One of the Government's environmental quality objectives is to achieve a poison free environment, meaning that the presence of anthropogenic substances in the environment should not pose a threat to human health or biodiversity. Such a substance is chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons which have been used historically in dry cleaning and as degreasing agents within industrial processes. In recent years, negative effects on human health have been found since exposure to chlorinated solvents is associated with toxic and carcinogen effects, which has resulted in constrictions against such substances today.At the former Whirlpool industry in Himmelstalund, in Norrköping, the chlorinated solvents perchlorethylene (PCE) and trichlorethylene (TCE) have been used historically during production. Concentrations of PCE and TCE and their degradation products cis–1,2–dichloroethylene (cis–1,2–DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) have been detected in groundwater at the site. This Master´s thesis aimed to develop a site–specific groundwater flow model and a mass transport model to simulate the spread of these compounds through the saturated zone after 10, 30 and 75 years. The groundwater model was developed in MODFLOW and calibrated based on known hydrological and geological conditions after which a sensitivity analysis was performed regarding hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity. It was found that the flow model generated flows which corresponded to measured ones when hydraulic conductivity was employed within the range 10–5–10–2 m/s and effective porosity in the range 5–25%.It was found that PCE, TCE and cis–1,2–DCE did not reach the surface water recipient Motala river within 75 years, the compounds traveled 500 meters west of the source zone as furthest. However, VC reached Motala river within ten years, depending on which initial concentration were applied. The plume of VC remained in the aquifer after 75 years containing concentrations exceeding the guideline values in groundwater. This is considered severe since chlorinated solvents are toxic and cancerogenic to humans.A sensitivity analysis with regard to adsorption and reaction parameters was performed where it was found that the adsorption greatly affected the spread of the plumes and was more influencing than how the reaction parameters were applied. When maximum adsorption was employed, PCE, TCE and cis–1,2–DCE remained adjacent to the source zone while VC moved about 500 meters. It was seen that the mobile properties of the compounds were considerably larger for all components when minimal adsorption was applied. Hydraulic conductivity had a major impact on transport times where higher hydraulic conductivity resulted in faster transportation through the aquifer.As the spread through the aquifer was largely affected by which parameters were chosen, it was assessed relevant to measure hydraulic conductivity, adsorption constants and measure groundwater levels in more points spread in the model area in order to improve the reliability of the mass transport model.

Durch die räumliche Nähe und den Verlauf ist die Circumflexarteriere (Cx) im Rahmen von chirurgischen Eingriffen an der Mitralklappe (MK) besonders gefährdet. Eine Beeinträchtigung durch chirurgische Nähte im Bereich des Anulus der MK kann zu schwerwiegenden myo- kardialen Perfusionsstörungen führen. Mittels der transösophagealen Echokardiograpie (TEE) kann der Verlauf dieser Koronararterie beurteilt werden. Eine dreidimensionale TEE in Echtzeit (RT3D TEE) stellt über volumetrische Daten zusätzliche Informationen zur Analyse der Cx bereit. Eine Visualisierung der Cx ist zudem mittels dreidimensionaler Rekonstruktion auf der Basis von Multidetector Computertomographie (MDCT) umsetzbar. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurden retrospektiv die Daten von 30 Patienten untersucht, die eine chirurgische Rekonstruk- tion der MK erhalten hatte. Dabei wurden Dimensionen und Abstände der Cx vom Mitral- klappenanulus zwischen der präoperativen MDCT Diagnostik und den intraoperativ erhobenen RT3D TEE Daten verglichen. Es zeigte sich eine gute Korrelation für horizontale und vertikale Abstände zwischen MDCT und RT3D TEE bei geringer Korrelation für den Cx Durchmesser.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Bibliographische Beschreibung 2. Einführung 2.1. Mitralklappenerkrankungen 2.2. Chirurgische Therapieoptionen 2.3. Bildgebung 2.3.1. Radiologische Diagnostik 2.3.2. Echokardiographie 2.3.3. 2D TEE vs. RT3D TEE 2.4. Zielstellung der Studie 3. Publikationsmanuskript “Analysis of circumflex artery anatomy by real time 3D transesophageal echocardiography compared to cardiac computed tomography” Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;33(11):1703-1711. doi:10.1007/s10554-017-1162-7 4. Zusammenfassung 5. Anlagen 5.1. Literaturverzeichnis 5.2. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5.3. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 5.4. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 5.5. Lebenslauf 5.6. Danksagung

Transport codes are beginning to be parallelized in order to allow more complex add-ons, such as geochemical packages, to utilize finer, more accurate grids, and to reduce solution times making stochastic and Monte Carlo simulations more feasible. Most codes parallelized via MPI (message passing interface) offer good results, but require the development of a new parallel code. OpenMP, the shared-memory standard, offers incremental parallelization, allowing sequential codes to remain relatively intact with minimal changes or additions. OpenMP allows speedup to be seen on personal computers with dual processors or greater, unlike some other parallelization approaches that require a supercomputer. An operator-split strategy creates an environment for easy parallelization by decoupling the transport and reactions of species. The transport, when decoupled from the reactions, is dependent on surrounding nodes and not on species. Therefore, each species transport can be solved on a different processor. The reactions, when decoupled from the transport, are dependant on the other species concentrations and not on the surrounding nodes, allowing the concentrations for all species to be solve for at a given node as if in a batch reactor. This allows a parallelization of the nodes. Two codes are parallelized in this work. The first is a 100-species 1D theoretical problem. The second is RT3D, a modular computer code for simulating reactive multi-species transport in 3-dimensional groundwater systems written and developed by Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement. RT3D is a sub-component of a parent code, MT3DMS, which utilizes RT3D to solve reaction terms. A speedup factor of 3.91 is seen on four processors, accomplishing a processor efficiency of approximately 98% while spent in RT3D itself.