The aim of this master’s thesis was the design RGB LED display with Ethernet interface. I created a display module, controlled by a microcontroller ATmega 2560-16AU. These modules can be connected via a serial RS485 standard. Ethernet connection is made via plug-in interface that uses the programmable module Rabbit RCM 3200. I documented a proposal. I tested designed device.

[ES] Los estudios sobre nutrición proteica en conejos son escasos en comparación con otras especies, el cálculo de las necesidades es relativamente antiguo, no están ofrecidos a nivel ileal y sus peculiares hábitos alimenticios complican su conocimiento. Además, en los últimos años, se ha establecido relación directa entre este nutriente con una de las principales enfermedades que afectan esta especie (la Enteropatía Epizoótica del Conejo), y como consecuencia, el contenido proteico de las dietas se ha reducido. Por otro lado, se ha comprobado una pérdida en la efectividad de la selección por velocidad de crecimiento en las líneas paternales la cual podría estar relacionada con una mala estimación de los requerimientos proteicos (especialmente en los animales con elevadas velocidades de crecimiento). Finalmente, el nitrógeno ureico plasmático (PUN) podría ser una buena herramienta para estimar el grado de aprovechamiento proteico del pienso, pero su uso no ha sido comprobado aún en esta especie. Con todo ello, la principal hipótesis de esta tesis es que existe una mala estimación de las necesidades de aminoácidos en conejos con elevadas velocidades de crecimiento y que otra combinación de aminoácidos podría maximizar su rendimiento. Para evaluar esta hipótesis se utilizaron un total de 1464 conejos de engorde (provenientes principalmente de la línea R, línea paternal seleccionada por velocidad de crecimiento, y, en mucha menor medida, de líneas maternales con menores velocidades de crecimiento), se formularon un total de 32 dietas (donde principalmente diferían el contenido de los tres aminoácidos típicamente limitantes; lisina, aminoácidos azufrados y treonina), se realizaron 69 y 71 ensayos de digestibilidad fecal e ileal, respectivamente, se valoró la retención de nutrientes de 126 animales durante su crecimiento y por último se analizaron los niveles de PUN de más de 2700 muestras. Con el primero de los trabajos obtuvimos la confirmación del primer indicio: las dietas actuales parecían presentar deficiencias en aminoácidos para los conejos con altas velocidades de crecimiento, comprobando que aquellos animales que crecían más depositaban proporcionalmente más energía y menos proteína (esto sugería una desviación de cierta proporción de proteína como fuente de energía, siendo poco eficiente). Antes de plantearnos qué combinación de aminoácidos mejoraría este problema, tendríamos que poner a punto la técnica para detectar dichas deficiencias. En el segundo trabajo no solo comprobamos que el PUN podría ser utilizado, en esta especie, sino que se estableció la mejor metodología: A las 08:00h (bajo una alimentación ad libitum) o a las 21:00h (bajo un ayuno de 10h y un restablecimiento del alimento a las 18:00h). Ahora ya, sabiendo que podría existir dicha deficiencia y que además podemos utilizar el PUN, seleccionamos de una matriz de 27 piensos (donde habían tres niveles de lisina, azufrados y treonina), aquel que optimizaba los valores de PUN y que previsiblemente mejoraría la asimilación proteica. De este experimento surge la Dieta MAB (8.1, 6.6 y 5.7 g/kg materia seca de lisina, aminoácidos azufrados y treonina, respectivamente) como candidato a sustituir a las actuales recomendaciones, Dieta MMM (8.1, 5.8 y 6.9 g/kg materia seca de lisina, aminoácidos azufrados y treonina, respectivamente). Pero hasta ahora solo podíamos decir que el MAB reduce los nivele de urea: ¿Está esto relacionado con unos mejores parámetros productivos? Finalmente en el último trabajo se comprobó la superioridad productiva de esta combinación, ya que mejoró significativamente tanto la velocidad de crecimiento como el índice de conversión. Tras la valoración digestiva, podemos aconsejar unos niveles de 5.3, 4.3 y 2.9 g/kg de materia seca para la lisina, aminoácidos azufrados y treonina a nivel ileal aparente, arrojando más información sobre la nutrición proteica de precisi� / [CAT] Els estudis sobre nutrició proteica en conills són escassos en comparació amb altres espècies, el càlcul de les necessitats és relativament antic, no estan oferts a nivell ileal i els seus peculiars hàbits alimentaris compliquen el seu coneixement. A més, en els últims anys, s'ha establert relació directa entre aquest nutrient amb una de les principals malalties que afecten aquesta espècie (la enteropatia epizoótica del Conill), i com a conseqüència, el contingut proteic de les dietes s'ha reduït. D'altra banda, s'ha comprovat una pèrdua en l'efectivitat de la selecció per velocitat de creixement en les línies paternals la qual podria estar relacionada amb una mala estimació dels requeriments proteics (especialment en els animals amb elevades velocitats de creixement). Finalment, el nitrogen ureic plasmàtic (PUN) podria ser una bona eina per estimar el grau d'aprofitament proteic del pinso, però el seu ús no ha estat comprovat encara en aquesta espècie. Amb tot això, la principal hipòtesi d'aquesta tesi és que hi ha una mala estimació de les necessitats d'aminoàcids en conills amb elevades velocitats de creixement i que una altra combinació d'aminoàcids podria maximitzar el seu rendiment. Per avaluar aquesta hipòtesi es van utilitzar un total de 1464 conills d'engreix (provinents principalment de la línia R, línia paternal seleccionada per velocitat de creixement, i, en molta menor mesura, de línies maternals amb menors velocitats de creixement), es van formular un total de 32 dietes (on principalment diferien el contingut dels tres aminoàcids típicament limitants; lisina, aminoàcids ensofrats i treonina), es van realitzar 69 i 71 assajos de digestibilitat fecal i ileal, respectivament, es va valorar la retenció denutrients de 126 animals durant el seu creixement i finalment es van analitzar els nivells de PUN de més de 2700 mostres. Amb el primer dels