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Despite efforts of U.S. education institutions to encourage study abroad participation, Black and low income students are severely underrepresented compared with their White and higher income peers. Literature reveals that a combination of individual and institutional factors influences study abroad involvement; however, they fail to address how these factors work to limit the participation of interested students. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 Black and White students to investigate how they navigate the study abroad process. Cultural and social capital theories were used to understand their experiences. My findings demonstrate that for students that did not study abroad, Blacks compared to Whites encountered more difficulties when trying to activate their available resources to navigate the process. Also, non participating White students were more likely to make the conscious decision not to invest their class privileges to study abroad compared with their Black counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that race and class play a role in the activation and usage of cultural and social resources to study abroad.

Esta Dissertação teve como tema de estudo a luta dos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix, de Porto Alegre/RS, pela regularização fundiária. Lembrados como refúgios formados por escravos fugidos durante o regime escravista brasileiro, os quilombos ganharam visibilidade na atualidade a partir das mobilizações do Movimento Negro na década de 1980, que agregou as reivindicações dessas comunidades às suas pautas de luta, em especial a reivindicação por regularização fundiária. A exposição desse estudo de caso se inicia com um breve histórico da integração do negro na sociedade de classes e da trajetória do Movimento Negro organizado. Em seguida, são apresentadas as características dos movimentos sociais urbanos. Após a apresentação dos objetivos traçados para a pesquisa e dos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, caracteriza-se a situação da população negra de Porto Alegre no passado e no presente. Em seguida, faz-se o resgate da história da Ilhota, região na qual hoje se localiza o quilombo em estudo. A formação da comunidade é então narrada, seguida da exposição sobre as estratégias criadas por seus moradores na luta por regularização fundiária e sobre a divisão da comunidade após a emergência da identidade quilombola. Analisa-se a situação de classe e de raça dos moradores e, por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões da pesquisa. Aponta-se que, desde a sua consolidação, o sistema capitalista articula a classe e a raça como uma forma de potencializar a exploração do trabalhador. A dificuldade de acesso à terra por parte da comunidade em estudo se relaciona, portanto, à situação de classe e à questão racial. A análise das estratégias criadas pelos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix em sua luta por regularização fundiária se restringem ao pleito junto aos órgãos públicos, não havendo, portanto, a busca por alternativas para além do Estado. / This work is about the struggle of the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo by land regularization in Porto Alegre/RS. Being known as hiding-places for black fugitive during the slavery in Brazil, the quilombos got visilbilty more recently due to the mobilization of the Black Movement during the 1980s, as they brought together the pleas of those communities to the roll of their struggles, particularly demand for regularization. The exposure of this case study begins with a brief history of black integration into society of classes and the trajectory of the Black Movement organized. Then we present the characteristics of urban social movements. After the presentation of the objectives set for the research and methodological procedures used, the situation of the black population of Porto Alegre in the past and present is characterized. Then, it is the story of the rescue of Ilhota region where today is located the quilombo study. The formation of the community is then narrated, followed by exposure of the strategies created by its residents in the struggle for land regularization and on the division of the community after the emergence of quilombola identity. We analyze the situation of class and race of the residents, and finally presents the conclusions of the research. It is points out that, since its consolidation, the capitalist system articulates class and race as a way to enhance the exploitation of the worker. The difficulty of access to land by the community under study relates, therefore, the situation of class and race. The analysis of strategies created by the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo in their struggle for land regularization restricted to elections with public agencies, and there is therefore, the search for alternatives to the state.

My dissertation research is interdisciplinary in nature, at the nexus of three areas of scholarly work and actual practices: union renewal and non-unionized workers-rights organizing in Canada and the US; feminist, anti-racist Marxian approaches to class relations as being racialized, gendered and bureaucratic; and, the institutional ethnographic method of inquiry into social reality. My empirical focus is on the Ontario Minimum Wage Campaign (OMWC). The OMWC was a Toronto-based labour-community project to raise the minimum wage to $10 per hour. It was started in 2001 by Justice for Workers (J4W), was carried on by the Ontario Needs a Raise coalition (ONR) from 2003 to 2006, and was re-launched in 2007 by the Toronto and York Region Labour Council (TYRLC) in association with some community groups. The OMWC brought together across time and space activist groups, community agencies and labour organizations, all of whose volunteers, members, clients, educators, officials and staff were the agents and/or targets of the campaign. The apparent victory of the OMWC is quite contested. Local campaign realities were compartmentalized in numerous ways and OMWC involvement met different institutionally specific and coordinated needs. And while coalitions generally arise as vehicles to transcend such institutional separation, the campaign was challenged to materially bridge such compartmentalization. The fragmentation of reality amongst institutions and how it was managed in practice affected how collaboration, participation, and decision-making happened and appeared to have happened in organizing and educational activities. While there were at times transformative intentions, there was generally a pragmatic anti-racist organizing practice and effect. I contend that the complexity of contemporary society poses great challenges for the possibilities for human-agency based labour-community workers-rights organizing with a broad-based, political capacity for movement building orientation. I suggest that this is largely so because the social coordination of what we do and what we understand about what we do turns on at least three components of social reality: an institution-based organization of multi-layered social relations that is generally locally circumscribed but extralocally driven; a conditioned individually-driven orientation to meeting human needs; and an ideological orientation to both the content of ideas and thought, and the process of that reasoning.

