[No abstract available] / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Foi projetado, construído e instalado um sistema bolométrico para a análise das descargas de plasma do TCABR. Este sistema possibilita a observação da coluna de plasma através de cordas caracterizadas por diferentes direções e ângulos. Os bolômetros utilizados são fotodiodos especiais, acondicionados em câmeras dotadas de colimadores para observação do plasma. A faixa espectral da sensibilidade dos fotodiôdos abrange desde o visível até a região de raios-X moles, energia de fótons desde 7 eV até 6.000 eV. Para este diagnóstico, foi construída uma eletrônica específica para amplificação dos sinais bolométricos. A resolução temporal do diagnóstico é de 3 ms devido a interferência gerada pelo tokamak. Com este sistema, foi obtido pela primeira vez no TCABR, o perfil da potência emitida pela coluna de plasma, sendo este o principal resultado deste trabalho. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um programa destinado a inverter os dados bolométricos utilizando como princípio o método de Abel. Uma série de descargas ôhmicas ( 0,9 X \"10 POT.19\" < ne < 2,0 X 10 POT.19\" \"m POT.3\" e 67 < \"I IND.p\" < 100 kA) foram estudadas com o diagnóstico. Obteve-se para o volume da coluna uma fração Prad/Poh não maior que 30%, valor semelhante ao obtido para o tokamak TCA. Observou-se também diferenças acentuadas para o perfil de potência emitido por descargas com baixos e altos valores da corrente de plasma. Estas diferenças são atribuídas principalmente ao aumento da temperatura eletrônica. A concentração de impurezas metálicas foi calculada no eixo da coluna, obtendo-se valores entre 0,9-1,2 X \"10 POT.17\" \"m POT.-3\" / In this work, a bolometric diagnostic system was projected, built and installed in the TCABR tokamak, in order to measure the total power radiation loss from the plasma. The system allows plasma observation through 27 lines of sight with different directions and angles. The detector used was a silicon p-n junction photodiode array, for applications in the vacuum ultraviolet and the soft x-ray (XUV, energy range 7 eV to 6 keV) spectral region. An electronic system for amplification of the bolometer signal was also projected and built. This system was projected taking into account the strong electromagnetic noise due to the tokamak operation. Using this bolometric system, the shape of the emitted power was obtained for the first time in the TCABR, and this is the main result of this work. To deal with the bolometric data, we developed a program based on the Abel inversion. A serie of ohmic discharges were studied with this diagnostic. The value of the Prad/Poh obtained for this serie was below 30%, in agreement with the old TCA data. The shape for discharges with high and low plasma current were also analyzed. We find a big difference in the two cases, showing the effect of electron temperature change. The metallic impurity density on axis were calculated using the value of Prad(0) experimentally obtained. For the serie of discharges analyzed, this value remained between 0,9-1,2 X \"10 POT.17\" \"m POT.-3\"

Capital investment reduction, exergetic efficiency improvement and material compatibility issues have been identified as the primary techno-economic challenges associated, with the near-term development and deployment of thermal energy storage (TES) in commercial-scale concentrating solar power plants. Three TES techniques have gained attention in the solar energy research community as possible candidates to reduce the cost of solar-generated electricity, namely (1) sensible heat storage, (2) latent heat (tank filled with phase change materials (PCMs) or encapsulated PCMs packed in a vessel) and (3) thermochemical storage. Among these the PCM macro-encapsulation approach seems to be one of the most-promising methods because of its potential to develop more effective energy exchange, reduce the cost associated with the tank and increase the exergetic efficiency. However, the technological barriers to this approach arise from the encapsulation techniques used to create a durable capsule, as well as an assessment of the fundamental thermal energy transport mechanisms during the phase change. A comprehensive study of the energy exchange interactions and induced fluid flow during melting and solidification of a confined storage medium is reported in this investigation from a theoretical perspective. Emphasis has been placed on the thermal characterization of a single constituent storage module rather than an entire storage system, in order to, precisely capture the energy exchange contributions of all the fundamental heat transfer mechanisms during the phase change processes. Two-dimensional, axisymmetric, transient equations for mass, momentum and energy conservation have been solved numerically by the finite volume scheme. Initially, the interaction between conduction and natural convection energy transport modes, in the absence of thermal radiation, is investigated for solar power applications at temperatures (300 - 400°). Later, participating thermal radiation within the storage medium has been included in order to extend the conventional natural convection-dominated model and to analyze its influence on the melting and freezing dynamics at elevated temperatures (800 - 850°). A parametric analysis has been performed in order to ascertain the effects of the controlling parameters on the melting/freezing rates and the total and radiative heat transfer rates at the inner surface of the shell. The results show that the presence of thermal radiation enhances the melting and solidification processes. Finally, a simplified model of the packed bed heat exchanger with multiple spherical capsules filled with the storage medium and positioned in a vertical array inside a cylindrical container is analyzed and numerically solved. The influence of the inlet mass flow rate, inner shell surface emissivity and PCM attenuation coefficient on the melting dynamics of the PCM has been analyzed and quantified.

