Fault localization is the process of realizing the true source of a failure from a set of collected failure notifications. Isolating failure recovery within the network optical domain is necessary to resolve alarm storm problems. The introduction of the monitoring trail (m-trail) has been proven to deliver better performance by employing monitoring resources in a form of optical trails - a monitoring framework that generalizes all the previously reported counterparts. In this dissertation, the m-trail design is explored and a focus is given to the analysis on using m-trails with established lightpaths to achieve fault localization. This process saves network resources by reducing the number of the m-trails required for fault localization and therefore the number of wavelengths used in the network. A novel approach based on Geographic Midpoint Technique, an adapted version of the Chinese Postman’s Problem (CPP) solution and an adapted version of the Traveling Salesman’s Problem (TSP) solution algorithms is introduced. The desirable features of network architectures and the enabling of innovative technologies for delivering future millimeter-waveband (mm-WB) Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems for wireless services integrated in a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is proposed in this dissertation. For the conceptual illustration, a DWDM RoF system with channel spacing of 12.5 GHz is considered. The mm-WB Radio Frequency (RF) signal is obtained at each Optical Network Unit (ONU) by simultaneously using optical heterodyning photo detection between two optical carriers. The generated RF modulated signal has a frequency of 12.5 GHz. This RoF system is easy, cost-effective, resistant to laser phase noise and also reduces maintenance needs, in principle. A revision of related RoF network proposals and experiments is also included. A number of models for Passive Optical Networks (PON)/ RoF-PON that combine both innovative and existing ideas along with a number of solutions for m-trail design problem of these models are proposed. The comparison between these models uses the expected survivability function which proved that these models are liable to be implemented in the new and existing PON/ RoF-PON systems. This dissertation is followed by recommendation of possible directions for future research in this area.

Fault localization is the process of realizing the true source of a failure from a set of collected failure notifications. Isolating failure recovery within the network optical domain is necessary to resolve alarm storm problems. The introduction of the monitoring trail (m-trail) has been proven to deliver better performance by employing monitoring resources in a form of optical trails - a monitoring framework that generalizes all the previously reported counterparts. In this dissertation, the m-trail design is explored and a focus is given to the analysis on using m-trails with established lightpaths to achieve fault localization. This process saves network resources by reducing the number of the m-trails required for fault localization and therefore the number of wavelengths used in the network. A novel approach based on Geographic Midpoint Technique, an adapted version of the Chinese Postman’s Problem (CPP) solution and an adapted version of the Traveling Salesman’s Problem (TSP) solution algorithms is introduced. The desirable features of network architectures and the enabling of innovative technologies for delivering future millimeter-waveband (mm-WB) Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems for wireless services integrated in a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is proposed in this dissertation. For the conceptual illustration, a DWDM RoF system with channel spacing of 12.5 GHz is considered. The mm-WB Radio Frequency (RF) signal is obtained at each Optical Network Unit (ONU) by simultaneously using optical heterodyning photo detection between two optical carriers. The generated RF modulated signal has a frequency of 12.5 GHz. This RoF system is easy, cost-effective, resistant to laser phase noise and also reduces maintenance needs, in principle. A revision of related RoF network proposals and experiments is also included. A number of models for Passive Optical Networks (PON)/ RoF-PON that combine both innovative and existing ideas along with a number of solutions for m-trail design problem of these models are proposed. The comparison between these models uses the expected survivability function which proved that these models are liable to be implemented in the new and existing PON/ RoF-PON systems. This dissertation is followed by recommendation of possible directions for future research in this area.

