Juridical institute of the guardianship council in the Civil Code of the Czech Republic The thesis deals with the legal regulations of guardianship council under of the new Czech Civil Code. The Czech legal system has not experienced the institute of guardianship council before, which brings an uncertainty into the interpretation of the respective provisions. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the most important provisions of the legal regulation, demonstrate impact of these provisions in practice, including eventual uncertainties and eventually to suggest a solution of the problematic parts of the regulation. Due to the author's personal membership of a guardianship council is the work enriched by the personal experience from a real existence of the guardianship council. Another part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the French legislation and legislation of the Canadian province Québec. The Czech Civil Code explanatory report directly admits the inspiration in the above mentioned codices of France and Québec. Analysis and the consecutive comparison of the above mentioned legislation with the Czech one shall bring the interpretative basis for the application of the legal regulation of the guardianship council under of the Czech Civil Code. The main output of this thesis is to...

During the course of normal DNA replication, replication forks are constantly encountering "housekeeping" types of routine damage to the DNA template that may cause the forks to stall or collapse. One product of this fork collapse is the induction of the SOS response, a coordinated global response to help pause the growth and replication of a cell while DNA damage is addressed and repaired. In E. coli, this response is activated by the formation of ssDNA, to which the RecA protein binds and forms a nucleoprotein filament, which acts as the activator for autocleavage of the LexA transcriptional repressor, which normally represses expression of SOS genes. Damage responses are crucial to maintaining genomic integrity, and are therefore essential to all forms of life, and this type of regulatory system is highly conserved. However, cells have mechanisms for tightly regulating induction of these responses, and can often repair routine damage to their chromosomes without the need to induce SOS. This is chiefly evidenced by the observation that more than 20% of cells in a population have RecA filaments, but less than 1% are induced for SOS. How cells make this decision to induce SOS is the subject of this work. This dissertation describes three projects aimed at examining molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate RecA filaments, and therefore the decision to induce the SOS response. The first examines the disparity between the formation of RecA filaments, as evidenced by RecA-GFP foci, and the induction of SOS in the absence of damage, using a psulA-gfp reporter system. It is shown that there are three independent factors that repress SOS expression in undamaged E. coli cells. These are radA, the amount of recA in the cell, and in some circumstances recX. The first two limit SOS in wild type cells in the absence of external damage, while the third is an additional factor required in xthA mutants, likely due to the fact there are more RecA loading events in these mutants. These factors are thought to change the character and reduce the half-life and persistence of RecA filaments in the cell. The second project shows that suppression of SOS through the use of recA4162 and uvrD303 mutants is substrate and situation-specific. This specificity is demonstrated by the fact that, while both recA4162 and uvrD303 can suppress SOS in the SOS constitutive mutant recA730, recA4162 can only suppress SOS when the signal occurs at replication forks and not at any other place on the chromosome, while uvrD303 appears to suppress SOS with less specificity, and can suppress after UV (shown previously), at induced DSBs, and other places not directly at the replication fork. Here mutants of different replication factors are used that uncouple the replisome and induce SOS to a high degree. The third project determines the factors necessary for loading RecA filaments at the replication fork versus other locations on the chromosome when SOS is induced in the absence of damage, and helps elucidate further mechanisms for induction of SOS at these substrates. It is shown that the sbcB and recJ exonucleases assist in inappropriate RecA filament formation by substrate processing exclusively at replication forks, but not other substrates, likely through mechanisms that are reliant on the activities of the RecA loading factors RecBCD and RecFOR.

- Importance of United Nations Security Council and binding effect of resolutions in maintenance of international peace and security This paper depicts the history previous to creation and the creation itself of UN and the Security Council, followed by chapter devoted to the permanent and non- permanent members of the Council with subchapter about reform proposals in terms of its composition. Then there is detailed description of functions and powers of the Security Council, including also a topic relating to the Council's period of paralysis. In the chapter on voting procedure there is stressed the crucial issue of distinguishing procedural and non-procedural resolutions with talking about veto power as well. The final chapter is devoted to the decisions of the Security Council with focus on resolutions and their binding effect.

IN ENGLISH: This thesis is focused on the monistic structure of joint-stock companies. The aim of the thesis is to analyse board structures in selected countries, subsequently to identify the features which are typical for a monistic governance structure and, finally, to compare these findings with statutory provisions in the Act on Commercial Corporations. The thesis is divided into seven separate chapters. Chapter One is subdivided into two parts. Part One is an introduction to the topic and attempts to define the term corporate governance. Part Two explains the importance of internal company structure for corporate governance. Chapter Two analyses board structures in Great Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, in the Czech version of Societas Europaea and also, for the purpose of comparison, the typical dualistic internal corporate structure known from Germany. The subjects of the analysis are the relevant statutory provisions on the one hand, and the functioning of governance structures in practice on the other hand. Chapter Three identifies features which are typical for monistic company structure, particularly the existence of a single board of directors which performs a strategy-setting function as well as supervision of management. Chapter Four discusses...