treballs vam obtenir la confirmació del primer indici: les dietes actuals semblaven presentar deficiències en aminoàcids per als conills amb altes velocitats de creixement, comprovant que aquells animals que creixien més dipositaven proporcionalment més energia i menys proteïna (això suggeria una desviació de certa proporció de proteïna com a font d'energia, sent poc eficient). Abans de plantejar- nos què combinació d'aminoàcids milloraria aquest problema, hauríem de posar a punt la tècnica per detectar aquestes deficiències. En el segon treball no només vam comprovar que el PUN podria ser utilitzat, en aquesta espècie, sinó que es va establir la millor metodologia: A les 08: 00h (sota una alimentació ad libitum) oa les 21: 00h (sota un dejuni de 10h i a un restabliment de l'aliment a les 18: 00h). Ara ja, sabent que podria existir aquesta deficiència i que a més podem utilitzar el PUN, seleccionem d'una matriu de 27 pinsos (on havien tres nivells de lisina, ensofrats i treonina), aquell que optimitzava els valors de PUN i que previsiblement milloraria l'assimilació proteica. D'aquest experiment sorgeix la Dieta MAB (8.1, 6.6 i 5.7 g / kg matèria seca de lisina, aminoàcids ensofrats i treonina, respectivament) com a candidat a substituir les actuals recomanacions, Dieta MMM (8.1, 5.8 i 6.9 g / kg matèria seca de lisina, aminoàcids ensofrats i treonina, respectivament). Però fins ara només podíem dir que el MAB redueix els anivelli d'urea: Està això relacionat amb uns millors paràmetres productius? Finalment en l'últim treball es va comprovar la superioritat productiva d'aquesta combinació, ja que va millorar significativament tant la velocitat de creixement com l'índex de conversió. Després de la valoració digestiva, podem aconsellar uns nivells de 5.3, 4.3 i 2.9 g / kg de matèria seca per la lisina, aminoàcids ensofrats i treonina a nivell ileal aparent, llançant més informació sobre la nutrició proteica de precisió i pretenent tallar la problemàtica que ens plantejàvem a l'inici de la tesi. / [EN] Studies on protein nutrition in rabbits are scarce compared with other species, the estimation of their requirements is relatively old and no data are reported at ileal level. Moreover, their peculiar feeding behaviour, including caecotrophy, complicates more this study. In addition, in recent years, a relationship has been established between dietary crude protein and Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy (one of the most important disease that affects this species). As a consequence, the protein content of diets has been reduced. On the other hand, there has been a loss of effectiveness of the selection for growth rate in the paternal lines, which could be related with a possible nutritional deficit in high growth rate rabbits when using the current commercial diets. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) could be a good indicator of an amino acid imbalance, but its use has not yet been tested in rabbits. Thus, the main hypothesis of this thesis concerns that growing rabbits selected by growth rate could have amino acid requirements different from current recommendations, and that another amino acid combination would maximize productive traits. To evaluate this hypothesis, a total of 1464 growing rabbits were used (mainly from the R line, a paternal line selected by growth rate, and, to a much lesser extent, from some other maternal lines with lower growth rates), 32 diets were formulated differing in the content of the three typically limiting amino acids (lysine, sulfur amino acids and threonine). Faecal and ileal digestibility trials were performed with 69 and 71 animals, respectively. Nutrient retention during their growing period was evaluated in 126 animals. Finally, PUN was analyzed in more than 2700 samples. From the first trial,we obtained indication about the possible existence of some limiting amino acid when current moderate protein diets are used in growing rabbits with high growth rates, as retained protein to retained energy ratio was clearly lower for animals of the paternal lines (this suggested a deviation of a certain proportion of protein as a source of energy, which is inefficient). Before considering what combination of amino acids would improve their utilization, it was necessary to evaluate the possible interest of PUN to detect deficiencies in amino acids and establish the appropriate methodology to optimize its use for this purpose in growing rabbits. In the second study we verified the applicability of PUN in rabbits and checked the highest differences between diets: from 04:00h to12:00h in animals fed ad libitum and at three hours after refeeding (21:00h) when a fasting period of 10 h was applied. At this point, knowing that amino acid deficiency could exist and that PUN could be an indicator of it, we formulated a matrix of 27 diets (in a 3x3x3 factorial design, with three levels of the three amino acids mentioned above, using the current recommendations and increasing or decreasing them by 15%), searching for the combination minimizing PUN values and, hypothetically, improving the protein assimilation. From this trial, the diet MHL (8.1, 6.6 and 5.7 g/kg dry matter of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively) emerged as a candidate to replace the current recommendations (diet MMM; 8.1, 5.8 and 6.9 g/kg dry mater of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively). However a question arises: could this new combination improve productive traits? Finally, in the last study we verified the usefulness of this combination since it significantly improved both the growth rate and the feed conversion ratio. After digestibility assessment, we propose levels of 5.3, 4.3 and 2.9 g/kg dry matter of apparent ileal digestible lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively. These data are intended to improve current knowledge on protein nutrition and move towards precision protein nutrition. / Marín García, PJ. (2019). Lysine, sulfur amino acids and threonine requirements of growing rabbits from a line selected by growth rate [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132186 / TESIS

