Sigma receptors originally thought to be an opioid receptor is now categorized as a distinct class of receptor. There are two main subtypes, the sigma-1 receptor and an uncharacterised binding site, named the sigma-2 binding site. The presence of the sigma-2 binding site shows high correlation with proliferation of cells and is associated with cancer. I have categorized sigma-1 and sigma-2 binding sites in 11 human tumour cell lines. I have demonstrated that tumour cell lines from a range of tissues express both sigma-1 and sigma-2 binding sites. One exception is the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, which lacks sigma-1 receptors. I show that the quantitation of sigma-2 binding sites using the "masking" protocols are flawed, significantly overestimating levels of sigma-2 binding sites. I propose novel protocols to determine levels of sigma-1 receptors and sigma-2 binding sites in cell lines and tissue. Using radioligand binding assays in MCF7 cells, I have characterised novel sigma-2 ligands. These ligands are simple ammonium salts containing a single nitrogen atom. They are simpler than the previously recognised pharmacophore for the sigma-2 site. I have shown that these simple ammonium salts show graded affinity for the sigma-2 binding site. The highest affinity ligands were dihexylammonium (pKi 7.58) and dioctylammonium (pKi 7.9). I have used these ammonium salts and previously characterised ligands to determine sigma-2 binding site biology. I have shown that the biological activity of these drugs is related neither to their hydrophobicity nor their ability to effect calcium signalling in cells. I propose that the Hill slope of binding is inversely related to the efficacy of a ligand to inhibit metabolic activity of cancer cells. Furthermore, I offer an explanation as to why concentrations of sigma-2 ligands far higher than their determined binding affinities are required to inhibit metabolic activity.

Molecular imaging of the human body is beginning to revolutionize drug development, drug delivery targeting, prognostics and diagnostics, and patient screening for clinical trials. The primary clinical tool of molecular imaging is Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which uses radioactively tagged probes (radioligands) for the in vivo quantification of blood flow, metabolism, protein distribution, gene expression and drug target occupancy. While many radioligands are used in human research, only a few have been adopted for clinical use. A major obstacle to translating these tools from bench-to-bedside is that PET images acquired using complex radioligands can not be properly interpreted or quantified without arterial blood sampling during the scan. Arterial blood sampling is an invasive, risky, costly, time consuming and uncomfortable procedure that deters subjects' participation and requires highly specialized medical staff presence and laboratories to run blood analysis. Many approaches have been developed over the years to reduce the number of blood samples for certain classes of radioligands, yet the ultimate goal of zero blood samples has remained illusive. In this dissertation we break this proverbial blood barrier and present for the first time a non-invasive PET quantification framework. To accomplish this, we introduce novel image processing, modeling, and tomographic reconstruction tools. First, we developed dedicated pharmacokinetic modeling, machine learning and optimization framework based on the fusion of Electronic Health Records (EHR) data with dynamic PET brain imaging information. EHR data is used to infer individualized metabolism and clearance rates of the radioligand from the body. This is combined with simultaneous estimation on multiple distinct regions of the PET image. A substantial part of this effort involved curating, and then mining, an extensive database of PET, EHR and arterial blood sampling data. Second, we outline a new tomographic reconstruction and resolution modeling approach that takes into account the scanner point spread function in order to improve the resolution of existing PET data-sets. This technique allows visualization and quantification of structures smaller than previously possible. Recovery of signal from blood vessels and integration with the non-invasive framework is demonstrated. We also show general applicability of this technique for visualization and signal recovery from the raphe, a sub-resolution cluster of nuclei in the brain that were previously not detectible with standard techniques. Our framework can be generalizable to all classes of radioligands, independent of their kinetics and distribution within body. Work presented in this thesis will allow the PET scientific and clinical community to advance towards the ultimate goal of making PET cost-effective and to enable new clinical use cases.

