Global ETD Search

1	Endothelin-1 Induced Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells Bethi, Akhila 01 August 2012 (has links) The purpose of this study was to determine whether Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced cellular responses in bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs) involves MAPK pathway by phosphorylating ERK1/2 protein kinase and to find out the phosphorylation patterns of ERK1/2 in confluent and sub-confluent cells. BCECs were isolated from bovine corneas and cultured in medium supplemented with 10% serum. Confluent (contact inhibited) and sub-confluent (actively growing cells) serum starved cells grown in T-75 flasks were treated with 10nM Endothelin-1. The control cells were left untreated. Total cellular protein was isolated using RIPA buffer and quantified according to the Peterson modification of the Lowry method. The level of expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pp44, pp42) proteins relative to overall ERK1/2 (p44, p42) was determined by western blotting technique. Densitometry analysis of immunoblots revealed differential phosphorylation patterns in confluent and sub-confluent cultures. The pERK1/2 levels were significantly increased at 15 min and 24 hrs after post incubation with ET-1, whereas following the initial rise levels declined to 6hrs of incubation with ET-1 in confluent cultures. In sub-confluent cultures pERK1/2 levels increased gradually to 6hrs of incubation with ET-1, returning to pre-incubation levels at 24hrs. In conclusion, ET-1 treatment was shown to induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in BCEC. ET-1 treatment in confluent and sub confluent BCEC exhibited time dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2. ET-1 treatment affected the phosphorylation pattern distinctively in confluent and sub-confluent BCEC. These observations led to the conclusion that ET-1 induced cellular events in BCEC may involve the MAPK cascade and that these ET-1 induced MAPK cascades may exhibit a negative feedback mechanism, suggested by a distinctive oscillations in pERK 1/2 levels. The contrasting effects of ET-1 in confluent and subconfluent cells may suggest a density dependent phosphatase activity. cell differentiation MAPKK MAPKKK Phospho ERK 1/2 Cell Biology
2	Molecular analysis of ethylene signal transduction in tomato Adams-Phillips, Lori C. 17 February 2005 (has links) The plant hormone ethylene plays an important role in plant growth, development, and physiology. One of the critical components of the ethylene signal transduction pathway, ctr1 (constitutive triple response), was identified using a particularly useful seedling screen that takes advantage of the profound effects ethylene has on etiolated seedlings, known as triple response. CTR1 is one of six Arabidopsis MAPKKKs that are related to the Raf kinases, and acts as a negative regulator of ethylene response. In this study, isolation and characterization of a family of CTR1-like genes in tomato is reported. Based on amino acid alignments and phylogenetic analysis, the tomato CTR1-like (LeCTR) genes are more similar to Arabidopsis CTR1 (AtCTR1) than any other MAPKKK sequences in the Arabidopsis genome. The capacity of the LeCTR genes to function as negative regulators in ethylene signal transduction was tested through complementation of the Arabidopsis ctr1-8 mutant. Quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to generate an expression profile for the CTR1-like gene family during different stages of development marked by increased ethylene biosynthesis, including fruit ripening. The possibility of a multi-gene family of CTR1-like genes in other species besides tomato was examined through mining of EST and genomic sequence databases. Based on nucleotide and amino acid identity, At4g24480 is most similar to AtCTR1 and could potentially represent a CTR1-like gene in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis plants carrying a T-DNA insert in the At4g24480 locus were examined for abnormal ethylene response phenotypes including sensitivity to other hormones, signal molecules and abiotic stresses. Two mutant alleles, ctr1-1 and ctr1-8, containing mutations that disrupt kinase activity and receptor association, respectively, were examined for sensitivity to these same treatments in an effort to better characterize ethylene hormone and non-hormone interactions. They also served as controls to determine if At4g24480 indeed possessed CTR1-like function. Arabidopsis and tomato represent species with very distinct fruit ripening/maturation programs. The critical dependence on ethylene for fruit ripening in tomato might have resulted in alteration or modification of the ethylene signal transduction pathway relative to Arabidopsis. Plans to characterize individual functions of the LeCTR genes through over-expression and reduced expression in tomato are outlined. tomato MAPKKK CTR1 ethylene signal transduction negative regulation