The Reform of the United Nations Security Council through the Enlargement of its Members Abstract This master thesis focuses on the topic which has been discussed in the international community for several decades. Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security in the world since the organization was founded. In order to carry out this task, it has been endowed with several prominent powers, from which the most important and controversial at the same time is the right to veto, with the ability to block any resolution. The structure of the Security Council was established after the end of the Second World War and it has not been changed since then, besides the reform in 1963. This fact negatively affects proper functioning of the Security Council in today's world, which has changed rapidly since 1945, and reduces its legitimacy because of the insufficient representation of the UN members. The organization was founded by 51 states, but since then the membership has increased almost four times and today there are already 193 countries in the UN. Nowadays, there are several reform groups that want to achieve different progresses in different ways. But in most of these cases there have been attempts to increase the number of members of the Security Council - both permanent and elected. The...

Damage caused by information or advice - Czech adaptation, DCFR and PETL Abstract This thesis deals with liability for damage caused by administration of incorrect information or harmful advice, which is governed by Section 2950 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll., The Civil Code. At the same time, it deals with its relation to the documents of the European legislative groups, namely the document of the Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), and the Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). The aim of this thesis is to introduce annotated provision, its inclusion in the systematics of the Civil Code and to outline the possibilities and requirements of its application. This goal was also necessary to subject to an examination of the view of PETL and DCFR European documents, which inspired the legislative decision to include the annotated provision in its current form into the Code and even it was an inspiration for the creation of the Civic Code itself. In the context of introducing the annotated provision, it was necessary to develop the individual topics that formed the basis for accountability according to Civil Code in general, in the concrete in relation to the annnotated provision and, finally, in relation to the intentions of the PETL and DCFR European documents. The main subjects are therefore the subjects of...