Abstract not available

Abstract not available

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Biological Sciences, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Gamma-Amino butyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and inhibits the neurotransmission by targeting the ionotropic transmembrane GABAA receptor. Modulators of the GABAA receptor targets the allosteric binding sites and modifies the GABA effect and these sites acts as superior drug targets within psychopharmacology.   Gabather AB has developed the novel compound GT-002 that is known to target the receptor and cause a behavioral effect in rodents. This project characterized the binding of the lead compound GT-002 to GABAA receptor in mammalian brain tissue by development and validation of a radioligand binding assay. In the assay a comparative evaluation was performed using the benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist Flumazenil (FLU).   All experiments were performed using GABAA receptors originating from porcine and mouse brain tissue membrane, where no significant difference between the mammals was displayed. GT-002 binds with higher affinity and associates faster than FLU to the receptor and implies a two-binding site model. GT-002 displaced FLU and no tested competitive analytes targeting various modulatory sites of the receptor displaced GT-002, implying independent binding of GT-002 and allosterically impacts the BZ binding site.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Canadian men. Despite hormone and radiation therapies, most patients progress to late-stage metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). 177Lu-PSMA617 radioligand therapy (rLT) is a radioactive biochemical substance that targets the human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSMA). This rLT has been used in compassionate trials in mCRPC patients and has been demonstrated significant clinical efficacy. However, recent findings suggest that this efficacy is short-lived, and most patients exhibit tumor recurrence [96]. Here we establish a murine model to study the anti-tumor effects and the corresponding immune response of 177Lu-PSMA617 rLT on prostate cancer. We generated a doxycycline-inducible hPSMA-expressing murine prostate cancer (hPSMA TRAMP-C2) cell line with high binding responses to PSMA617. Using this system, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo binding of 177Lu-PSMA617 to the hPSMA TRAMP-C2 cell line. Here, we show that the hPSMA TRAMP-C2 cell line expresses hPSMA upon doxycycline induction and that 177Lu-PSMA617 can bind to its target in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results show that the developed hPSMA TRAMP-C2 cell line can be used to investigate therapeutic and immunological responses targeted against PSMA in prostate cancer. / Graduate

La maladie d’Alzheimer est une maladie neurodégénérative touchant près d’un million de personnes en France et dont les perspectives actuelles laissent suggérer une forte augmentation dans les années à venir. Si les mécanismes biochimiques responsables des symptômes sont connus, aucun traitement curatif n’est aujourd’hui disponible. Parmi les cibles incrimées, le récepteur sérotoninergique 5-HT4 a fait l’objet de nombreuses études et de nombreux ligands ont été synthétisés dans l’optique de trouver un traitement efficace. Cependant, en raison de sa complexité et de sa sensibilité, une étude approfondie du cerveau en conditions fonctionnelles s’avère délicate. C’est pourquoi, l’utilisation des techniques d’imagerie médicale constitue une méthode non invasive et prometteuse pour améliorer les recherches sur ce récepteur en conditions physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Dans la continuité des travaux réalisés au laboratoire depuis plus d’une vingtaine d’années, une nouvelle génération de ligands iodés, a lipophilie réduite, basés sur un système diazaphénanthridine, a été synthétisée. Différentes fonctions hydrophiles ont été introduites et 25 nouveaux composés ont été obtenus et évalués biologiquement. Les meilleurs candidats ont été envoyés en radiomarquage et les images ont montré la capacité de ces ligands à déplacer le radiotraceur de référence in vitro sur coupe de cerveau humain.En parallèle de cette étude, suite aux difficultés rencontrées pour préparer les précurseurs de radiomarquage, une nouvelle technique de radioiodation par activation C-H a été investiguée. Après une mise au point sur les N-tosylbenzamides comme groupement directeur, cette réaction a été exemplifiée sur une quinzaine de groupements directeurs et appliquée à des molécules biologiquement actives plus complexes. / Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting almost 50 millions people in the world. Even if the biological mechanisms implied on this pathology are known, no treatments stop or reverse its progression. Serotoninergic receptor 5-HT4R is one of the incriminated target and many ligands have been synthesized in order to develop an efficient treatment but a functionnal study of the brain is impossible. That’s why, development of efficient radiotracers is essential for the in vivo evaluation of new drugs targeting 5-HT4R and also for investigation of the receptor involvement in a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Starting from previsous studies made in the laboratory, a new generation of ligands, focused on diazaphenanthridine scaffold and with reduced lipophilicity, have been designed. Various hydrophilic functions have been introduced and 25 new ligands have been synthesized and biological assays have been realised. Five of this compounds have been radiolabeled and the in vitro imaging experiments on human slice brain showed the ability of the new « hit » compound to move the radioligand of reference and to label the 5-HT4R.Due to the difficulties encountered to the synthesis of tin precursors for the radiolabeling, a new strategy of radioiodation has been developed based on palladium mediated C-H activation. Using first N-tosylbenzamide as directing group for the proof of concept, the scope of this methodology have been enhanced to about fifteen directing groups. Finally, the C-H radioiodation have been applied to more complex biological molecules.