My dissertation research is interdisciplinary in nature, at the nexus of three areas of scholarly work and actual practices: union renewal and non-unionized workers-rights organizing in Canada and the US; feminist, anti-racist Marxian approaches to class relations as being racialized, gendered and bureaucratic; and, the institutional ethnographic method of inquiry into social reality. My empirical focus is on the Ontario Minimum Wage Campaign (OMWC). The OMWC was a Toronto-based labour-community project to raise the minimum wage to $10 per hour. It was started in 2001 by Justice for Workers (J4W), was carried on by the Ontario Needs a Raise coalition (ONR) from 2003 to 2006, and was re-launched in 2007 by the Toronto and York Region Labour Council (TYRLC) in association with some community groups. The OMWC brought together across time and space activist groups, community agencies and labour organizations, all of whose volunteers, members, clients, educators, officials and staff were the agents and/or targets of the campaign. The apparent victory of the OMWC is quite contested. Local campaign realities were compartmentalized in numerous ways and OMWC involvement met different institutionally specific and coordinated needs. And while coalitions generally arise as vehicles to transcend such institutional separation, the campaign was challenged to materially bridge such compartmentalization. The fragmentation of reality amongst institutions and how it was managed in practice affected how collaboration, participation, and decision-making happened and appeared to have happened in organizing and educational activities. While there were at times transformative intentions, there was generally a pragmatic anti-racist organizing practice and effect. I contend that the complexity of contemporary society poses great challenges for the possibilities for human-agency based labour-community workers-rights organizing with a broad-based, political capacity for movement building orientation. I suggest that this is largely so because the social coordination of what we do and what we understand about what we do turns on at least three components of social reality: an institution-based organization of multi-layered social relations that is generally locally circumscribed but extralocally driven; a conditioned individually-driven orientation to meeting human needs; and an ideological orientation to both the content of ideas and thought, and the process of that reasoning.

Despite efforts of U.S. education institutions to encourage study abroad participation, Black and low income students are severely underrepresented compared with their White and higher income peers. Literature reveals that a combination of individual and institutional factors influences study abroad involvement; however, they fail to address how these factors work to limit the participation of interested students. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 Black and White students to investigate how they navigate the study abroad process. Cultural and social capital theories were used to understand their experiences. My findings demonstrate that for students that did not study abroad, Blacks compared to Whites encountered more difficulties when trying to activate their available resources to navigate the process. Also, non participating White students were more likely to make the conscious decision not to invest their class privileges to study abroad compared with their Black counterparts. Together, these findings suggest that race and class play a role in the activation and usage of cultural and social resources to study abroad.

Esta Dissertação teve como tema de estudo a luta dos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix, de Porto Alegre/RS, pela regularização fundiária. Lembrados como refúgios formados por escravos fugidos durante o regime escravista brasileiro, os quilombos ganharam visibilidade na atualidade a partir das mobilizações do Movimento Negro na década de 1980, que agregou as reivindicações dessas comunidades às suas pautas de luta, em especial a reivindicação por regularização fundiária. A exposição desse estudo de caso se inicia com um breve histórico da integração do negro na sociedade de classes e da trajetória do Movimento Negro organizado. Em seguida, são apresentadas as características dos movimentos sociais urbanos. Após a apresentação dos objetivos traçados para a pesquisa e dos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, caracteriza-se a situação da população negra de Porto Alegre no passado e no presente. Em seguida, faz-se o resgate da história da Ilhota, região na qual hoje se localiza o quilombo em estudo. A formação da comunidade é então narrada, seguida da exposição sobre as estratégias criadas por seus moradores na luta por regularização fundiária e sobre a divisão da comunidade após a emergência da identidade quilombola. Analisa-se a situação de classe e de raça dos moradores e, por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões da pesquisa. Aponta-se que, desde a sua consolidação, o sistema capitalista articula a classe e a raça como uma forma de potencializar a exploração do trabalhador. A dificuldade de acesso à terra por parte da comunidade em estudo se relaciona, portanto, à situação de classe e à questão racial. A análise das estratégias criadas pelos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix em sua luta por regularização fundiária se restringem ao pleito junto aos órgãos públicos, não havendo, portanto, a busca por alternativas para além do Estado. / This work is about the struggle of the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo by land regularization in Porto Alegre/RS. Being known as hiding-places for black fugitive during the slavery in Brazil, the quilombos got visilbilty more recently due to the mobilization of the Black Movement during the 1980s, as they brought together the pleas of those communities to the roll of their struggles, particularly demand for regularization. The exposure of this case study begins with a brief history of black integration into society of classes and the trajectory of the Black Movement organized. Then we present the characteristics of urban social movements. After the presentation of the objectives set for the research and methodological procedures used, the situation of the black population of Porto Alegre in the past and present is characterized. Then, it is the story of the rescue of Ilhota region where today is located the quilombo study. The formation of the community is then narrated, followed by exposure of the strategies created by its residents in the struggle for land regularization and on the division of the community after the emergence of quilombola identity. We analyze the situation of class and race of the residents, and finally presents the conclusions of the research. It is points out that, since its consolidation, the capitalist system articulates class and race as a way to enhance the exploitation of the worker. The difficulty of access to land by the community under study relates, therefore, the situation of class and race. The analysis of strategies created by the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo in their struggle for land regularization restricted to elections with public agencies, and there is therefore, the search for alternatives to the state.