Foi projetado, construído e instalado um sistema bolométrico para a análise das descargas de plasma do TCABR. Este sistema possibilita a observação da coluna de plasma através de cordas caracterizadas por diferentes direções e ângulos. Os bolômetros utilizados são fotodiodos especiais, acondicionados em câmeras dotadas de colimadores para observação do plasma. A faixa espectral da sensibilidade dos fotodiôdos abrange desde o visível até a região de raios-X moles, energia de fótons desde 7 eV até 6.000 eV. Para este diagnóstico, foi construída uma eletrônica específica para amplificação dos sinais bolométricos. A resolução temporal do diagnóstico é de 3 ms devido a interferência gerada pelo tokamak. Com este sistema, foi obtido pela primeira vez no TCABR, o perfil da potência emitida pela coluna de plasma, sendo este o principal resultado deste trabalho. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um programa destinado a inverter os dados bolométricos utilizando como princípio o método de Abel. Uma série de descargas ôhmicas ( 0,9 X \"10 POT.19\" < ne < 2,0 X 10 POT.19\" \"m POT.3\" e 67 < \"I IND.p\" < 100 kA) foram estudadas com o diagnóstico. Obteve-se para o volume da coluna uma fração Prad/Poh não maior que 30%, valor semelhante ao obtido para o tokamak TCA. Observou-se também diferenças acentuadas para o perfil de potência emitido por descargas com baixos e altos valores da corrente de plasma. Estas diferenças são atribuídas principalmente ao aumento da temperatura eletrônica. A concentração de impurezas metálicas foi calculada no eixo da coluna, obtendo-se valores entre 0,9-1,2 X \"10 POT.17\" \"m POT.-3\" / In this work, a bolometric diagnostic system was projected, built and installed in the TCABR tokamak, in order to measure the total power radiation loss from the plasma. The system allows plasma observation through 27 lines of sight with different directions and angles. The detector used was a silicon p-n junction photodiode array, for applications in the vacuum ultraviolet and the soft x-ray (XUV, energy range 7 eV to 6 keV) spectral region. An electronic system for amplification of the bolometer signal was also projected and built. This system was projected taking into account the strong electromagnetic noise due to the tokamak operation. Using this bolometric system, the shape of the emitted power was obtained for the first time in the TCABR, and this is the main result of this work. To deal with the bolometric data, we developed a program based on the Abel inversion. A serie of ohmic discharges were studied with this diagnostic. The value of the Prad/Poh obtained for this serie was below 30%, in agreement with the old TCA data. The shape for discharges with high and low plasma current were also analyzed. We find a big difference in the two cases, showing the effect of electron temperature change. The metallic impurity density on axis were calculated using the value of Prad(0) experimentally obtained. For the serie of discharges analyzed, this value remained between 0,9-1,2 X \"10 POT.17\" \"m POT.-3\"

No description available.