3	Characterization of the Parkinson's Disease Associated Protein, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), as a Ras-Related GTPase Gandhi, Payal January 2008 (has links) No description available. Parkinson's disease Neurodegeneration Ras-related GTPase MAPKKK Microtubules
4	Rôle de la protéine ScFRK1 dans le développement du sac embryonnaire et son impact sur le guidage des tubes polliniques Lafleur, Edith 12 1900 (has links) Le gène Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) code pour une protéine de la famille des MAPKK kinases exprimée spécifiquement dans les ovules. Son transcrit s’accumule principalement dans la zone micropylaire du sac embryonnaire à l’anthèse et diminue rapidement après pollinisation. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle possible avant ou pendant la fécondation. Bien qu'aucune expression ne soit détectée dans le pollen à maturité, la protéine est cependant présente dans les cellules mères de microspores. Des plantes transgéniques sous-exprimant ScFRK1 ne montrent aucun phénotype au niveau des tissus végétatifs, mais présentent de petits fruits dépourvus de graines. L’étude microscopique du gamétophyte femelle révèle que son développement ne progresse pas au-delà du stade de la mégaspore fonctionnelle et une grande proportion de sacs embryonnaires anormaux est corrélée avec une faible expression de ScFRK1. De plus, la production de pollen viable diminue en fonction de la baisse des niveaux d’expression du gène, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer par un problème au cours de la mitose I. Puisque l’intégrité du sac embryonnaire est essentielle au guidage des tubes polliniques, nous avons conçu un système de guidage semi-in vivo permettant d’évaluer la capacité des ovules du mutant ScFRK1 à les attirer. L’attraction est sévèrement affectée dans de telles conditions, ce qui confirme l'implication des cellules de la zone micropylaire comme source attractive. Notre système nous a également permis de démontrer que le guidage est très spécifique à l’espèce et que cette attraction constitue un mécanisme important favorisant la spéciation et la maintenance des barrières interspécifiques dans la reproduction sexuée des végétaux. / The Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) is a member of plant MAPKKK that is specifically expressed in ovules. ScFRK1 mRNA levels accumulate predominantly in the egg apparatus cells of the embryo sac at mature stage and decrease rapidly following pollination. These results suggest both pre- and post-fertilization roles in ovule development. Although no expression could be detected in mature pollen, FRK1 mRNAs could be detected in pollen mother cells. Transgenic plants expressing sense or antisense ScFRK1 showed no abnormal phenotype in vegetative tissues but produced seedless fruits upon pollination. A microscope-based examination of developing female gametophytes revealed that its formation did not progress further than the functional megaspore stage in affected transgenic plants and, as the levels of ScFRK1 mRNA decreased, the percentage of normal embryo sacs declined. Surprisingly, even in severely affected plants producing no or very few embryo sacs, pollination led to the production of parthenocarpic fruits. Similarly, viable pollen production declined with decreasing levels of ScFRK1 and this could be linked to affected mitosis I. Since embryo sac integrity is a prerequisite for pollen tube guidance, we devised a semi-in vivo pollen tube growth system to assess the ability of the ScFRK1 mutant ovules to attract pollen tubes. As expected, guidance was severely affected, confirming the involvement of the egg apparatus cells as the source of attracting molecules. Attraction was also determined to be highly species-specific and developmentally-regulated with the acquisition of attraction competence on anthesis day. Sac embryonnaire Embryo sac Cellules micropylaires Egg apparatus Mégagamétogenèse Megagametogenesis Guidage des tubes polliniques Pollen tube guidance Solanum chacoense Solanum chacoense Solanacées Solanaceae MAPKKK MAPKKK