La recombinaison homologue (RH) est une réaction universelle qui assure la maintenance des génomes. Elle participe aussi à leur variabilité. De fait, dans les trois domaines du vivant elle est au centre de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la réparation des dommages à l'ADN ou encore le brassage génétique au cours de la méiose. Chez les bactéries, la RH est également impliquée dans les processus de transferts horizontaux qui favorisent les échanges génétiques entre les espèces. La transformation génétique est l'un de ces processus largement répandus parmi les bactéries. Celle-ci a spécifiquement lieu lorsque les cellules entrent dans un état physiologique particulier nommé la compétence. Comparativement aux autres types de transferts horizontaux, la transformation génétique à la caractéristique d'être entièrement contrôlée par la cellule receveuse qui dirige l'intégration d'ADN exogène capturé dans son milieu extérieur. Le but de ma thèse a été d'améliorer notre compréhension moléculaire de la voie de RH spécifique de la transformation génétique de Streptococcus pneumoniae qui permettrait à ce pathogène non seulement d'échapper aux vaccins mais également d'acquérir de nouvelles résistances aux antibiotiques. Bien qu'elle présente des variations d'un organisme à l'autre, la RH peut fondamentalement être décomposée en trois phases successives catalysées par la recombinase RecA chez les bactéries. La phase présynaptique consiste en la polymérisation de la recombinase sur l'ADN simple brin (sb) générant un nucléofilament. L'étape synaptique comprend l'appariement du nucléofilament avec celui des deux brins de la séquence homologue qui lui est complémentaire. Elle aboutit à l'apparition d'une D-loop, intermédiaire de recombinaison résultant de la jonction entre les deux molécules ADN engagées. Enfin, la phase postsynaptique constitue l'étape finale durant laquelle les jonctions entre les molécules ADN sont maturées puis clivées de manière à maintenir l'intégrité double brin du génome. L'action optimale de la recombinase au cours de ces trois étapes nécessite l'assistance de partenaires protéiques spécifiques au processus au sein duquel la réaction de RH intervient. Dans le cadre de la transformation génétique, la RMP (recombination mediator protein) DprA et la protéine de liaison à l'ADNsb SsbB sont deux partenaires de RecA spécifiquement produits par les cellules en état de compétence. Nous avons révélé in vitro que leurs actions conjuguées permettent d'améliorer l'efficacité de la RH catalysée par RecA en facilitant l'étape présynaptique de la réaction. De plus, nous avons montré que contrairement à SsbB, la protéine SsbA constitutive et essentielle ne stimule pas la RH spécifique de la transformation génétique de S. pneumoniae. Ce résultat suggère que les deux paralogues n'interviennent pas au cours des mêmes processus biologiques. La protéine RadA, ubiquitaire et très conservée parmi les bactéries, est un autre partenaire de RecA constitutivement produit par les cellules mais spécifiquement induit lors de la transformation génétique de S. pneumoniae. Par une combinaison d'approches in vivo, in vitro et structurale, nous avons mis en évidence d'une part, l'appartenance de RadA à la famille SF4 d'hélicases de type DnaB, et d'autre part son rôle clef dans la phase postsynaptique de la RH. Ce travail a permis de proposer un modèle inédit du mécanisme de migration de branches permettant la maturation des intermédiaires de recombinaison. Via son interaction avec RecA, nous proposons que RadA accède aux deux brins de l'ADN receveur de part et d'autre de la D-loop. Ainsi chargé symétriquement, RadA transloquerait de manière divergente le long des deux ADNsb dans le sens 5'-3' permettant ainsi l'ouverture du duplex receveur. L'incorporation de l'ADNsb envahissant serait ainsi facilitée par l'action de RadA tant au cours de la transformation génétique que des processus de maintenance faisant intervenir la RH / Homologous recombination (HR) is a central biological process in living organisms across all three domains of life. Crucial both for genomic maintenance and genetic plasticity, HR acts either to repair harmful DNA breaks or to produce new DNA combinations on chromosomes. In bacteria, HR is also used to exchange genetic material between different strains or species through horizontal gene transfers processes. Genetic transformation is one of those processes, widely distributed among species. Genetic transformation, occurring during a distinct physiological state called competence, is entirely directed by the recipient cell which uses exogenous DNA as a source of transferred genetic material. The goal of my PhD was to provide a molecular understanding of the specific HR pathway operating during the genetic transformation process of Streptococcus pneumoniae which enables this human pathogen to escape vaccine by capsular serotype switching as well as to acquire new antibiotics resistance genes. Although HR mechanisms vary among different organisms and cell types, the same three basic steps are conserved. During the pre-synaptic phase, the highly conserved recombinase named RecA in bacteria polymerises along ssDNA. The synaptic step proceeds through invasion of this nucleofilament into complementary duplex DNA, promoting the formation of joint molecules called D-loops. Finally, the post-synaptic phase corresponds to the maturation and clivage of thoses branched structures to preserve genomic integrity. To complete this strand exchange reaction, RecA requires the assistance of several specific partners depending on the context of the HR event. During genetic transformation, the recombination mediator protein DprA and the ssDNA binding protein SsbB are such partners specifically produced in the competence state. We have shown in vitro that their interplay with RecA improves HR efficiency by facilitating the pre-synaptic step of the reaction. Moreover, we have shown that, contrary to SsbB, the essential SsbA protein does not stimulate this specific HR reaction, suggesting that the two paralogous proteins could be implicated in different processes. The ubiquitous bacterial RadA in an other RecA partner constitutively produced by the cells and specifically induced during genetic transformation of S. pneumoniae. Using a combination of in vivo, in vitro and structural approaches, we have shown that RadA is a DnaB-like helicase implicated in the post-synaptic phase of HR. This structural and functional analysis of RadA leads to an unprecedented model of DNA branch migration acting to maturate D-loops structures. Through its interaction with RecA, RadA gains access to both strands of the recipient duplex DNA on both sides of the D-loop. Once symmetricaly loaded RadA could translocate divergently thereby unwinding the complementary duplex DNA thus facilitating the incorporation of ssDNA during genetic transformation as well as in genomic maintenance processes.

Práce se zabývá analýzou vojenského zásahu spojeneckých sil v Iráku v roce 2003 z hlediska legality dle mezinárodního práva veřejného a ze hlediska legitimity. Zároveň porovnává tento zásah s válkou v Perském zálivu v roce 1991 a zabývá se i vlivem amerického neokonzervatismu na zahájení vojenských operací.

For its natural resources and significant strategic position, the Arctic region is becoming the subject of research projects more and more often than before not only for the countries reaching this area but also for the neighbouring ones these days - including the projects of the European Union, too. As a result of the reasons already mentioned above, this region has also been in the centre of attention of the countries participating in the Nordic Council since 1996 - these are the following: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. The Nordic Council is an institutional form of long-standing collaboration of the Nordic countries, which mainly for the geopolitical reasons has never included the foreign policies. Due to the disintegration of the bipolar organization in the 1990s, the possibilities to coordinate these policies for these states have in this respect appeared much more frequently. From the geopolitical point of view, the Nordic Council forms quite an inconsistent group of states. Norway and Iceland are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, while Finland and Sweden have been incorporated into European structures in 1995. Denmark is then the only country that is part of both organizations. The author of this thesis will focus on the influence of the various modes of geopolitical...

Diploma thesis in its first part characterizes the executive authority of a joint stock company - the directors and the supervisory body - the Supervisory Board. It focuses on the creation and termination functions of members of those bodies, scope and responsibilities of the institutions and the rights of members of the institutions. The second part focuses on the work of a corporation under U.S. law, a single body - the Governing Council, namely the creation and termination functions, powers, internal relations within the institution, etc. At the end of the thesis two systems are compared, given the common and different features, lists advantages and disadvantages of the systems.