Global ETD Search

1	Certifying sustainability : Independent oil palm smallholders' experiences of the RSPO certification process in the Riau province, Indonesia Markne, Matilda January 2016 (has links) Palm oil is a growing market, and environmental and social concerns have led to a global demand of sustainable palm oil. In this study I investigate the certification process of the Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) from the experiences of independent smallholders. I perform interviews and observations in two independent smallholder associations in the Riau province in Indonesia who are in the end of the RSPO certification process. What I find is that most smallholders have extrinsic motivators (an increase in price) for wanting to join the certi fication, but that a few smallholders express intrinsic motivators as well (a care for the environment). I find that the certification process is creating a lot of changes to the agricultural practices of the smallholders, mainly regarding harvest, fertilisation, pesticide usage, and pruning. The challenges that the independent smallholders experience mainly regard their knowledge, level of organisation, institutional support, fertilisation, and documentation. I find that many of the smallholders use traditional knowledge while the RSPO is an organisation that mainly use modern knowledge, and I claim that some of the dif ficulties that independent smallholders experience when certifying derives from this collision of knowledge systems. Lastly, I claim that the organisation is an expression of modernity and risk society, and that the rise of voluntary sustainability certi fications the last decade can be seen as a response to the modern risk of climate change. palm oil independent smallholders RSPO certification sustainability Indonesia
2	Palm oil - towards a sustainable future? : Challanges and opportunites for the Swedish food industry Nilsson, Sara January 2013 (has links) The food industry faces problems relating to the sustainability of palm oil as a food commodity. These problem areas include social, environmental, economic and health issues. The food industry also competes with increasing palm oil demands from the energy sector. This case study identifies and analyzes different perspectives regarding sustainable palm oil as a food commodity in Sweden through interviews with palm oil experts in different businesses and organizations. This study focuses on how the food retailer Axfood manages the identified views. The results show that Axfood handle the problem areas by their membership in the organization Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). At the moment are certificates bought for all their usage of palm oil, but discussions have been started to change to another palm oil certification system within the RSPO. From the results was it concluded that higher demands are placed on palm oil from the energy sector than from the food industry. Common demands need to be placed on the fat and oil industry to reach more sustainable levels of the certified oil. Sustainability has different meanings for different actors within the palm oil industry. Decreasing the usage of palm oil is part of the solution to achieving a more environmentally responsible palm oil industry. Energy Food Palm oil RSPO Sustainability Social Sciences Interdisciplinary
3	Cell type-dependent differential activation of ERK by oncogenic KRAS or BRAF in the mouse intestinal epithelium Brandt, Raphael 10 March 2023 (has links) Kolorektale Karzinome (CRC) zeigen eine heterogene Ätiologie. Die Progression prämaligner Vorläufer zu CRC unterscheidet (U) sich in Morphologie, molekularen Veränderungen und Interaktion mit der Tumorumgebung. CRC weisen oft onkogene Mutationen in KRAS und BRAF auf. Diese steigern die MAPK Signalwegaktivität (Mpa). Obwohl sie im selben Signalweg wirken, sind KRAS und BRAF auf die CRC-Entitäten U verteilt. Dabei ist KRAS häufiger im sogenannten konventionellen und BRAF im serratierten Weg zu CRC mutiert. In dieser Studie nutzte ich murine intestinale Organoide (iO), die induzierbare (Ind) KRAS oder BRAF