5	Rôle de la protéine ScFRK1 dans le développement du sac embryonnaire et son impact sur le guidage des tubes polliniques Lafleur, Edith 12 1900 (has links) Le gène Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) code pour une protéine de la famille des MAPKK kinases exprimée spécifiquement dans les ovules. Son transcrit s’accumule principalement dans la zone micropylaire du sac embryonnaire à l’anthèse et diminue rapidement après pollinisation. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle possible avant ou pendant la fécondation. Bien qu'aucune expression ne soit détectée dans le pollen à maturité, la protéine est cependant présente dans les cellules mères de microspores. Des plantes transgéniques sous-exprimant ScFRK1 ne montrent aucun phénotype au niveau des tissus végétatifs, mais présentent de petits fruits dépourvus de graines. L’étude microscopique du gamétophyte femelle révèle que son développement ne progresse pas au-delà du stade de la mégaspore fonctionnelle et une grande proportion de sacs embryonnaires anormaux est corrélée avec une faible expression de ScFRK1. De plus, la production de pollen viable diminue en fonction de la baisse des niveaux d’expression du gène, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer par un problème au cours de la mitose I. Puisque l’intégrité du sac embryonnaire est essentielle au guidage des tubes polliniques, nous avons conçu un système de guidage semi-in vivo permettant d’évaluer la capacité des ovules du mutant ScFRK1 à les attirer. L’attraction est sévèrement affectée dans de telles conditions, ce qui confirme l'implication des cellules de la zone micropylaire comme source attractive. Notre système nous a également permis de démontrer que le guidage est très spécifique à l’espèce et que cette attraction constitue un mécanisme important favorisant la spéciation et la maintenance des barrières interspécifiques dans la reproduction sexuée des végétaux. / The Solanum chacoense Fertilization-Related Kinase 1 (ScFRK1) is a member of plant MAPKKK that is specifically expressed in ovules. ScFRK1 mRNA levels accumulate predominantly in the egg apparatus cells of the embryo sac at mature stage and decrease rapidly following pollination. These results suggest both pre- and post-fertilization roles in ovule development. Although no expression could be detected in mature pollen, FRK1 mRNAs could be detected in pollen mother cells. Transgenic plants expressing sense or antisense ScFRK1 showed no abnormal phenotype in vegetative tissues but produced seedless fruits upon pollination. A microscope-based examination of developing female gametophytes revealed that its formation did not progress further than the functional megaspore stage in affected transgenic plants and, as the levels of ScFRK1 mRNA decreased, the percentage of normal embryo sacs declined. Surprisingly, even in severely affected plants producing no or very few embryo sacs, pollination led to the production of parthenocarpic fruits. Similarly, viable pollen production declined with decreasing levels of ScFRK1 and this could be linked to affected mitosis I. Since embryo sac integrity is a prerequisite for pollen tube guidance, we devised a semi-in vivo pollen tube growth system to assess the ability of the ScFRK1 mutant ovules to attract pollen tubes. As expected, guidance was severely affected, confirming the involvement of the egg apparatus cells as the source of attracting molecules. Attraction was also determined to be highly species-specific and developmentally-regulated with the acquisition of attraction competence on anthesis day. Sac embryonnaire Embryo sac Cellules micropylaires Egg apparatus Mégagamétogenèse Megagametogenesis Guidage des tubes polliniques Pollen tube guidance Solanum chacoense Solanum chacoense Solanacées Solanaceae MAPKKK MAPKKK