Avec la croissance forte de ces dernières années des objets connectés les technologies de communication optique et radio voient davantage d’opportunités de s’associer et se combiner dans des technologies bas-couts Photoniques-Microondes (MWP). Les réseaux domestiques en sont un exemple. La bande millimétrique notamment, de 57GHz à 67GHz, est utilisé pour contenir les exigences des communications sans fils très haut-débit, néanmoins, la couverture de ces systèmes wireless est limitée en intérieur (indoor) essentiellement à une seule pièce, à la fois du fait de l’atténuation forte de l’atmosphère dans cette bande de fréquence, mais aussi de fait de l’absorption et de la réflexion des murs. Ainsi il nécessaire de déployer une infrastructure pour diffuser l’information au travers d’un système d’antennes distribuées. Les technologiques optiques et photoniques-microondes sont une des solutions envisagées. Les technologies MWP se sont également étendues et couvrent une gamme très large d’applications incluant les communications mobiles 5G, les analyses biomédicales, les communications courtes-distances (datacom), le traitement de signal par voie optique et les interconnexions dans les véhicules et aéronefs. Beaucoup de ces applications requièrent de la rapidité, de la bande-passante et une grande dynamique à la fois, en même temps de demander des dispositifs compacts, légers et à faible consommation. Le cout d’implémentation est de plus un critère essentiel à leur déploiement, en particulier dans l’environnement domestique ainsi que dans d’autres applications variées des technologies MWP.Ce travail de thèse vise ainsi le développement de composants photonique-microondes (MPW) intégrés en technologie BiCMOS ou Bipolaire SiGe/Si, à très bas coût, incluant les phototransistors bipolaires à hétérojonctions (HPT) SiGe/Si, les Diodes Electro-Luminescentes (LED) Si et SiGe, ainsi que l’intégration combinées des composants optoélectroniques et microondes, pour l’ensemble des applications impliquant des courtes longueurs d’ondes (de 750nm à 950nm typiquement).Ces travaux se concentrent ainsi sur les points suivants :La meilleure compréhension de phototransistors SiGe/Si latéraux et verticaux conçus dans une technologie HBT SiGe 80GHz de Telefunken GmbH. Nous traçons des conclusions sur les performances optimales du phototransistor. Les effets de photodétection du substrat et de la dispersion spatiale des flux de porteurs sont analysés expérimentalement. Cette étude aide à développer des règles de dessin pour améliorer les performances fréquentielles du phototransistor HPT pour les applications visées.Dans l’objectif de développer de futures interconnexions intra- et inter- puces, nous concevons des lignes de transmissions faibles-pertes et des guides d’ondes optiques polymères sur Silicium faible résistivité. Il s’agit d’une étape afin d’envisager des plateformes Silicium dans lesquelles les HPT SiGe pourront potentiellement être intégrés de manière performante à très bas coût avec d’autres structures telles que des lasers à émission par la surface (VCSEL), afin de construire un transpondeur optique complet sur une interface Silicium. Le polymère est utilisé comme une interface diélectrique entre les lignes de transmission et le substrat, pour les interconnexions électriques, et pour définir le gain du guide d’onde optique dans les interconnexions optiques.La conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation du premier lien photonique-microonde sur puce Silicium sont menées en se basant sur la même technologie HBT SiGe 80GHz de Telefunken dans la gamme de longueur d’onde 0,65µm-0,85µm. Ce lien optique complétement intégré combine des LEDS Silicium en régime d’avalanche (Si Av LED), des guides d’ondes optiques Nitrure et Silice ainsi qu’un phototransistor SiGe. Un tel dispositif pourrait permettre d’accueillir à l’avenir des communications sur-puce, de systèmes micro-fluidiques et des applications d’analyse biochimiques / With the recent explosive growth of connected objects, for example in Home Area Networks, the wireless and optical communication technologies see more opportunity to merge with low cost MicroWave Photonic (MWP) technologies. Millimeter frequency band from 57GHz to 67GHz is used to accommodate the very high speed wireless data communication requirements. However, the coverage distance of these wireless systems is limited to few meters (10m). The propagation is then limiting to a single room mostly, due to both the high propagation attenuation of signals in this frequency range and to the wall absorption and reflections. Therefore, an infrastructure is needed to lead the signal to the distributed antennas configuration through MWP technology. Moreover, MWP technology