This doctoral thesis is focused on the analysis of transport characteristics of submicron and micron transistors MOSFET. The assumption is a constant gradient of concentration, which leads to the fact that the diffusion current density is independent of the distance from the source. Active energy was determined from temperature dependence. The proposed physical model made it possible to determine the value of access resistance between drain and source their temperature dependence. Based on the assumption that the divergence of the gradient of the current density in the channel is zero. IV characteristics of the transistor MOSFET are derived and conducted experimental monitoring current channel depending on the collector voltage for the series of samples with different channel lengths in a wide temperature range from 10 to 350 K. Information on the concentration of charge transport in the channel and the position of the Fermi level at the point of active trap, which is the source of RTS noise, is obtained from the analysis of the transport characteristics. Determining the concentration of charge transport and the position of the Fermi level is important because these variables determine the intensity of quantum transitions and their values are not the same throughout the length of the channel. It was experimentally proved from the analysis of the characteristics of RTS noise that concentration at the local channel decreases with increasing current at a constant voltage on the gate and a variable voltage at the collector. Further, the position of active traps of RTS noise was intended and it was found that this is located near the collector. Active trap is located at the point where the Fermi level coincides with energy level of the traps.

Nesta tese são apresentados estudos do impacto de armadilhas no desempenho elétrico de MOSFETs em nível de circuito e um simulador Ensamble Monte Carlo (EMC) é apresentado visando a análise do impacto de armadilhas em nível de dispositivo. O impacto de eventos de captura e emissão de portadores por armadilhas na performance e confiabilidade de circuitos é estudada. Para tanto, um simulador baseado em SPICE que leva em consideração a atividade de armadilhas em simulações transientes foi desenvolvido e é apresentado seguido de estudos de caso em células SRAM, circuitos combinacionais, ferramentas de SSTA e em osciladores em anel. Foi também desenvolvida uma ferramenta de simulação de dispositivo (TCAD) atomística baseada no método EMC para MOSFETs do tipo p. Este simulador é apresentado em detalhes e seu funcionamento é testado conceitualmente e através de comparações com ferramentas comerciais similares. / This thesis presents studies on the impact of charge traps in MOSFETs at the circuit level, and a Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation tool is developed to perform analysis on trap impact on PMOSFETs. The impact of charge trapping on the performance and reliability of circuits is studied. A SPICE based simulator, which takes into account the trap activity in transient simulations, was developed and used on case studies of SRAM, combinational circuits, SSTA tools and ring oscillators. An atomistic device simulator (TCAD) for modeling of p-type MOSFETs based on the EMC simulation method was also developed. The simulator is explained in details and its well function is tested.

Ad hoc network is a new tendency of data transmission in the future. Because of the convenience and necessity of mobile phone and/or portable computer coupled with wireless data services, TCP/IP has become an important topic for the study in wireless networks. However, there were a few difficulties in data transmission that must be overcome due to ad hoc environments and the characteristics of the IEEE 802.11 protocols. In these protocols, MAC layer is our primary research topic. Based on the RTS/CTS signal of dynamic retransmission [4], this study presented an improvement to solve the problems: (1) media resources was easily robbed due to the RTS/CTS signal competition, (2) data frame would be dropped by the IEEE 802.11 protocol due to too many times collisions. In addition, this study modifies the CWND in TCP layer in accordance with congestion conditions. Sender can transmit data packets to the network, in which resources can be completely utilized without any waste or loss. We also use the related parameters from the IP and TCP header to calculate flow numbers. The calculated parameters are recorded in IP and TCP header, and then instantly forwarded to the receiver via routers. The receiver can forward these parameters back to the sender by using back transmission method. The simulation result shows that the proposed methods can effectively improve TCP performance, such as packet loss rate, and fastly increase the CWND, the buffer utilization, and so forth. Thus, the network can perform more effectively while using the MAC-layer RTS/CTS signal.