6	Cell type-dependent differential activation of ERK by oncogenic KRAS or BRAF in the mouse intestinal epithelium Brandt, Raphael 10 March 2023 (has links) Kolorektale Karzinome (CRC) zeigen eine heterogene Ätiologie. Die Progression prämaligner Vorläufer zu CRC unterscheidet (U) sich in Morphologie, molekularen Veränderungen und Interaktion mit der Tumorumgebung. CRC weisen oft onkogene Mutationen in KRAS und BRAF auf. Diese steigern die MAPK Signalwegaktivität (Mpa). Obwohl sie im selben Signalweg wirken, sind KRAS und BRAF auf die CRC-Entitäten U verteilt. Dabei ist KRAS häufiger im sogenannten konventionellen und BRAF im serratierten Weg zu CRC mutiert. In dieser Studie nutzte ich murine intestinale Organoide (iO), die induzierbare (Ind) KRAS oder BRAF Onkogene exprimieren. Große U zwischen KRAS und BRAF zeigten sich sowohl in Signaltransduktion (ST) als auch im Phänotyp. Phosphoprotein-, ERK-Reporter-, scRNA-Seq und EM-Analysen ergaben eine starke Mpa durch BRAF, die zu hoher Expression von MAPK-Zielgenen und Verlust der epithelialen Integrität führte. iO nach KRAS-Ind blieben intakt, korrelierend mit moderater, zelltypspezifischer (ZS) Mpa in sekretorischen und undifferenzierten Zellen. Die meisten Enterozyten waren Mpa-negativ. ERK-Reporter zeigten: Das ZS Muster der Mpa ist nicht nur gegenüber KRAS, sondern auch dem Entzug von Wachstumsfaktoren stabil. Dies spricht für eine intrinsische, robuste Regulierung der Mpa. BRAF-Ind Mpa setzte die ZS Regulierung der MAPK außer Kraft und schädigte das Gewebe, im Einklang mit einer oberen Grenze tolerabler Mpa. Die ZS Mpa wurde in CRC-Zelllinien bestätigt, deren Mpa durch KRAS aber nicht BRAF U ausfiel. Ferner, nutzte ich iO mit bCatenin+KRAS-Ind, um den konventionellen Weg zu CRC zu modellieren. Die Kombination führte zu synergistischen Effekten, die sich in EGFR-unabhängigem Wachstum und der Aufhebung der ZS Mpa-Blockade äußerten, die durch eine Verschiebung der Differenzierung zu mehr Progenitorzellen bewirkt wurde. Zusammenfassend konnte ich U in der Mpa durch KRAS oder BRAF im Darmepithel feststellen, was dazu beiträgt, deren Rollen in der CRC-Genese zu bestimmen. / Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with heterogeneous etiology. Premalignant lesions follow distinct routes of progression to carcinoma reflected by differences in morphology, molecular alterations and the tumor environment. Mutant KRAS and BRAF are frequent, leading to MAPK pathway activation (Mpa), which is relevant for CRC therapy. Despite acting in the same pathway, mutant KRAS and BRAF segregate to different entities, as KRAS is more frequent in the conventional- and BRAF being specific for the serrated route to CRC. I used murine intestinal organoids (iO) expressing inducible oncogenic KRAS or BRAF to study the impact of oncogenes in primary cells. I found marked differences in signal transduction and phenotype. Phospho-protein, ERK-reporter, scRNA-seq and EM data showed strong Mpa upon BRAF induction followed by ERK-target gene expression leading to tissue disruption. In contrast, KRAS left the tissue intact resulting in less and cell type-dependent Mpa limited to secretory cells, a subset of late-stage enterocytes and undifferentiated crypt cells. Most enterocytes were irresponsive to KRAS. The pattern of Mpa was robust towards KRAS or growth factor depletion arguing in favor of intrinsic, resilient MAPK regulation. In iO, BRAF-induced Mpa could break this cell type-specific regulation, indicating an upper limit of tolerable Mpa. I validated these findings in CRC cell lines that differed in Mpa in response to oncogenic KRAS but not BRAF. Finally, I used iO expressing an inducible form of stabilized bCatenin in combination with KRAS to mimic events frequently found in the conventional pathway to CRC. Expression of KRAS and bCatenin synergized in driving EGFR independent growth and breaking the villus-specific block of Mpa by altering differentiation towards progenitor cell types. In summary, this study emphasizes differences between Mpa induced by oncogenic KRAS or BRAF which helps clarifying their nature in different etiological routes to CRC genesis. KRAS KRASG12V BRAF BRAFV600E EGFR EGF MAPK ERK FIRE Reporter MEK MAPKK MAPKKK beta-Catenin intestinale Organoidkultur intestinale Organoide Mausmodelle von Tumoren kolorektales Karzinom kolorektale Karzionome CRC Primärzellen Tumormodelle Onkogene oncogenes KRAS oncogenes BRAF onkogene Signaltransduktion 3D Modell matrigel R-spondin RSPO Noggin KRAS KRASG12V BRAF BRAFV600E EGFR EGF MAPK ERK FIRE reporter MEK MAPKK MAPKKK beta-Catenin intestinal organoid intestinal organoids intestinal organoid culture murine model of cancer colorectal carcinoma CRC primary tumor model oncogenes oncogenic KRAS oncogenic BRAF 3D model matrigel R-spondin RSPO Noggin 610 Medizin und Gesundheit ddc:610

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