has recently extended to address a considerable number of novel applications including 5G mobile communication, biomedical analysis, Datacom, optical signal processing and for interconnection in vehicles and airplanes. Many of these application areas also demand high speed, bandwidth and dynamic range at the same time they require devices that are small, light and low power consuming. Furthermore, implementation cost is a key consideration for the deployment of such MWP systems in home environment and various integrated MWP application.This PhD deals with very cheap, Bipolar or BiCMOS integrated SiGe/Si MWP devices such as SiGe HPTs, Si LEDs and SiGe LEDs, and focused on the combined integration of mm wave and optoelectronic devices for various applications involving short wavelength links (750nm to 950nm).This research focused on the study of the following points:The better understanding of vertical and lateral illuminated SiGe phototransistors designed in a 80 GHz Telefunken GmbH SiGe HBT technology. We draw conclusions on the optimal performances of the phototransistor. The light sensitive Si substrate and two-dimensional carrier flow effects on SiGe phototransistor performance are investigated. This study helps to derive design rules to improve frequency behavior of the HPT for the targeted applications.For future intra /inter chip hybrid interconnections, we design polymer based low loss microwave transmission lines and optical waveguides on low resistive silicon substrate. It is a step to envisage further Silicon based platforms where SiGe HPT could be integrated at ultra-low cost and high performances with other structures such high-speed VCSEL to build up a complete optical transceiver on a Silicon optical interposer. The polymer is used as dielectric interface between the line and the substrate for electrical interconnections and to design the core and cladding of the optical waveguide.The design, fabrication and characterization of the first on-chip microwave photonic links at mid infrared wavelength (0.65-0.85μm) based on 80 GHz Telefunken GmbH SiGe HBT technological processes. The full optical link combines Silicon Avalanche based Light Emitting Devices (Si Av LEDs), silicon nitride based waveguides and SiGe HPT. Such device could permit hosting microfluidic systems, on chip data communication and bio-chemical analysis applications

Fault localization is the process of realizing the true source of a failure from a set of collected failure notifications. Isolating failure recovery within the network optical domain is necessary to resolve alarm storm problems. The introduction of the monitoring trail (m-trail) has been proven to deliver better performance by employing monitoring resources in a form of optical trails - a monitoring framework that generalizes all the previously reported counterparts. In this dissertation, the m-trail design is explored and a focus is given to the analysis on using m-trails with established lightpaths to achieve fault localization. This process saves network resources by reducing the number of the m-trails required for fault localization and therefore the number of wavelengths used in the network. A novel approach based on Geographic Midpoint Technique, an adapted version of the Chinese Postman’s Problem (CPP) solution and an adapted version of the Traveling Salesman’s Problem (TSP) solution algorithms is introduced. The desirable features of network architectures and the enabling of innovative technologies for delivering future millimeter-waveband (mm-WB) Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems for wireless services integrated in a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is proposed in this dissertation. For the conceptual illustration, a DWDM RoF system with channel spacing of 12.5 GHz is considered. The mm-WB Radio Frequency (RF) signal is obtained at each Optical Network Unit (ONU) by simultaneously using optical heterodyning photo detection between two optical carriers. The generated RF modulated signal has a frequency of 12.5 GHz. This RoF system is easy, cost-effective, resistant to laser phase noise and also reduces maintenance needs, in principle. A revision of related RoF network proposals and experiments is also included. A number of models for Passive Optical Networks (PON)/ RoF-PON that combine both innovative and existing ideas along with a number of solutions for m-trail design problem of these models are proposed. The comparison between these models uses the expected survivability function which proved that these models are liable to be implemented in the new and existing PON/ RoF-PON systems. This dissertation is followed by recommendation of possible directions for future research in this area.

