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11	Contribution aux analyses de la stabilité structurale des excavations minières souterraines de géométries complexes par modélisation DFN Durham, Christopher 27 November 2023 (has links) Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 20 novembre 2023) / Dans des conditions de faible contrainte, l'absence de confinement peut causer des chutes de blocs, un type d'instabilité critique des excavations souterraines. Il est essentiel de considérer à la fois le réseau de fractures du massif rocheux et la géométrie de l'ouverture dans les analyses de stabilité. Toutefois, les outils actuels d'analyse de stabilité des instabilités structurales se limitent à des représentations simplifiées de la géométrie des excavations et ne prennent pas en compte les caractéristiques géométriques détaillées ni la distribution spatiale des discontinuités. De ce fait, ces outils ne sont donc pas intégrés aux processus de conception des excavations minières. Ce mémoire développe une approche numérique améliorée pour l'évaluation des aléas de chutes de blocs tétraédriques formés à la surface des ouvertures minières souterraines. Elle considère la complexité du régime structural en implémentant la modélisation de fractures, mieux connu sous le nom de Discrete Fracture Network (DFN). L'approche développée utilise comme intrant une surface triangulée détaillée de l'excavation souterraine avec des dimensions et inclinaisons variables. Elle permet d'intégrer les résultats de l'analyse aux outils de conception assisté par ordinateur (CAO) minière utilisés dans l'industrie. Une analyse détaillée a montré que la simplification excessive de la géométrie de l'excavation peut entraîner une évaluation inadéquate de la formation des blocs rocheux. Une analyse plus approfondie a également permis d'identifier des blocs allongés non critiques pour la stabilité et des blocs potentiellement instables partiellement formés due à un pont rocheux intact à l'apex. La méthodologie développée a été appliquée avec succès à un cas d'étude de chute de bloc au toit d'une excavation minière souterraine de géométrie complexe en contexte minier en opération. / Geological discontinuities have a large impact on the rock mass behavior in underground excavations. Under low-stress conditions, structurally controlled wedge failure is one of the most critical types of rock instability. The stability analysis must integrate both the rock mass fracture network and the geometry of the opening. However, current wedge stability analysis tools do not typically examine the detailed geometrical characteristics of the rock discontinuities and are limited to simplified representations of excavation geometry, not allowing analysis of excavation surfaces with complex geometries. Consequently, these analysis tools are not integrated into the excavation design processes in the mining industry. This thesis reports on the development of a comprehensive and more rational numerical approach to assess wedge formation around underground mine openings. The approach considers the structural rock mass complexity using Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) modelling and the detailed 3D underground excavation profile obtained from surveying. The approach allows for integrating the analysis results into the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) mine design tools used in the industry. A detailed investigation of the 3D profile and shape of the excavation indicated that an oversimplification of the excavation geometry in the stability analysis can result in an inadequate assessment of wedge formation. Further analyses have allowed us to identify elongated wedges that may not be critical from a stability perspective and wedges that were not entirely formed in the DFN model but may still be critical for the stability of the excavation. The developed methodology was successfully applied to estimate wedges' formation around an underground mine excavation. Réseaux de fractures discrètes Structures complexes généralisées. Modèles en géologie. Géométrie algorithmique. Géométrie -- Informatique. Mine Raglan (Québec)
12	Oceanographic Considerations for the Management and Protection of Surfing Breaks Scarfe, Bradley Edward January 2008 (has links) Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature. Aramoana Beach Dunedin (New Zealand) ArcGIS ArcSDE artificial surfing reef backscatter Baseline Data Collection bathymetry bathymetric surveying beach morphodynamics beach-state and morphology breaking wave height coastal engineering coastal environment coastal management coastal monitoring coastal processes coastal structures currents economic value EIA environmental data management environmental impact assessment geographic information systems geoid geomorphic surfing break categorisation GIS groin hydrodynamic modelling hydrographic surveying hydrography ICZM incline plane modelling integrated coastal zone management Main Beach Mount Maunganui (New Zealand) Manu Bay Boat Ramp Raglan (New Zealand) measuring water levels morphological coupling multibeam echo soundings oceanography offshore wave transformations Palm Beach Reefs Gold Coast (Australia) RTK GPS salient surf zone hydrodynamics surfing break components surfing reefs surfing tourism surfing wave climate surfing wave parameters Tay Street Mount Maunganui (New Zealand) wave breaking intensity wave climate wave focusing wave modelling wave peel angle wave section length wind effects on waves

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Contribution aux analyses de la stabilité structurale des excavations minières souterraines de géométries complexes par modélisation DFN

Oceanographic Considerations for the Management and Protection of Surfing Breaks