A energia radiante absorvida pelas copas tem aplicação em estudos de fotossíntese e transpiração de plantas arbóreas. Sua determinação não é simples. Nas últimas duas décadas tem sido realizados trabalhos sobre interceptação de radiação por espécies arbóreas isoladas ou em renques, envolvendo tanto radiação de ondas curtas como de ondas longas (saldo de radiação, Rn). Uma técnica de medida de Rn utiliza radiômetros movendo-se em torno da copa de uma árvore (geometria esférica de medida) ou ao longo de copas de um renque (geometria cilíndrica). Uma alternativa é o uso de modelagem físico-matemática para estimativa de Rn, que também exige medidas para testar modelos. Considerando os poucos trabalhos nessa linha de pesquisa, o presente estudo objetivou: a) avaliar o desempenho de sistemas móveis de integração espaçotemporal de medidas de Rn em renque de um cafezal e de um pomar de limeira ácida localizados no Campus Luiz de Queiroz, USP, Piracicaba, SP; b) estabelecer relações do saldo de radiação das copas de cafeeiros (Rnc) e limeiras ácidas (Rnl) com o saldo de radiação de gramado (Rng) e irradiância solar global (Rg); c) avaliar o desempenho de três modelos físicomatemáticos de estimativa de Rn por comparação com as medidas realizadas com varredura da copa pelos saldo-radiômetros movimentando-se ao longo dos renques (geometria cilíndrica de medidas). Os estudos foram realizados nas quatro estações do ano e em três no pomar, iniciandose respectivamente no outono e no verão de 2008. Os sistemas integradores forneceram valores diários de magnitude coerentes com os de calor latente de vaporização da copa determinados por medidas de transpiração de uma árvore. O desempenho do sistema de grande porte utilizado no pomar exige testes adicionais. O curso diário de Rn em cada posição dos radiômetros em torno da copa mostraram padrões diferenciados conforme orientação do renque e época do ano. No cafezal foram encontradas muito boas relações de Rnc com Rg e Rng nas escalas de 15min, horária e diurna, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no inverno, na escala diurna, para Rng. Para o pomar, as relações de Rnl com Rg e Rng foram boas nas três escalas temporais, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no outono na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Beer apresentou altos índices de confiabilidade nas épocas do ano, nas escalas horária e diurna; e no pomar se mostrou confiável para inverno, mas não no verão na escala diurna e na escala horária apresentou menor confiabilidade. O modelo de Pilau apresentou boa confiabilidade para o cafezal no outono e menor confiabilidade nas demais estações, enquanto na escala horária verificou-se boa confiabilidade no outono e inverno; para o pomar, o desempenho foi satisfatório para inverno nas duas escalas temporais e insatisfatório para verão na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Oyarzun mostrou-se confiável na escala diurna, e menos confiável na escala horária no verão; para o pomar, apresentou boa confiabilidade em ambas escalas temporais no inverno e baixa confiabilidade no verão. / The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the canopy of trees has great application in photosynthesis and transpiration research. Studies of radiation interception by the canopies of an isolated or a sequence of trees in hedgerows have been carried out by a technique which employs moving radiometers around an isolated tree (spherical geometry of measurement) or along a part of a hedgerow (cylindrical geometry). This technique allows spatiotemporal integration of the values. Crop Modeling is an alternative approach to estimate the radiation balance of canopies (Rn). The present study had the following objectives: a) to evaluate the performance of systems for spatiotemporal integration of Rn measurements in hedgerows of a coffee and an acid lime crops at the Luiz de Queiroz Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; b) to establish relations of the net radiation of the coffee (Rnc) and of acid lime plants (Rnl) canopies with grass net radiation (Rng) and incoming solar radiation (Rg); c) to evaluate the performance of three models of Radiation Balance (Rn), by comparing modem results with measurements by the moving radiometers along the planting row (cylindrical geometry). The coffee experiment was carried out all year long starting in the fall of 2008 while for the orchard only three seasons were tested starting in the summer 2008. Measurements of Rn by the moving systems were considered reliable, but it is recommended further testing of that of the orchard. The daily course of Rn for each measurement around the canopy showed different patterns for the two crops, in agreement with planting row orientation and season. Concerning to relations of Rnc with Rg and Rng integrated for 15min, hourly and diurnal periods, they were very good for the coffee crop in the three timescales, excepting for the 15min and hourly timescales in the summer and for the Rng for the diurnal period in the winter. For the orchard, the relations of Rnl with Rg and Rng were good, excepting for the summer in the 15min and hourly and in autumn for the diurnal timescales. The Beer´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop; while for the orchard it showed to be reliable in the winter, but not in the summer for the diurnal period; for the hourly periods it was less reliable. The Pilau´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop for both the diurnal and hourly periods during the fall, but less reliability in the other seasons; for the orchard, its performance was reliable for the winter in the two timescales and not reliable for the summer in the diurnal scale. The Oyarzun´s model showed to be reliable in the diurnal timescale and less reliable in the hourly timescale for the summer; for the orchard, it showed good reliability for the winter and little reliability for the summer.