The evolution of the Home Area Network (HAN) is lead by the proliferation of connected devices inside the home and the deployment of high broadband access network which now allows the delivery of services that can exceed 1Gbit/s. To ensure efficient in-house exchanges, the HAN has to move rapidly toward multi-Gigabit/s connections, in particular the wireless connectivity generally preferred by the customers. Current wireless systems have limited capacities, but new radio standards delivering data-rates up to 7Gbit/s are emerging. Nevertheless, as they address the unlicensed millimeter-wave band, from 57 to 66 GHz, their radio coverage is limited to a single room. Indeed, at such frequencies, the free-space losses are high and the waves do not cross the walls. This thesis proposes to solve this problem by means of the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. This consists in capturing the 60GHz radio signals emitted in one room, converting them into optical signals for transmission through optical fibers, and reemitting them in another room. Thus, several RoF transducers will be installed in the home and interconnected by a suitable optical infrastructure to create systems acting at the same time as repeaters and as distribution systems. From the viewpoint of the HAN market, such systems will be competitive only if they are low cost. As a consequence, this work focuses on direct modulation with direct detection (IM-DD) at Intermediate Frequency (IF). In other words, the 60GHz signal is down-converted at a lower frequency around 5GHz before the laser modulation and up-converted to 60GHz after the photodetection. Concerning the optical fiber, silica multimode fiber (MMF) is privileged as it allows the use of low cost and largely available optoelectronic devices working at 850nm.The thesis proposes different RoF architectures, from point-to-point interconnecting two rooms to multipoint-to-multipoint acting as logical buses. After an analog characterization of the optoelectronic components, the RoF link and the domestic cable, these architectures are designed, built and characterized step by step using OFDM modulation according to existing wireless 60GHz standards. Real-time transmissions between commercial devices have also been performed to validate these architectures. Moreover, advanced RoF infrastructures are proposed. First, the RoF systems can be easily improved if the access to their optical media is managed by the radio MAC layer. This approach is therefore studied showing its feasibility. Secondly, an optical system, seen by users as a premium product, has to support the legacy home services commonly used as well as the new ones that could emerge in the future. Thus, innovative multiservice and multiformat infrastructures conveying on a unique optical cable wired IP data, broadcast terrestrial or satellite television, the 60GHz wireless connectivity, and specific formats as HDMI signals are proposed and tested

Dans le but de fournir un service GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) de localisation continu et disponible partout, les systèmes utilisant des pseudolites et des répéteurs semblent être des solutions pertinentes pour la localisation en indoor. Le système à répélites, inspiré de ces deux méthodes (répéteurs et pseudolites), est aussi proposé pour résoudre cette problématique. Les répélites sont des transmetteurs locaux qui, installés en intérieur, formeront une constellation locale. Ils émettent tous un signal GNSS unique mais déphasé par un délai spécifique à chacun d’eux. Ces délais sont nécessaires pour distinguer les différents signaux reçus au niveau du récepteur. Les travaux de cette thèses sont réalisés dans le cadre du système à répélites et dans l’objectif d’améliorer son architecture et de réduire ses interférences inter-système. En effet, l’architecture du système (un peu encombrante) et les interférences éventuelles avec les signaux satellitaires reçus par un récepteur placé à l’extérieur font partie des inconvénients de ce système. On cherche donc à traiter ces deux difficultés de façon à minimiser leurs effets. Dans une première partie, on étudie les différents codes GNSS existants dans la littérature ainsi que les techniques de modulation employées. Ceci nous mène à proposer des codes ayant un niveau d’interférence équivalent à la référence GPS (obtenue entre deux codes GPS) pour les bandes L1 de GPS et G1 de Glonass. Dans une seconde étape, on développe la modulation IMBOC (Indoor Modified Binary Offset Carrier) pour générer de nouveaux codes caractérisés par des niveaux d’interférence réduits (comparés à la référence GPS). Parmi ces codes il y a deux catégories : ceux qui sont adaptés aux systèmes à répélites (émettant un code unique) et ceux qui sont adaptés aux systèmes pseudolites. Une étude théorique et des simulations des niveaux d’interférences pour les codes émis dans la bande GPS et Glonass sont réalisées pour déterminer les gains en termes de niveaux de bruit. Ce gain (par rapport à la référence GPS) en puissance d’interférence s’élève à 16 dB pour Glonass et 20 dB pour GPS. Pour valider les performances de ces codes, on génère les signaux IMBOC et on observe les interférences réelles qu’ils induisent sur un récepteur GPS recevant un