<p>There is a considerable body of evidence suggestive that dehydration can negatively impact voice production. However, our understanding of the underlying biology and physiological changes, particularly at the molecular level,  that contribute to this dysphonia are limited. Further, our ability to assess underlying changes in humans is restricted largely to post-mortem tissue or tissue resected during interventional vocal fold surgery, both of which are subject to bias in age and disease state. Here we have utilized a New Zealand white rabbit model of vocal fold dehydration to probe the <em>in vivo</em> molecular response to dehydration, focusing on differential gene and protein regulation. In the first study, a single 8-hour exposure to low humidity was used to induce airway surface dehydration. RNA Sequencing was used to obtain a global snapshot of differential transcriptional regulation. This informed a second study wherein 8-hour exposures to low humidity over 15 consecutive days were used and followed by LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis to interrogate potential functional changes. In the third study, systemic dehydration was induced with a 5-day water restriction protocol. A third rehydrated group was included that returned to <em>ad libitum</em> consumption for 3 days. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis was used. We have found evidence for transcriptional and protein expression changes under both dehydration paradigms. Our findings serve to inform our molecular biological understanding of dehydration of the vocal folds with implications to prophylaxis against and clinical intervention thereof. </p>

Intracellular membrane potential (Em) and force development were measured in rabbit basilar artery to help elucidate the mechanism of action of dopamine in this preparation. There was a strong correlation between membrane depolarization and contraction (r=0.95) between 3×10-7 M to 10-4 M dopamine. When the vascular muscle cells were depolarized by elevating [K]o there was a Em dependent decrease in force development in response to dopamine. Significant reduction of dopamine stimulated force development was observed when the vessel was depolarized by 5-6 mV by excess extracellular K+ and 90% inhibition was seen when the artery was depolarized to -20mv. When Ca++ influx was blocked, dopamine no longer induced force development. Such findings suggest that dopamine cotracts rabbit basilar artery by a mechanism involving membrane depolarization. This process may involve an influx of extracellular Ca++ through voltage sensitive channels.