<p>In real-time strategy (RTS) games, the human player faces tasks such as resource allocation, mission planning, and unit coordination. An Artificial Intelligence (AI) system that acts as an opponent against the human player need to be quite powerful, in order to create one cohesive strategy for victory. Even though the goal for an AI system in a computer game is not to defeat the human player, it might still need to act intelligently and look credible. It might however also need to provide just enough difficulty, so that both novice and expert players appreciates the game. The behavior of computer controlled opponents in RTS games of today has to a large extent been based on static algorithms and structures. Furthermore, the AI in RTS games performs the worst at the strategic level, and many of the problems can be tracked to its static nature. By introducing an adaptive AI at the strategic level, many of the problems could possibly be solved, the illusion of intelligence might be strengthened, and the entertainment value could perhaps be increased.</p><p>The aim of this dissertation has been to investigate how dynamic scripting, a technique for achieving adaptation in computer games, possibly could be applied at the strategic level in an RTS game. The dynamic scripting technique proposed by Spronck, et al. (2003), was originally intended for computer role-playing games (CRPGs), where it was used for online creation of scripts to control non-player characters (NPCs). The focus in this dissertation has been to investigate: (1) how the structure of dynamic scripting possibly could be modified to fit the strategic level in an RTS game, (2) how the adaptation time possibly could be lowered, and (3) how the performance of dynamic scripting possibly could be throttled.</p><p>A new structure for applying dynamic scripting has been proposed: a goal-rule hierarchy, where goals are used as domain knowledge for selecting rules. A rule is seen as a strategy for achieving a goal, and a goal can in turn be realized by several different rules. The adaptation process operates on the probability of selecting a specific rule as strategy for a specific goal. Rules can be realized by sub-goals, which create a hierarchical system. Further, a rule can be coupled with preconditions, which if false initiates goals with the purpose of fulfilling them. This introduces planning.</p><p>Results have shown that it can be more effective, with regard to adaptation time, re-adaptation time, and performance, to have equal punishment and reward factors, or to have higher punishments than rewards, compared to having higher rewards than punishments. It has also been shown that by increasing the learning rate, or including the derivative, both adaptation, and re-adaptation times, can effectively be lowered.</p><p>Finally, this dissertation has shown that by applying a fitness-mapping function, the performance of the AI can effectively be throttled. Results have shown that learning rate, and maximum weight setting, also can be used to vary the performance, but not to negative performance levels.</p>

Σκοπός της παρούσης διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η εξαγωγή πληροφορίας για τη βιοχημική αντίδραση που συμβαίνει στην επιφάνεια ενός βιοαισθητήρα μέσω της ανάλυσης του φάσματος της ηλεκτρικής ποσότητας εξόδου. Αυτό γίνεται με τη διάσπαση του τελευταίου στα βασικά του συστατικά, ήτοι τη ΦΠΙ (Φασματική Πυκνότητα Ισχύος) της στοχαστικής διαδικασίας που λαμβάνει χώρα στην επιφάνεια –και την οποία θα αντιμετωπίσουμε ως διαταραχή- και τον ενδογενή θόρυβο της συσκευής. Αρχικά γίνεται μια παρουσίαση της βασικής αρχής λειτουργίας των βιοαισθητήρων και διαμορφώνεται ένα μοντέλο που συνδέει την αντίδραση με το ρεύμα εξόδου του αισθητήρα. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται δύο βασικά είδη διαταραχών (RTS και 1/f θόρυβος), η σύνδεσή τους με την περίπτωσή μας καθώς και προκύπτοντα πρακτικά ζητήματα. Έπειτα παρουσιάζεται ένα μακροσκοπικό μοντέλο της αντίδρασης από τη βιοχημεία και διαμορφώνεται ένα μικροσκοπικό μοντέλο από τη σκοπιά της στοχαστικής διαδικασίας μέσω του οποίου εξάγεται και η ΦΠΙ των βιοχημικών διαταραχών. Η τελευταία συγκρίνεται με την παρατηρούμενη στη βιβλιογραφία και με τη χρήση εργαλείων που ερμηνεύουν διαταραχές γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ερμηνείας . Τέλος, υλοποιούμε, προσομοιώνουμε και αξιολογούμε έναν εκτιμητή που ανιχνεύει είδη και ποσότητες αναλυτών αναλύοντας την απόκριση του αισθητήρα και εκμεταλλευόμενος το μοντέλο που έχει παρουσιαστεί. / The goal of this diploma thesis is to infer data about the biochemical reaction taking place on the surface of a biosensor through analyzing the spectrum of the electrical output quantity. This is achieved through decomposing the aforementioned spectrum to its constituents, namely the PSD (Power Spectral Density) of the stochastic process that takes place on the sensor surface (treated as a fluctuation) and the inherent device noise. We initially describe the basic principles by which biosensors operate and we formulate a model that relates reaction quantities to the sensor output current. Two basic kinds of fluctuations (namely RTS and 1/f noise) are then presented and related to our case. Some practical aspects are addressed as well. A macroscopic model of the reaction which is commonly used in biochemistry is then described. Moreover, we describe a microscopic model of the reaction treating it as a stochastic process and we subsequently obtain the PSD of the biochemical fluctuations. The aforementioned PSD is then compared to PSDs extracted from experimental data and an attempt is made to interpret the latter using fluctuation analysis concepts. Finally, we develop, simulate and evaluate an estimator which detects analyte species as well as analyte concentrations through processing of the biosensor response and making use of our model.