signal satellitaire. Dans la deuxième partie, on utilise la fibre optique pour transmettre le signal du générateur jusqu’aux répélites et pour créer les délais initiaux par propagation du signal dans des bobines de fibre. Ainsi on remplace les câbles coaxiaux et les montages électroniques (de déphasage) par des bobines de fibres plus légères, facile à installer et à faible perte de puissance. Il reste cependant à évaluer avec une précision centimétrique les délais réels induits sur chaque signal dans le but de garantir une précision de localisation inférieure au mètre. Cette précision semble en effet représenter un bon compromis entre complexité globale du système de localisation et réponse à un ensemble suffisant de besoins des utilisateurs potentiels. On développe alors une technique d’estimation des délais basée sur la mesure de déphasage (entre deux signaux sinusoïdaux) et une analyse statistique des séries de mesures. Pour finir, on présente quelques résultats de localisation obtenus avec notre système à répélites déployé dans un environnement indoor typique / In order to make the GNSS positioning service continuous and available when going from an outdoor to an indoor environment, pseudolite and repeater based systems have been developed. A new system called repealite is a combination of both pseudolites and repeaters. It is based on transmitting a single signal through a set of transmitters (thus creating the local constellation). In order to avoid interference between the repealite signals and to distinguish between them at the receiver’s end, each signal is shifted with a specific delay. The research carried out in this PhD aims at optimizing two aspects of the repealite based system. Firstly, we need to mitigate the effect of the interference caused on the satellite signals received outdoors. So we decided to design new codes characterized by low interference levels with outdoor signals. Secondly, we worked on the infrastructure part in order to simplify it and to make it easier to install: this is mainly achieved through the use of optical fibers. In the first part, we study the codes and the modulation techniques currently used in the GNSS systems. Then, we propose a few codes having an interference level equivalent to that of the GPS (obtained when computing two GPS codes). These new codes are compatible with the GPS L1 or the Glonass G1 bands. In a second step, we focus on the modulation techniques and create the so-called IMBOC (Indoor Modified Binary Offset Carrier) that aims at minimizing the interference levels with outdoor signals. With this modulation, we propose new IMBOC codes capable of much lower interference levels than the GPS reference. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed codes, we carried out a theoretical study, simulations and experimental tests. The interference gain reached about 20 dB on the GPS band and 16 dB on the Glonass one. The proposed codes are divided into two categories: those reserved to the repealite system (using a single code) and families of codes suited to pseudolite–based systems. Finally, we generated the IMBOC signals modulated by the new codes and tested the real interference induced on an outdoor receiver tracking the satellite signals. In the second part, we use optical fibers in order to replace the coaxial cables used to transmit signals from the GNSS-like signal generator to the repealites. In addition, the initial delay needed for each repealite is added by propagating the signals through rolls of fibers. Indeed, optical fiber offers advantages such as lightness, flexibility and low power loss that make it suitable to simplify the infrastructure of the system. In order to evaluate the real delays of these various fibers, we develop an estimating method based on phase shift measurements (between two sinusoidal signals) and statistical analysis of the series of measurements. This method should have uncertainties lower than one centimeter in order to insure a sub-meter precision (in absolute positioning with the repealite positioning system). In order to validate this method, we compare it to a GNSS based calibration approach. Finally, we carry out a few positioning tests with the repealite positioning system deployed in a typical indoor environment. These tests deal with absolute and relative positioning and give an idea about the system’s performance

L'évolution des Réseaux Locaux Domestiques (RLD) est influencée par l'augmentation irréfrénée du nombre de terminaux connectés dans nos domiciles et par le déploiement de réseaux d'accès optiques haut débit qui délivrent désormais des services dépassant le Gigabit/s. Pour continuer à échanger efficacement les données, les RLD doivent évoluer vers le multi-Gigabit/s, et plus particulièrement la très appréciée connectivité sans fil. Les systèmes radio actuels ont des capacités limitées, néanmoins de nouveaux standards dont le débit excède 7Gbit/s voient le jour. Mais comme ces derniers exploitent la bande millimétrique, entre 57 et 66 GHz, leur couverture radio est limitée à la taille d'une pièce. En effet, à de telles fréquences, les pertes en espace libre sont très élevées et les ondes ne traversent pas les murs. Cette thèse propose de résoudre cette limitation au moyen de solutions