La surexpression de récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) dans certains cancers est mise à profit en médecine nucléaire pour développer des radioligands capables de diagnostiquer la présence de tumeurs. A titre d’exemple, des analogues de la somatostatine marqués à l’indium-111 (111In-OctreoScan) sont utilisés pour le diagnostic de tumeurs neuroendocrines. L’urotensine II (UII), qui présente des homologies structurales avec la somatostatine, est considérée comme le neuropeptide vasoactif le plus puissant découvert à ce jour. L’UII interagit avec un unique RCPG de très haute affinité appelé UT, classiquement couplé à la voie Gαq/PLC/IP3/Ca2+. L’UII exerce notamment des activités pro-mitotiques et chémoattractantes et une expression élevée de l'UT a été rapportée dans plusieurs types de tumeurs solides humaines provenant des poumons, de l'intestin, de la prostate ou du sein. Ces données suggèrent que l'UT pourrait être une cible prometteuse pour concevoir des analogues urotensinergiques radiomarqués à finalités diagnostiques voire thérapeutiques. Deux analogues urotensinergiques capables de lier des isotopes radioactifs (le DOTA-UII et le DOTA-urantide) ont été synthétisés et radiomarqués avec succès avec l’111In. L'incubation de l’111In-DOTA-UII dans du plasma humain a révélé que seulement 30% du radioligand étaient dégradés après 3 heures d’incubation. L'administration de concentrations croissantes de DOTA-UII et de DOTA-urantide sur des cellules HEK-293 exprimant l'UT induit une augmentation dose-dépendante de la concentration cytosolique de calcium, avec une puissance et une efficacité similaires à celles obtenues avec l'UII (EC50: 1,26 10-8 M et 2,09 10-8 M, UII et DOTA-UII, respectivement) et urantide (EC50: 1,82 10-8 M et 1,52 10-8 M, urantide et DOTA-urantide, respectivement). Alors que la fixation sur l’UT du DOTA-UII ou l’UII entraîne l'internalisation du complexe ligand-récepteur (ELISA et immunocytochimie) dans les cellules HEK-293 exprimant l'UT, l’urantide et le DOTA-urantide restent inactifs. L'injection intraveineuse de l’111In-DOTA-UII chez des souris C57BL/6 a révélé un léger signal principalement restreint dans les reins, indiquant une clairance rapide du peptide. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus avec des souris dont le gène codant l’UT a été invalidé (mUTS2R-/-) ou des souris exprimant constitutivement la forme humaine de l’UT (mUTS2R-/- hUTS2R+/+). Enfin, l’111In-DOTA-UII a été injecté chez des souris Nudes porteuses de xénogreffes hétérotopiques de cellules humaines A549 (adénocarcinome pulmonaire) ou DLD-1 (adénocarcinome colorectal), exprimant fonctionnellement l’UT, comme nous l’avons préalablement vérifié par analyses western blot, par immunohistochimie et par des tests de migration/prolifération cellulaire. Dans les deux cas, l'imagerie TEMP/TDM n'a toutefois pas révélé de signal exploitable dans les tumeurs, suggérant que la clairance du radioligand est trop importante pour permettre l'accumulation du radiotraceur et la détection des tumeurs. L’ensemble de nos résultats démontre que la conjugaison de DOTA dans les analogues urotensinergiques n'altère pas l'activation de l'UT. Cependant, d'autres investigations sont nécessaires pour diminuer la clairance rénale et améliorer l'imagerie tumorale et ainsi permettre, à terme, de concevoir des radioligands urotensinergiques à finalités diagnostiques voire théranostiques. / Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in