Το βασικό αποτέλεσμα της παρούσας διατριβής η οποία εντάσσεται στην έρευνα που εκπονείται στο Εργαστήριο Γεωδαισίας και Γεωδαιτικών Εφαρμογών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών είναι ότι το GPS και ο ρομποτικός θεοδόλιχος (RTS), και κυρίως ο συνδυασμός τους, έχουν τη δυνατότητα μέτρησης ταλαντώσεων όχι μόνο μέχρι 1 Hz, όπως τεκμηριώνεται βιβλιογραφικά, αλλά ενός πολύ μεγαλύτερου φάσματος (μέχρι και 4Hz), ως προς ανεξάρτητο σύστημα αναφοράς της μελετούμενης κατασκευής. Η δυνατότητα αυτή καλύπτει μια σημαντική ανάγκη της σύγχρονης μηχανικής στον τομέα του ελέγχου της δομικής ακεραιότητας (Structural Health Monitoring) των κατασκευών (A’ μέρος της Διατριβής). Τα συμπεράσματα αυτά προέκυψαν με βάση πειράματα και αναλυτική επεξεργασία των δεδομένων των πειραμάτων (B μέρος της Διατριβής) και εφαρμογή της τεχνικής σε δύο δύσκαμπτες μεταλλικές γέφυρες (Γ και Δ μέρη της Διατριβής). Ειδικότερα, με βάση μεγάλο (>350) αριθμό πειραμάτων σε συσκευή προκαθορισμένων γραμμικών ταλαντώσεων, έγινε ταυτόχρονη καταγραφή ταλαντώσεων γνωστού εύρους και συχνότητας από γεωδαιτικούς δέκτες GPS και RTS, με το τελευταίο να έχει αναβαθμιστεί για λεπτομερέστερη χρονική ανάλυση των καταγραφών. Εν συνεχεία συγκρίθηκαν οι εκτιμήσεις εύρους και συχνότητας που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση των καταγραφών των GPS, RTS με τα πραγματικά προκαθορισμένα μεγέθη των ταλαντώσεων. Η επεξεργασία και αξιολόγηση των δεδομένων επέτρεψε να εκτιμηθούν τα όρια εφαρμογής κάθε οργάνου GPS/RTS και η απόδοσή τους. Η ανάλυση βασίστηκε σε στατιστικές μεθόδους (φίλτρα) και ειδικές φασματικές μεθόδους ανάλυσης στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων και χρόνου που επιτρέπουν επεξεργασία χρονικά ανισαπέχοντων και περιορισμένων σε πλήθος δεδομένων (σε αντίθεση με την FFT), αλλά και υπέρβαση των περιορισμών των οργάνων, όπως αστάθεια ρυθμού δειγματοληψίας (‘jitter’) και απώλεια κύκλων ταλάντωσης (“clipping”) του RTS. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι κυρίως σε υψίσυχνες ταλαντώσεις το GPS προσδιορίζει την κυματομορφή και τη συχνότητα των ταλαντώσεων ενώ το RTS προσδιορίζει με μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια το εύρος ταλάντωσης. Ο συνδυασμός των δύο οργάνων επιφέρει το πλήρη προσδιορισμό των χαρακτηριστικών (εύρος και συχνότητα) της ταλάντωσης. Η όλη τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε σε δύο σχετικά δύσκαμπτες γέφυρες. Πρώτον, μεταλλική πεζογέφυρα μήκους ~60m στη Λεωφ. Κηφισού στην Αθήνα με προβλεπόμενο εύρος μετακίνησης <30mm και ιδιοσυχνότητα >3Hz. Με χρήση υπερστατικού καταγραφικού δικτύου GPS, RTS κατεγράφησαν οι μετακινήσεις του μέσου του ανοίγματος λόγω περιοδικής διέγερσης από ομάδα ανθρώπων. Από την ανάλυση των καταγραφών των οργάνων και το συνδυασμό των αποτελεσμάτων τους προέκυψε ότι η απόκριση της γέφυρας ήταν 4-6mm και οι συχνότητες που εμφανίστηκαν ήταν 1, 2.3 και 4.3 Hz (κύρια ιδιοσυχνότητα), συμφωνόντας και με καταγραφές επιταχυνσιογράφου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια των πειραμάτων. Η δεύτερη περίπτωση εφαρμογής της μεθόδου αποτελεί η καταγραφή της κίνησης ενός από τα 7 ανοίγματα της σιδηροδρομικής γέφυρας του Γοργοποτάμου. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε υπερστατικό καταγραφικό δίκτυο GPS, RTS για την καταγραφή των μετακινήσεων του άκρου και μέσου ανοίγματος κατά τη διέλευση συρμών. Οι μετρήσεις του GPS επηρεάστηκαν από φαινόμενο πολυανάκλασης κατά τη διάρκεια της διέλευσης του τραίνου, οδηγώντας σε κυματομορφή η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από σφάλμα κλίμακας το οποίο τεκμηριώθηκε από επεξεργασία των δεδομένων και πειράματα. Από τη συνολική ανάλυση των δεδομένων των δύο οργάνων και το συνδυασμό τους προέκυψε ότι η μετακίνηση της γέφυρας στη διέλευση του τραίνου ήταν ~6-7mm και η κύρια ιδιοσυχνότητα της ~3.1-3.2Hz. Επιπλέον, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η κυματομορφή της απόκρισης παρουσιάζει διακριτή μορφή που εκφράζει το πλήθος των βαγονιών του συρμού. Το τελικό συμπέρασμα της διατριβής (Μέρος Ε) είναι ότι η τεκμηρίωση των νέων ορίων εφαρμογής και ποιότητας των καταγραφών GPS, RTS (>5mm, <5Hz) δεν επιτρέπει τη χρήση τους μόνο σε εύκαμπτες κατασκευές (καλωδιωτές γέφυρες, κλπ.) όπως εκτιμάτο μέχρι πρόσφατα, αλλά και σε πιο δύσκαμπτες κατασκευές (δικτυωτές γέφυρες, κλπ.), κάνοντας αυτά πολύτιμο εργαλείο στον έλεγχο της δομικής ακεραιότητας (Structural Health Monitoring) ευρέως τύπου κατασκευών. Η όλη έρευνα στόχευσε σε όργανα, λογισμικά και τεχνικές προσιτές σε ευρύ φάσμα ερευνητών, ώστε η μέθοδος να μην περιορίζεται σε μερικούς ειδικούς, αλλά εκτιμάται ότι τυχόν χρήση βελτιωμένων λογισμικών, οργάνων εξελιγμένων προδιαγραφών και ειδικών υπολογιστικών τεχνικών θα επιτρέψει στο εγγύς μέλλον βελτίωση της απόδοσης των δύο γεωδαιτικών οργάνων. / The main topic of this dissertation is the assessment of the performance of GPS and RTS in monitoring movements of rigid structures, such as those with main modal frequencies higher than 2Hz. This study was based on experiments of computer-controlled oscillations which were recorded simultaneously by GPS and RTS. These experiments proved that GPS was accurate in definition of the waveform of the oscillation and its frequency, while RTS was more accurate in amplitude definition. The analysis of GPS, RTS data were based on adaptive filter and spectral analysis technique developed in the Geodesy Lab. of PAtras University, which make possible to overcome data problems such as the gaps of GPS data and the jitter and clipping effect of RTS data. In the second part of this study, GPS and RTS and the developed methodology are adopted for the definition of the dynamic characteristics of two rigid structures a steel pedestrian bridge and a steel train bridge. Based on the combination of the results of GPS and RTS data the main vertical movement and the main modal frequencies of the structures were defined, proving that the combination of these instruments and by using appropriate the definition of the dynamic characteristics even of rigid structures is possible

Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση των σημαντικότερων τεχνικών υδατογράφησης (watermarking techniques) ψηφιακών εικόνων με ανθεκτικότητα σε γεωμετρικούς μετασχηματισμούς και η περιγραφή και υλοποίηση ενός τέτοιου συστήματος. Οι γεωμετρικοί μετασχηματισμοί, στους οποίους δόθηκε περισσότερη έμφαση κατά την υλοποίηση του συστήματος υδατογράφησης ψηφιακών εικόνων που θα παρουσιαστεί παρακάτω, έχουν να κάνουν με την κλιμάκωση (scaling), την περιστροφή (rotation) και τον μετασχηματισμό συντεταγμένων (translation) μιας εικόνας καθώς επίσης και με συνδυασμούς αυτών. Παρόλα αυτά όμως το σύστημα που περιγράφεται αντιμετωπίζει σε ικανοποιητικό βαθμό και άλλες γεωμετρικές επιθέσεις (όπως shearing,aspect ratio change, projective, template remove κ.α.).Η ανθεκτικότητα ενός συστήματος υδατογράφησης σε αυτούς τους μετασχηματισμούς έχει να κάνει με την διατήρηση του υδατογραφήματος και την ικανοποιητική ανίχνευση του σε εικόνες που έχουν υποστεί τέτοιου είδους μετασχηματισμούς. Στην εργασία, αρχικά γίνεται μια εκτενής αναφορά στην τεχνική της υδατογράφησης και τις εφαρμογές της και έπειτα τονίζονται τα σημαντικότερα χαρακτηριστικά των συστημάτων υδατογράφησης ψηφιακού υλικού. Στη συνέχεια, ορίζονται οι γεωμετρικές επιθέσεις σε εικόνες και παρουσιάζονται οι σημαντικότερες μέθοδοι υδατογράφησης ψηφιακών εικόνων, που υπάρχουν στην βιβλιογραφία, με ανθεκτικότητα στις επιθέσεις αυτές. Στην εργασία αυτή υλοποιήθηκε μία από αυτές τις μεθόδους και έγινε προσπάθεια για επέκταση και βελτίωση της σε ορισμένα σημεία που υστερούσε. Η αρχική και βελτιωμένη μέθοδος περιγράφονται αναλυτικά. Στο τέλος ένας αριθμός πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων αποδεικνύουν την ανθεκτικότητα του νέου βελτιωμένου συστήματος που υλοποιήθηκε σε ένα μεγάλο πλήθος γεωμετρικών επιθέσεων. / The aim of this work is the presentation of the most important watermarking techniques for digital images with robustness to geometric transformations and the description and implementation of such a system. The geometric transformations, to which was given more emphasis at the implementation of the digital images watermarking system, that will be presented below, are the scaling, the rotation and the transformation of coordinates (translation) of an image as well as the combinations of these. Nevertheless, the system that is described faces in satisfactory degree and the other geometric attacks (as the shearing, the aspect ratio change, the projective, the template remove etc.). The robustness of a watermarking system to these transformations it is simply translated as the maintenance of the watermark and its satisfactory detection in images that have existed such type of transformations. In this work, it initially becomes a extensive report to the watermark technique and to its applications and then the more important characteristics of digital material watermarking systems are highlighted. Afterwards, the geometric attacks of digit images are determined and the most important watermarking methods of digital images with robustness to these attacks, that exist in the bibliography, are presented. In this work, one of these methods was implemented and it became some effort for its extension and its improvement in certain points that disadvantages. The initial and improved methods are analytically described. At the end, a number of experimental results are presented, that they prove the robustness of the new improved system to a large number of geometric attacks.