Esta Dissertação teve como tema de estudo a luta dos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix, de Porto Alegre/RS, pela regularização fundiária. Lembrados como refúgios formados por escravos fugidos durante o regime escravista brasileiro, os quilombos ganharam visibilidade na atualidade a partir das mobilizações do Movimento Negro na década de 1980, que agregou as reivindicações dessas comunidades às suas pautas de luta, em especial a reivindicação por regularização fundiária. A exposição desse estudo de caso se inicia com um breve histórico da integração do negro na sociedade de classes e da trajetória do Movimento Negro organizado. Em seguida, são apresentadas as características dos movimentos sociais urbanos. Após a apresentação dos objetivos traçados para a pesquisa e dos procedimentos metodológicos utilizados, caracteriza-se a situação da população negra de Porto Alegre no passado e no presente. Em seguida, faz-se o resgate da história da Ilhota, região na qual hoje se localiza o quilombo em estudo. A formação da comunidade é então narrada, seguida da exposição sobre as estratégias criadas por seus moradores na luta por regularização fundiária e sobre a divisão da comunidade após a emergência da identidade quilombola. Analisa-se a situação de classe e de raça dos moradores e, por fim, são apresentadas as conclusões da pesquisa. Aponta-se que, desde a sua consolidação, o sistema capitalista articula a classe e a raça como uma forma de potencializar a exploração do trabalhador. A dificuldade de acesso à terra por parte da comunidade em estudo se relaciona, portanto, à situação de classe e à questão racial. A análise das estratégias criadas pelos moradores do Quilombo da Família Fidélix em sua luta por regularização fundiária se restringem ao pleito junto aos órgãos públicos, não havendo, portanto, a busca por alternativas para além do Estado. / This work is about the struggle of the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo by land regularization in Porto Alegre/RS. Being known as hiding-places for black fugitive during the slavery in Brazil, the quilombos got visilbilty more recently due to the mobilization of the Black Movement during the 1980s, as they brought together the pleas of those communities to the roll of their struggles, particularly demand for regularization. The exposure of this case study begins with a brief history of black integration into society of classes and the trajectory of the Black Movement organized. Then we present the characteristics of urban social movements. After the presentation of the objectives set for the research and methodological procedures used, the situation of the black population of Porto Alegre in the past and present is characterized. Then, it is the story of the rescue of Ilhota region where today is located the quilombo study. The formation of the community is then narrated, followed by exposure of the strategies created by its residents in the struggle for land regularization and on the division of the community after the emergence of quilombola identity. We analyze the situation of class and race of the residents, and finally presents the conclusions of the research. It is points out that, since its consolidation, the capitalist system articulates class and race as a way to enhance the exploitation of the worker. The difficulty of access to land by the community under study relates, therefore, the situation of class and race. The analysis of strategies created by the residents of the Family´s Fidelix Quilombo in their struggle for land regularization restricted to elections with public agencies, and there is therefore, the search for alternatives to the state.

The European Union expansion in 2004 has resulted in the most significant migration within Europe in recent years. While a contemporary understanding of multicultural Europe often emerges from politicians’ ideas on managing diversity, this thesis concentrates on a new understanding of multicultural societies which emerges from routine interaction between the recent arrivals and established individuals. These new patterns of interaction are a result of what Gilroy (2004) calls conviviality. While the literature on conviviality tends to focus on non-white ethnic minorities, my study fills the gap in research by concentrating on convivial experience of recent migrants coming from a predominantly white society to super-diverse cities. This research empirically explores how convivial culture emerges in encounters between Polish migrant women and the local population in Manchester and Barcelona, in the context of post-2004 migration. By applying a cross-cultural comparative and gendered approach to research on conviviality, the thesis focuses on Polish presence increasingly affecting multiple and complex relations situated in a specific time and place, and positioned by personal biographies. It develops the conceptualisation of conviviality by drawing on the historic and contemporary forms of convivencia in the Spanish and Latin American context. This allows an understanding of conviviality as a practical and dynamic process grounded in daily interactions. Furthermore, the conceptual framework is situated within the emerging field of geographies of encounters, and literature on race, racism and whiteness. It draws on the combination of methods, including participant observation, focus groups and narrative interviews conducted with Polish migrant women in Manchester and Barcelona. It stresses the importance of a person-centred approach through a use of cases. This contributes to a better understanding of everyday social relations between these women and the local population, including settled ethnic minorities and other migrants. The empirically explored narratives shed light on interaction in a myriad of quotidian situations in various spaces of the neighbourhoods, homes and in the workplaces. These encounters illustrate various forms of conviviality not necessarily free from tensions and classed, racialised and gendered perceptions of the Other.

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