tumor is widely used to develop GPCR-targeting radioligands for solid tumor imaging. For example, somatostatin analogue labeled with 111Indium (111In-OctreoScan) is used for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. The vasoactive neuropeptide urotensin II (UII), which shares structural analogies with somatostatin, interacts with a single high affinity GPCR named UT. High expression of UT has been reported in several types of human solid tumors from lung, gut, prostate or breast, suggesting that UT is a valuable target to design radiolabeled UII analogues for cancer diagnosis. Two urotensinergic analogues (DOTA-UII and DOTA-urantide) both containing the DOTA chelating group capable of complexing radioactive metal isotopes have been synthetized and radiolabeled with 111Indium. Incubation of 111In-DOTA-UII in human plasma revealed that only 30% of the radioligand was degraded after a 3h incubation period. Administration of graded concentrations of both DOTA-UII and DOTA-urantide in the vicinity of HEK293 cells expressing UT induced a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic calcium concentration, with similar potency and efficacy to that obtained with UII and urantide. These results demonstrated that conjugation of DOTA in urotensinergic analogues did not affect UT activation. DOTA-UII was also able to promote UT internalization in HEK293 cells expressing UT, while DOTA-urantide was ineffective. Intravenous injection of 111In-DOTA-UII in C57BL/6 mice revealed a slight signal mostly restricted in kidney, and similar results were obtained with knock-out mice or constitutively expressing human UT mice. Finally, 111In-DOTA-UII was injected into nude mice bearing heterotopic xenografts of human A549 cells (lung adenocarcinoma) or DLD-1 cells (colorectal adenocarcinoma) both expressing functional UT. In both cases, SPECT-CT imaging showed the absence of tumor uptake and significant renal and bladder uptakes, suggesting fast tracer clearance from the organism. However, further investigations will be necessary to decrease renal clearance and to improve tumor imaging.

Drug addiction, opiates respectively, is a social problem which seriousness is currently on the rise. One of key elements causing addiction is tolerance to increasing doses of drug causing abstinence syndrome during withdrawal and craving. Opioid receptors are members of a large group of receptors coupled with heterotrimeric G-proteins (GPCR), whose properties can be investigated using agonist- stimulated binding [35 S] GTPγS. Many extracellular signals are transferred into a cell through GPCR. Opioid receptor agonists inhibit the activity of adenylyl cyclase and are coupled with G-protein group Gi/Go. This work is devoted to the study of changes in isolated plasma membranes of rat forebrain containing opioid receptors of healthy subjects with membranes acquired from morphine addicted subjects. The rats were long-term morphine treated in increasing doses, to develop the dependency. The comparison is done firstly by binding of [3 H]ouabain to Na,K-ATPase, which proves to be a negative standard of changes, secondly by binding [35 S]GTPγS to G-proteins, thereby providing the functional activity of G-protein in stimulating the binding by the agonist of δ-opioid receptors DADLE or agonist of µ-opioid receptors DAMGO. Furthermore, it has been studied the influence of prostaglandin E1 on binding [35...