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνήθηκε η δυνατότητα του GPS-RTS στη μελέτη ταλαντώσεων ως προς την ακρίβεια προσδιορισμού του εύρους και της συχνότητας ταλάντωσης και το διάστημα των συχνοτήτων που μπορούν να καταγραφούν, με βάση συσκευή παραγωγής ελεγχόμενων εξαναγκασμένων ταλαντώσεων και ακολουθήθηκε στατιστική ανάλυση δεδομένων. Τα πειράματα βασίστηκαν στην σύγκριση των καταγραφών ταλαντώσεων γνωστών χαρακτηριστικών που δημιούργησε η συσκευή και την σύγχρονη καταγραφή τους με τα όργανα GPS και RTS και εν μέρη άμεση οπτική παρατήρηση. Κατά την φάση των πειραμάτων αντιμετωπίστηκαν προβλήματα απώλειας των μετρήσεων τα οποία εκτιμάται ότι μπορούν να αντιμετωπιστούν με κατάλληλη συνδεσμολογία για το GPS και κατάλληλο λογισμικό για το RTS Οι χρονοσειρές που προέκυψαν από περισσότερα από 100 πειράματα αναλύθηκαν με συμβατικές στατιστικές μεθόδους (π.χ. έλεγχο χονδροειδών σφαλμάτων) και φασματική ανάλυση με βάση τις μεθόδους: FFT, το περιοδόγραμμα Lomb και την Φασματική Ανάλυση Ελαχίστων Τετραγώνων (LSSA). Με βάση τις προτεινόμενες μεθόδους αναλύσεων προέκυψαν τα παρακάτω: • το GPS μπορεί να καταγράψει με ακρίβεια ταλαντώσεις με συνολικό εύρος ≥4cm για συχνότητες διέγερσης ≤4 Hz ενώ μπορεί να προσδιορίσει την συχνότητα ταλάντωσης ακόμα για διέγερση των 4 Hz και • το RTS μπορεί να καταγράψει με ακρίβεια ταλάντωσης με συνολικό εύρος ταλάντωσης της τάξης του 1 cm και μπορεί να προσδιορίσει με ακρίβεια την συχνότητα διέγερσης για χαμηλόσυχνές ταλαντώσεις (μέχρι και 1 Hz). Συμπερασματικά, οι μέθοδοι επίγειων αλλά και δορυφορικών μεθόδων μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παρακολούθηση των ταλαντώσεων/μετακινήσεων των εύκαμπτων κατασκευών, ενώ με βελτίωση των διατάξεών τους και των λογισμικών τους με στόχο να αντιμετωπιστούν τα προβλήματα που παρουσιάστηκαν, αναμένεται ακόμα καλύτερη ακρίβεια. / At the present study, the ability of GPS-RTS was examined for the oscillation monitoring.At the present thesis, the performance of the modern geodetic methods, GPS and RTS, for the oscillation monitoring was examined. In order to assess the performance of the two methods the study was based on known oscillations which were produced by a special oscillation device and the records of GPS and RTS which were monitoring the oscillations. The estimate of the performance was based on the comparison of the known oscillation characteristics (displacement and frequency) and those which were arose by the analysis of the GPS-RTS records. During the oscillation experiments many problems were faced and especially with interruptions at the GPS and RTS records, which can be solved by a more appropriate connection between the antenna and the receiver of the GPS system and the use of a more advanced software for the RTS. Time series, based on the GPS-RTS records of more than 100 oscillations experiments, were analysed with compatible statistical and frequency domain analysis methods: FFT, LSSA (Least Square Spectrum Analysis) and Lomb. According to the analysis: • GPS can define accurately the total oscillation displacement when it is ≥4cm and the frequency when it is ≤4 Hz and • RTS can define accurately the total oscillation displacement when it is ≥1cm and the frequency when it is ≤1 Hz. According to the analysis, the two geodetic methods proved to be very accurate for the oscillation monitoring of flexible structures and their performance can be improved with the use of more sophisticated software for the RTS and connections for the GPS.