Radio sur Fibre (RoF pour Radio over Fiber). Cette technique consiste à capturer les signaux radio émis dans une première pièce, puis à les convertir en signaux optiques pour les transmettre par fibre optique jusqu'à une seconde pièce où ils seront réémis. Plusieurs transducteurs RoF seront donc installés dans le domicile et interconnectés entre eux au moyen d'une infrastructure optique adaptée, créant ainsi des systèmes se comportant à la fois comme répéteurs and comme système de distribution. Pour le marché du RLD, de telles solutions sont compétitives que si elles sont bas coût. Par conséquent, ce travail se focalise sur la modulation directe avec détection directe (IM-DD) en Fréquence Intermédiaire (FI). En d'autres termes, le signal radio à 60GHz est translaté à une plus faible fréquence, autour de 5GHz, pour moduler directement un laser, puis il est restitué à 60GHz après la détection directe. Concernant la fibre optique, la multimode silice (MMF) est privilégiée puisqu'elle permet l'utilisation de composants optoélectroniques bas coût et largement disponible. Cette thèse propose différentes architectures RoF, de la point-à-point reliant deux pièces à la multipoint-à-multipoint agissant comme un bus logique. Après une caractérisation analogique des composants optoélectroniques, du lien RoF et du câble domestique, ces architectures sont construites et caractérisées étape par étape sur la base d'une modulation OFDM conforme aux standards radio 60GHz. Des transmissions temps réel entre terminaux commerciaux sont également réalisées afin de valider ces architectures. Pour finir, des infrastructures RoF avancées sont proposées. Premièrement, les systèmes RoF peuvent être améliorés si l'accès à leur couche optique est contrôlé par la couche MAC radio. Cette approche est donc étudiée, démontrant ainsi sa faisabilité. Deuxièmement, les systèmes optiques, perçus par les utilisateurs comme des produits premium, doivent supporter aussi bien les services de base du RLD que ceux qui vont émerger dans les années à venir. Ainsi, des infrastructures multiservice and multiformat innovantes transportant sur un unique câble optique des données IP, la télévision hertzienne et satellite, les signaux radio 60GHz et d'autres formats spécifiques tels que l'HDMI sont proposées puis testées / The evolution of the Home Area Network (HAN) is lead by the proliferation of connected devices inside the home and the deployment of high broadband access network which now allows the delivery of services that can exceed 1Gbit/s. To ensure efficient in-house exchanges, the HAN has to move rapidly toward multi-Gigabit/s connections, in particular the wireless connectivity generally preferred by the customers. Current wireless systems have limited capacities, but new radio standards delivering data-rates up to 7Gbit/s are emerging. Nevertheless, as they address the unlicensed millimeter-wave band, from 57 to 66 GHz, their radio coverage is limited to a single room. Indeed, at such frequencies, the free-space losses are high and the waves do not cross the walls. This thesis proposes to solve this problem by means of the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology. This consists in capturing the 60GHz radio signals emitted in one room, converting them into optical signals for transmission through optical fibers, and reemitting them in another room. Thus, several RoF transducers will be installed in the home and interconnected by a suitable optical infrastructure to create systems acting at the same time as repeaters and as distribution systems. From the viewpoint of the HAN market, such systems will be competitive only if they are low cost. As a consequence, this work focuses on direct modulation with direct detection (IM-DD) at Intermediate Frequency (IF). In other words, the 60GHz signal is down-converted at a lower frequency around 5GHz before the laser modulation and up-converted to 60GHz after the photodetection. Concerning the optical fiber, silica multimode fiber (MMF) is privileged as it allows the use of low cost and largely available optoelectronic devices working at 850nm.The thesis proposes different RoF architectures, from point-to-point interconnecting two rooms to multipoint-to-multipoint acting as logical buses. After an analog characterization of the optoelectronic components, the RoF link and the domestic cable, these architectures are designed, built and characterized step by step using OFDM modulation according to existing wireless 60GHz standards. Real-time transmissions between commercial devices have also been performed to validate these architectures. Moreover, advanced RoF infrastructures are proposed. First, the RoF systems can be easily improved if the access to their optical media is managed by the radio MAC layer. This approach is therefore studied showing its feasibility. Secondly, an optical system, seen by users as a premium product, has to support the legacy home services commonly used as well as the new ones that could emerge in the future. Thus, innovative multiservice and multiformat infrastructures conveying on a unique optical cable wired IP data, broadcast terrestrial or satellite television, the 60GHz wireless connectivity, and specific formats as HDMI signals are proposed and tested