme des fragments de restriction après électrophorèse en champ pulsé et PCR sur séquences répétées. Enfin, l'effet de contraintes environnementales chimiques sur la croissance d'une partie du microbiote CF a été évalué, incluant une étude approfondie de l'effet du NaCl sur 85 isolats de P. aeruginosa.Ces différentes approches nous ont permis de mettre en évidence : i) la diversité intra-génomique des copies de rrs chez Veillonella (74% d'isolats présentant des copies divergentes), H. influenzae (61%), S. maltophilia (38%), A. xylosoxidans (28%), et S. aureus (17%), ii) la clonalité des isolats d'A. xylosoxidans colonisant chroniquement les patients CF associée à une évolution génétique et/ou génomique intra-clonale, iii) l'effet de contraintes environnementales telles que la salinité, le pH et la température sur le microbiote cultivable des VRCF, iv) l'effet antimicrobien du NaCl inhibant la croissance de 100% des P. aeruginosa isolés des VRCF à une concentration de 6%, inférieure à celle utilisée en thérapeutique, et montrant une action bactéricide sur 90% des isolats à une concentration de 10%, v) l'effet multiple du NaCl sur la croissance, le biofilm et la mobilité de P. aeruginosa. Les rrs et le génome constituent des témoins de l'adaptation des bactéries au sein des microbiotes et permettent de mettre en évidence l'importance et la diversité de ces phénomènes dans la niche pathologique que représentent les VRCF. Les contraintes environnementales de la niche écologique influencent cette adaptation. Au cours de la mucoviscidose, le potentiel thérapeutique de la modification de facteurs environnementaux tels que la salinité ou le pH doit être considéré compte tenu de l'impact de ces perturbations sur les communautés microbiennes pathologiques adaptées aux VRCF. / Bacterial microbiotae and human beings developed mutualist interactions. All disrupting factors impacting this equilibrium can modify relationships among microbiota members with diverse consequences. In such an unstable context, opportunistic bacterial pathogens (OBPs) of endogenous or environmental origin showing great adaptability may find favorable conditions leading to ecological niche extension or to new niche colonization. This is illustrated by the diversity of atypical bacteria as well as by genetic and genomic evolution of members of the cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory tract (CFRT) microbiota. The deficit in local innate immunity allowed colonization by endogenous and exogenous bacteria that will further develop adaptation processes to this particular ecological niche. The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic, genetic and genomic potential adaptation markers in different models of OBPs, particularly in CF. For this purpose, we described the variability in the multiple rrs gene copies using PCR and temperature-based denaturing electrophoresis (PCR-TTGE) on large collections of Veillonella (n=149) and Achromobacter xylosoxidans (n=164), as well as on isolates of six other species involved in the CFRT colonization (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae). Genome dynamics of 90 isolates from 12 patients chronically colonized by A. xylosoxidans was studied by PCR-TTGE, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR on repetitive sequences. Finally, the effect of environmental stress was evaluated on part of the growing CF microbiota and a thorough study of NaCl effect on 85 CF P. aeruginosa isolates was performed.These different approaches highlight: i) the intragenomic heterogeneity of the rrs gene copies in Veillonella (74% of isolates), H. influenzae (61%), S. maltophilia (38%), A. xylosoxidans (28%), and S. aureus (17%), ii) a clonal chronic colonization with A. xylosoxidans in 12 CF patients associated with rrs genetic and/or genomic intra-clonal evolution, iii) the effect of environmental stress such as salinity, pH and temperature on the CFRT microbiota, iv) the antimicrobial effect of NaCl on CF P. aeruginosa isolates, a 6% NaCl concentration inhibiting the growth of all the isolates and a bactericidal action being observed for 90% of the isolates with 10% NaCl, v) multiple effects of NaCl on growth, biofilm and mobility of P. aeruginosa. This study shows that rrs genes and genome dynamics witness for bacterial adaptability within microbiota according to environmental constraints and underlines the diversity and importance of adaptation processes in the long-term pathological adapted microbial communities of the CFRT. Modification of environmental factors such as salinity or pH of the CFRT niche may impact the microbiota and should be considered as targets for CF therapeutics.

The computer and microelectronics technologies are developing very quickly nowadays. In the mean time, the modern integrated avionics systems are burgeoning unceasingly. The modern integrated modular architecture more and more requires the low-latency and reliable communication databus with the high bandwidth. The traditional avionics databus technology, such as ARINC429, can not provide enough high speed and size for data communication, and it is a problem to achieve transmission mission successfully between the advanced avionic devices with the sufficient bandwidth. AFDX(Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet) is a good solution for this problem, which is the high-speed full duplex switched avionic databus, on the basis of the Ethernet technology. AFDX can not only avoid Ethernet conflicts and collisions, but also increase transmission rate with a lower weigh of the databus. AFDX is now adopted by A380,B787 aircraft successfully. The avionics data must be delivered punctualy and reliablely, so it is very essential to validate the real-time performance of AFDX during the design process. The simulation is a good method to acquire the network performance, but it only happends in some given set of scenarios, and it is impossible to consider every case. So a sophisticatd network performance method for the worst-case scenario with the pessimistic upper bound requires to be deduced. The avionic design engineers have launched many researches in the AFDX simulation and methods study. That is the goal that this thesis is aimming for. The development of this project can been planned in the following two steps. In the first step, a communication platform plans to be implemented to simulate the AFDX network in two versions – the RTAI realtime framework and Linux user space framework. Ultimately, these frameworks need to be integrated into net-ASS, which is an integrated simulation and assessment platform in the cranfield’s lab.The second step deduces an effective method to evaluate network performance, including three bounds(delay,backlog and output flow), based on the NC. It is called Network Calculus. It is an internet theory keeping the network system in determistic way. It is also used in communication queue management. This mathematics method is planed to be verified with simulation results from the AFDX simuation communication platform, in order to assure its validity and applicability. All in all, the project aims to assess the performance of different network topologies in different avionic architectures, through the simulation and the mathematical assessment. The technologies used in this thesis benefit to find problems and faults in the beginning stage of the avionics architecture design in the industrial project, especially, in terms of guarantee the lossless service in avionics databus.

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