A energia radiante absorvida pelas copas tem aplicação em estudos de fotossíntese e transpiração de plantas arbóreas. Sua determinação não é simples. Nas últimas duas décadas tem sido realizados trabalhos sobre interceptação de radiação por espécies arbóreas isoladas ou em renques, envolvendo tanto radiação de ondas curtas como de ondas longas (saldo de radiação, Rn). Uma técnica de medida de Rn utiliza radiômetros movendo-se em torno da copa de uma árvore (geometria esférica de medida) ou ao longo de copas de um renque (geometria cilíndrica). Uma alternativa é o uso de modelagem físico-matemática para estimativa de Rn, que também exige medidas para testar modelos. Considerando os poucos trabalhos nessa linha de pesquisa, o presente estudo objetivou: a) avaliar o desempenho de sistemas móveis de integração espaçotemporal de medidas de Rn em renque de um cafezal e de um pomar de limeira ácida localizados no Campus Luiz de Queiroz, USP, Piracicaba, SP; b) estabelecer relações do saldo de radiação das copas de cafeeiros (Rnc) e limeiras ácidas (Rnl) com o saldo de radiação de gramado (Rng) e irradiância solar global (Rg); c) avaliar o desempenho de três modelos físicomatemáticos de estimativa de Rn por comparação com as medidas realizadas com varredura da copa pelos saldo-radiômetros movimentando-se ao longo dos renques (geometria cilíndrica de medidas). Os estudos foram realizados nas quatro estações do ano e em três no pomar, iniciandose respectivamente no outono e no verão de 2008. Os sistemas integradores forneceram valores diários de magnitude coerentes com os de calor latente de vaporização da copa determinados por medidas de transpiração de uma árvore. O desempenho do sistema de grande porte utilizado no pomar exige testes adicionais. O curso diário de Rn em cada posição dos radiômetros em torno da copa mostraram padrões diferenciados conforme orientação do renque e época do ano. No cafezal foram encontradas muito boas relações de Rnc com Rg e Rng nas escalas de 15min, horária e diurna, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no inverno, na escala diurna, para Rng. Para o pomar, as relações de Rnl com Rg e Rng foram boas nas três escalas temporais, exceto no verão para 15min e horária e no outono na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Beer apresentou altos índices de confiabilidade nas épocas do ano, nas escalas horária e diurna; e no pomar se mostrou confiável para inverno, mas não no verão na escala diurna e na escala horária apresentou menor confiabilidade. O modelo de Pilau apresentou boa confiabilidade para o cafezal no outono e menor confiabilidade nas demais estações, enquanto na escala horária verificou-se boa confiabilidade no outono e inverno; para o pomar, o desempenho foi satisfatório para inverno nas duas escalas temporais e insatisfatório para verão na escala diurna. Para o cafezal o modelo de Oyarzun mostrou-se confiável na escala diurna, e menos confiável na escala horária no verão; para o pomar, apresentou boa confiabilidade em ambas escalas temporais no inverno e baixa confiabilidade no verão. / The amount of radiant energy absorbed by the canopy of trees has great application in photosynthesis and transpiration research. Studies of radiation interception by the canopies of an isolated or a sequence of trees in hedgerows have been carried out by a technique which employs moving radiometers around an isolated tree (spherical geometry of measurement) or along a part of a hedgerow (cylindrical geometry). This technique allows spatiotemporal integration of the values. Crop Modeling is an alternative approach to estimate the radiation balance of canopies (Rn). The present study had the following objectives: a) to evaluate the performance of systems for spatiotemporal integration of Rn measurements in hedgerows of a coffee and an acid lime crops at the Luiz de Queiroz Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; b) to establish relations of the net radiation of the coffee (Rnc) and of acid lime plants (Rnl) canopies with grass net radiation (Rng) and incoming solar radiation (Rg); c) to evaluate the performance of three models of Radiation Balance (Rn), by comparing modem results with measurements by the moving radiometers along the planting row (cylindrical geometry). The coffee experiment was carried out all year long starting in the fall of 2008 while for the orchard only three seasons were tested starting in the summer 2008. Measurements of Rn by the moving systems were considered reliable, but it is recommended further testing of that of the orchard. The daily course of Rn for each measurement around the canopy showed different patterns for the two crops, in agreement with planting row orientation and season. Concerning to relations of Rnc with Rg and Rng integrated for 15min, hourly and diurnal periods, they were very good for the coffee crop in the three timescales, excepting for the 15min and hourly timescales in the summer and for the Rng for the diurnal period in the winter. For the orchard, the relations of Rnl with Rg and Rng were good, excepting for the summer in the 15min and hourly and in autumn for the diurnal timescales. The Beer´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop; while for the orchard it showed to be reliable in the winter, but not in the summer for the diurnal period; for the hourly periods it was less reliable. The Pilau´s model showed good reliability for the coffee crop for both the diurnal and hourly periods during the fall, but less reliability in the other seasons; for the orchard, its performance was reliable for the winter in the two timescales and not reliable for the summer in the diurnal scale. The Oyarzun´s model showed to be reliable in the diurnal timescale and less reliable in the hourly timescale for the summer; for the orchard, it showed good reliability for the winter and little reliability for the summer.