Onkogene exprimieren. Große U zwischen KRAS und BRAF zeigten sich sowohl in Signaltransduktion (ST) als auch im Phänotyp. Phosphoprotein-, ERK-Reporter-, scRNA-Seq und EM-Analysen ergaben eine starke Mpa durch BRAF, die zu hoher Expression von MAPK-Zielgenen und Verlust der epithelialen Integrität führte. iO nach KRAS-Ind blieben intakt, korrelierend mit moderater, zelltypspezifischer (ZS) Mpa in sekretorischen und undifferenzierten Zellen. Die meisten Enterozyten waren Mpa-negativ. ERK-Reporter zeigten: Das ZS Muster der Mpa ist nicht nur gegenüber KRAS, sondern auch dem Entzug von Wachstumsfaktoren stabil. Dies spricht für eine intrinsische, robuste Regulierung der Mpa. BRAF-Ind Mpa setzte die ZS Regulierung der MAPK außer Kraft und schädigte das Gewebe, im Einklang mit einer oberen Grenze tolerabler Mpa. Die ZS Mpa wurde in CRC-Zelllinien bestätigt, deren Mpa durch KRAS aber nicht BRAF U ausfiel. Ferner, nutzte ich iO mit bCatenin+KRAS-Ind, um den konventionellen Weg zu CRC zu modellieren. Die Kombination führte zu synergistischen Effekten, die sich in EGFR-unabhängigem Wachstum und der Aufhebung der ZS Mpa-Blockade äußerten, die durch eine Verschiebung der Differenzierung zu mehr Progenitorzellen bewirkt wurde. Zusammenfassend konnte ich U in der Mpa durch KRAS oder BRAF im Darmepithel feststellen, was dazu beiträgt, deren Rollen in der CRC-Genese zu bestimmen. / Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with heterogeneous etiology. Premalignant lesions follow distinct routes of progression to carcinoma reflected by differences in morphology, molecular alterations and the tumor environment. Mutant KRAS and BRAF are frequent, leading to MAPK pathway activation (Mpa), which is relevant for CRC therapy. Despite acting in the same pathway, mutant KRAS and BRAF segregate to different entities, as KRAS is more frequent in the conventional- and BRAF being specific for the serrated route to CRC. I used murine intestinal organoids (iO) expressing inducible oncogenic KRAS or BRAF to study the impact of oncogenes in primary cells. I found marked differences in signal transduction and phenotype. Phospho-protein, ERK-reporter, scRNA-seq and EM data showed strong Mpa upon BRAF induction followed by ERK-target gene expression leading to tissue disruption. In contrast, KRAS left the tissue intact resulting in less and cell type-dependent Mpa limited to secretory cells, a subset of late-stage enterocytes and undifferentiated crypt cells. Most enterocytes were irresponsive to KRAS. The pattern of Mpa was robust towards KRAS or growth factor depletion arguing in favor of intrinsic, resilient MAPK regulation. In iO, BRAF-induced Mpa could break this cell type-specific regulation, indicating an upper limit of tolerable Mpa. I validated these findings in CRC cell lines that differed in Mpa in response to oncogenic KRAS but not BRAF. Finally, I used iO expressing an inducible form of stabilized bCatenin in combination with KRAS to mimic events frequently found in the conventional pathway to CRC. Expression of KRAS and bCatenin synergized in driving EGFR independent growth and breaking the villus-specific block of Mpa by altering differentiation towards progenitor cell types. In summary, this study emphasizes differences between Mpa induced by oncogenic KRAS or BRAF which helps clarifying their nature in different etiological routes to CRC genesis. KRAS KRASG12V BRAF BRAFV600E EGFR EGF MAPK ERK FIRE Reporter MEK MAPKK MAPKKK beta-Catenin intestinale Organoidkultur intestinale Organoide Mausmodelle von Tumoren kolorektales Karzinom kolorektale Karzionome CRC Primärzellen Tumormodelle Onkogene oncogenes KRAS oncogenes BRAF onkogene Signaltransduktion 3D Modell matrigel R-spondin RSPO Noggin KRAS KRASG12V BRAF BRAFV600E EGFR EGF MAPK ERK FIRE reporter MEK MAPKK MAPKKK beta-Catenin intestinal organoid intestinal organoids intestinal organoid culture murine model of cancer colorectal carcinoma CRC primary tumor model oncogenes oncogenic KRAS oncogenic BRAF 3D model matrigel R-spondin RSPO Noggin 610 Medizin und Gesundheit ddc:610

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