A miniaturização dos transistores do tipo MOS traz consigo um aumento na variabilidade de seus parâmetros elétricos, originaria do processo de fabricação e de efeitos com dependência temporal, como ruídos e degradação (envelhecimento ou aging). Este aumento de variabilidade no nível de dispositivo se converte aos níveis de circuito e sistema como uma perda de confiabilidade ou de desempenho. Neste trabalho são apresentados métodos de simulação de efeitos causados por armadilhas de cargas (charge traps), como o NBTI e o RTS. Tomando como base simuladores elétricos comerciais, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta capaz de simular a atividade das armadilhas durante uma simulação transiente. Para tanto, foi criado um componente em Verilog-A e um software de controle escrito em Perl. Dessa forma é possível analisar o impacto de traps (armadilhas) no comportamento do circuito considerando variações ambientais como tensões de operação, bem como analisar efeitos de ruído como o RTS e de aging como NBTI. Foram então desenvolvidos estudos de caso em um inversor, em um caminho crítico com cinco níveis lógicos e em uma memória SRAM de 32 bits, onde foi feita uma análise da relação do NBTI com o histórico do sinal de estresse no circuito. Em um segundo momento foi desenvolvido um método de análise do impacto de NBTI em circuitos digitais no nível de sistema, através de simulações de SSTA. Para tal estudo foi caracterizada a biblioteca NCSU FreePDK 45nm da Nangate, considerando o tempo como um corner, e então realizando-se uma simulação de SSTA em três caminhos críticos de diferentes complexidades. A fim de estudar a acuidade obtida nas simulações realizadas no nível do sistema, também foram realizadas simulações com o simulador elétrico desenvolvido e comparados os resultados. Observou-se um aumento na acuidade das simulações no nível do sistema quando complexidade do circuito estudado aumenta. Tal comportamento é explicado através do teorema do limite central. / The downscaling of MOS transistors leads to an increase of the variability of its electrical parameters generated both by fabrication process and by time dependent effects, such as noise and ageing. This increase of the variability at the device level turns into the circuit and systems level as a loss in the reliability or performance. This thesis presents the development of simulation methods for effects caused by traps, such as NBTI and RTS. Combining commercial electrical simulators, an enhanced Verilog-A transistor model and a control software developed in Perl, a simulation tool was created. The tool properly accounts for the activity of traps during transient electrical simulations. This way it is possible to evaluate the impact of traps in the behavior of circuits taking into account environmental variations, like supply voltage fluctuations, and evaluate noise effects like RTS and aging effects like NBTI. Case studies were carried out, considering an inverter, a five stages logic path and a SRAM, where the workload dependency on NBTI was evaluated. The impact of NBTI on combinational circuits on a system level is then evaluated through SSTA simulations. In order to perform this analysis, the Nangate NCSU FreePDK 45nm library was characterized and the circuit's age was considered as a time corner. SSTA simulations were performed in three paths of different complexities and then its results were compared with the results obtained with the electrical simulator developed showing an increase of accuracy of the SSTA method as a function of the circuit's complexity. This behavior is explained by the Central Limit Theorem.

Nesta tese são apresentados estudos do impacto de armadilhas no desempenho elétrico de MOSFETs em nível de circuito e um simulador Ensamble Monte Carlo (EMC) é apresentado visando a análise do impacto de armadilhas em nível de dispositivo. O impacto de eventos de captura e emissão de portadores por armadilhas na performance e confiabilidade de circuitos é estudada. Para tanto, um simulador baseado em SPICE que leva em consideração a atividade de armadilhas em simulações transientes foi desenvolvido e é apresentado seguido de estudos de caso em células SRAM, circuitos combinacionais, ferramentas de SSTA e em osciladores em anel. Foi também desenvolvida uma ferramenta de simulação de dispositivo (TCAD) atomística baseada no método EMC para MOSFETs do tipo p. Este simulador é apresentado em detalhes e seu funcionamento é testado conceitualmente e através de comparações com ferramentas comerciais similares. / This thesis presents studies on the impact of charge traps in MOSFETs at the circuit level, and a Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulation tool is developed to perform analysis on trap impact on PMOSFETs. The impact of charge trapping on the performance and reliability of circuits is studied. A SPICE based simulator, which takes into account the trap activity in transient simulations, was developed and used on case studies of SRAM, combinational circuits, SSTA tools and ring oscillators. An atomistic device simulator (TCAD) for modeling of p-type MOSFETs based on the EMC simulation method was also developed. The simulator is explained in details and its well function is tested.