The effect or indomethacin and its vehicle on blood pressure was studied in conscious rabbits during the infusion of three vasopressors. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor raised mean arterial pressure 12 (vehicle: 3) mm Hg during norepinephrine infusion, 5 (vehicle: 0) mm Hg during angioten- sin II infusion, and 5 (vehicle: −8) mm Hg during arginine vasopressin infusion. When saline was given in place of vasopressors, indomethacin failed to alter blood pressure. Since indomethacin elevated pressure in the presence, but not the absence, of all three vasopressors, the possibility that elevation of blood pressure per se stimulates synthesis of vasodilator prostaglandins was considered. A pressor action of indomethacin was observed in ganglion-blocked animals, in which absolute blood pressure remained below normotensive levels during angiotensin II infusion. Thus, indomethacin raised arterial pressure during the infusion of norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and vasopressin, and this action was not influenced by manipulation of blood pressure. These results suggest that each vasopressor promotes prostaglandin synthesis independently to a degree sufficient to restrain its pressor action.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on the acrosome reaction and fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa, and development of the resulting embryos in the rabbit. Rabbit spermatozoa were exposed to PAF, Iyso-PAF, or high ionic strength medium (HIS) prior to subzonal sperm injection (SUZI) into 326 mature oocytes, or morphological assessment of the acrosome reaction. The rates of fertilization and blastocyst formation were compared among the three treatment groups. Acrosome reaction was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) staining and electron microscopy. PAF-treated spermatozoa fertilized the oocytes at a significantly higher rate (56.1%) than did lyso-PAF-(36.8%, P< 0.01) or HIS- (38.2%, P < 0.05) treated spermatozoa. The embryos produced by PAF-treated spermatozoa showed significantly higher blastocyst formation rates (34.0%) than lyso-PAF- (8.6%, P < 0.050) or HIS-(8.8%, P< 0.05) treated spermatozoa. FITC-PSA staining demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of acrosome reaction in PAF-treated spermatozoa (45.8%) than in Iyso-PAF- (28.0%, P < 0.01) or HIS- (34.9%, P < 0.01) treated spermatozoa. Acrosome reaction of PAF-treated spermatozoa was also confirmed by electron microscopy. PAF treatment of spermatozoa enhances fertilizing capacity for SUZI possibly by augmenting the acrosome reaction. Enhanced embryonic development was also found in the oocytes fertilized by SUZI of PAF-treated spermatozoa.

The purpose of this report is to describe (1) the demographic pattern of a black-tailed jackrabbit (Lopus californicus) population in 450-square-mile Curlow Valley, northern Utah and southern Idaho, during the period April, 1962 through March, 1965; and (2) the methodology developed to obtain the data on which the description is based. The research discussed here occupied the first 3 years of a projected, long-range study of the population ecology of the species in this area with special attention to the mechanics and causes of short-term fluctuations.

Every country in the world is affected by one or more forms of malnutrition. Malnutrition includes three conditions: undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies or excesses, or overnutrition. Obesity is a greater contributor to death than undernutrition. Age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and education level affect obesity. The rates of obesity vary considerably between states and regions of the country. The state of Mississippi is ranked as the poorest state in the nation and Mississippi has the highest adult obesity rate at 40.8% (Farberman & Kelley, 2020). Rabbit meat production and consumption is a possible solution to malnutrition worldwide (Petrescu & Petrescu-Mag, 2018). Relatively easy to raise with overall economical maintenance, raising rabbits for food has many benefits. However, its consumption falls behind other protein sources like beef, pork, chicken, and turkey (Petrescu & Petrescu-Mag, 2018). Understanding backyard grower-consumers’ perceptions of rabbit meat consumption could improve support and adoption of backyard rabbit programs. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the perceptions of meat rabbit growers in Mississippi backyards and relative to rabbit rearing and consumption, were growers’ practices affected by external variables outside of their control. A qualitative study was useful in both an exploratory context as well as in an explanatory context to understand not how much or how many people consume rabbit meat, but instead the how and why of raising meat rabbits in your backyard. The results of this study provide a description of underlying reasons, opinions, motivations, and potential barriers in addition to insights into the reasons some Mississippians raise meat rabbits in their backyard for consumption. Reasons for raising meat rabbits included the desire to be more self-sufficient or to at least provide some sources of food security. Participants found rabbits an attractive protein source because they are easy to raise and relatively disease free needing no vaccines or antibiotics. Weather seemed to pose the greatest barrier or challenge to growers especially the summer heat experienced in the state of Mississippi. This information can prove helpful when developing programs and recruiting those individuals to participate because of their likelihood in adopting this lifestyle.

Utilizing the polyvinyl sponge-implant model in the rabbit we have previously demonstrated modification in low density lipoproteins (LDL) of interstitial tissue fluid obtained in association with a cellular inflammatory response. In order to examine the interaction between the inflammatory response and lipoproteins from hypercholesterolemic rabbits, 30 male, New Zealand White rabbits were fed standard chow supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol for 4 weeks prior to sponge implantation. Lipoproteins were prepared from interstitial inflammatory fluid (IF) as well as homologous whole plasma (WP). Total IF cholesterol was positively correlated with plasma cholesterol (459 ± 43 vs. 1485 ± 130 mg/dl, X ± SEM, r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Distribution of lipoproteins in IF was similar to WP in both particle size and density. Beta-migrating VLDL were the predominant particles in both WP and IF, containing 43.7 ± 3.4 and 42.2 ± 5.1% of WP and IF cholesterol, respectively. IF-VLDL were similar to WP-VLDL in lipid and apoprotein composition, morphology and particle size distribution. We conclude from these data that the observed dramatic alterations in lipoprotein distribution in response to a dietary cholesterol challenge in rabbit plasma is essentially unaltered in interstitial inflammatory fluid obtained from these animals.

No description available.