Aerosols affect the global radiation budget which plays an important role in determining the state of the Earth's climate. The heterogeneous distribution of aerosols and the variety in their properties results in high uncertainty in the understanding of aerosols. Aerosols affect the radiation by scattering and absorption (direct effect) or by modifying the cloud properties which in turn affects the radiation (indirect effect). The current work focuses only on the direct radiative effect of aerosols. The change in the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflected flux due to the perturbation of aerosols and their properties is called direct aerosol radiative forcing (ARFTOA). Estimation of ARFTOA using aerosol properties is done by solving the radiative transfer equation using a radiative transfer model. However, before using the radiative transfer model, it has to be validated with observations for consistency. This is done to check if the model is able to replicate values close to actual observations. The current work uses the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model. The output radiative fluxes from SBDART are validated by comparing with the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) satellite data. Under clear-skies SBDART agreed with observed fluxes at TOA well within the error limits of satellite observations. In the shortwave solar spectrum (0.25-4 µm) radiation is affected by change in various aerosol properties and also by water vapour and other gas molecules. To study the effect of each of these molecules separately on the aerosol forcing at TOA, SBDART is used. ARFTOA is found to depend on the aerosol loading (aerosol optical depth – AOD), aerosol type (SSA) and the angular distribution of scattered radiation (asymmetry parameter). The role of water vapour relative to the aerosol layer height was also investigated and for different aerosol types and aerosol layer heights, it was found that water vapour can induce a change of ~4 Wm-2 in TOA flux. The relative importance of aerosol scattering versus absorption is evaluated through a parameter called single scattering albedo (SSA) which can be estimated from satellites. SSA defined as the ratio of scattering efficiency to total extinction efficiency, depends on the aerosol composition and wavelength. Aerosols with SSA close to 1 (sea-salt, sulphates) scatter the radiation and cool the atmosphere. Aerosols with SSA < 0.9 (black carbon, dust) absorb radiation and warm the atmosphere. Over high reflective surfaces a small change in SSA can change forcing from negative (cooling) to positive (warming). This makes SSA one of the most important and uncertain aerosol parameters. Currently, the SSA retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) are highly sensitive to sub-pixel cloud contamination and change in aerosol height. Using the sensitivity of OMI to aerosol absorption and the superior cloud masking technique and accurate AOD retrieval of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), an algorithm to retrieve SSA (OMI-MODIS) was developed. The algorithm was performed over global oceans (60S-60N) from 2008-2012. The difference in SSA estimated by OMI-MODIS and that of OMI depended on the aerosol type and aerosol layer height. Aerosol layer height plays an important role in the UV spectrum due to the dominance of Rayleigh scattering. This was verified using SBDART which otherwise would not have been possible using just satellite observations. Both the algorithms were validated with cruise measurements over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. It was seen that when absorbing aerosols (low SSA values) were present closer to the surface, OMI overestimated the value of SSA. On the other hand OMI-MODIS algorithm, which made no assumption on the aerosol type or height, was better constrained than OMI and hence was closer to the cruise measurement The presence of clouds results in a more complex interaction between aerosols and radiation. Aerosols present above clouds are responsible to most of the direct radiative effect in cloudy regions. The ARFTOA depends not only on the aerosol properties but also on the relative position of aerosols with clouds. When absorbing aerosols are present above clouds, the ARFTOA is highly influenced by the albedo of the underlying surface. Recent studies, over regions influenced by biomass burning aerosol, have shown that it is possible to define a ‘critical cloud fraction’ (CCF) at which the aerosol direct radiative forcing switch from a cooling to a warming effect. Similar analysis was done over BoB (6.5-21.5N; 82.5-97.5E) for the years 2008-2011. Aerosol properties were taken from satellite observations. Satellites cannot provide for aerosols present at different heights and hence SBDART was used to calculate the forcing due to aerosols present only above clouds. Unlike previous studies which reported a single value of CCF, over BoB it was found that CCF varied from 0.28 to 0.13 from post-monsoon to winter as a result of shift from less absorbing to moderately absorbing aerosol. This implies that in winter, the absorbing aerosols present above clouds cause warming of the atmosphere even at low cloud fractions leading to lower CCF. The use of multiple satellites in improving the retrieval of SSA has been presented in this thesis. The effect of aerosols present above clouds on the radiative forcing at TOA is shown to be different between Bay of Bengal and Atlantic Ocean. This was due to the change in SSA of aerosols during different seasons. The effect of aerosol height, aerosol type and water vapour on the TOA flux estimation is also studied using a radiative transfer model.