Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TarikSA_DISSERT_capa_ate_pag55.pdf: 3736069 bytes, checksum: b698a37671bea0378de1ec3f502334b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Oil spills in marine environments represent immediate environmental impacts of large magnitude. For that reason the Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Maps constitute a major instrument for planning actions of containment and cleanup. For both the Environmental Sensitivity Maps always need to be updated, to have an appropriate scale and to represent accurately the coastal areas. In this context, this thesis presents a methodology for collecting and processing remote sensing data for the purpose of updating the territorial basis of thematic maps of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil. To ensure greater applicability of the methodology, sensors with complementary characteristics, which provide their data at a low financial cost, were selected and tested. To test the methodology, an area located on the northern coast of the Northeast of Brazil was chosen. The results showed that the products of ASTER data and image hybrid sensor PALSAR + CCD and HRC + CCD, have a great potential to be used as a source of cartographic information on projects that seek to update the Environmental Sensitivity Maps of Oil / Um derramamento de petr?leo em ambientes mar?timos representa um impacto ambiental imediato de grande magnitude. Diante desse fato as Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao ?leo Cartas SAO, representam um dos principais instrumentos de planejamento das a??es de conten??o e limpeza. Para tanto as Cartas SAO, necessitam estarem sempre atualizadas, possu?rem escala adequada e representarem com fidelidade as zonas costeiras. Nesse contexto, essa disserta??o de mestrado buscou apresentar uma metodologia de processamento de dados de sensoriamento remoto, para fins de monitoramento de mudan?as ambientais em zonas costeiras e atualiza??o da base territorial tem?tica das Cartas SAO. Para garantir uma maior aplicabilidade da metodologia foram selecionados e testados sensores com caracter?sticas complementares e que fornecem seus dados a um baixo custo financeiro. Para se testar a metodologia foi escolhida uma ?rea localizada dentro dos limites da Bacia Potiguar que esta situada no litoral setentrional do Nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados demonstraram que os produtos dos dados ASTER e das imagens h?bridas dos sensores PALSAR + CCD e HRC + CCD, apresentam uma grande potencialidade para serem usados como fonte de informa??es cartogr?ficas em projetos que busquem a atualiza??o de Cartas SAO

This work describes efforts to improve methodologies and instrumentation for investigation of the marine CO2 system. In the first section of my thesis, a method was developed that provides simple, calibration-free measurements of seawater carbonate saturation states (Ωspec) based solely on the use of a laboratory spectrophotometer. Measurements of pH are made in paired optical cells, one with and one without added nitric acid. The amount of added nitric acid is determined through the direct proportionality between nitrate concentration and UV absorbance. After an initial calibration, the method is calibration-free and requires no volumetric or gravimetric analyses thereafter. Saturation state measurements can be obtained in twelve minutes and attain Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network accuracy goals over a wide range of conditions. This simple one-step measurement protocol is ideal for monitoring ocean acidification conditions in coastal areas, fish hatcheries and shellfish farms. The second section of my thesis outlines the development of a next-generation handheld photometer for field measurements of seawater pH. The hand-held instrument is simple to use, inexpensive, and has a pH measurement accuracy of ±0.01. Each photometer is calibrated by relating pH-indicator absorbance ratios (RB) obtained with the broadband photometer to indicator absorbance ratios (RN) obtained with a high quality, narrowband scanning spectrophotometer. The RB vs RN relationship for each photometer is entered into the instrument’s software, providing discrete, real-time pH observations from measurements of RB, salinity and temperature. Measurement accuracy is assessed through comparisons of photometer pH with pH observations obtained using standard measurement procedures and high-quality spectrophotometers. The targeted user-groups for these instruments include middle and high school students, citizen scientists, and resource managers

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreLSS_TESE.pdf: 5521921 bytes, checksum: f9408bc166edc779a453c6cc730acf4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-04 / The objective of this Doctoral Thesis was monitoring, in trimestral scale, the coastal morphology of the Northeastern coast sections of Rio Grande do Norte State, in Brazil, which is an area of Potiguar Basin influenced by the oil industry activities. The studied sections compose coastal areas with intense sedimentary erosion and high environmental sensitivity to the oil spill. In order to achieve the general objective of this study, the work has been systematized in four steps. The first one refers to the evaluation of the geomorphological data acquisition methodologies used on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of sandy beaches. The data has been obtained from Soledade beach, located on the Northeastern coast of Rio Grande Norte. The second step has been centered on the increasing of the reference geodetic infrastructure to accomplish the geodetic survey of the studied area by implanting a station in Corta Cachorro Barrier Island and by conducting monitoring geodetic surveys to understand the beach system based on the Coastline (CL) and on DEM multitemporal analysis. The third phase has been related to the usage of the methodology developed by Santos; Amaro (2011) and Santos et al. (2012) for the surveying, processing, representation, integration and analysis of Coastlines from sandy coast, which have been obtained through geodetic techniques of positioning, morphological change analysis and sediment transport. The fourth stage represents the innovation of surveys in coastal environment by using the Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), to evaluate a highly eroded section on Soledade beach where the oil industry structures are located. The evaluation has been achieved through high-precision DEM and accuracy during the modeling of the coast morphology changes. The result analysis of the integrated study about the spatial and temporal interrelations of the intense coastal processes in areas of building cycles and destruction of beaches has allowed identifying the causes and consequences of the intense coastal erosion in exposed beach sections and in barrier islands / O objetivo da Tese de Doutorado foi o monitoramento da morfologia costeira em escala trimestral de trechos do Litoral Setentrional do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, ?rea da Bacia Potiguar sob a influ?ncia das atividades petrol?feras. Trata-se de setores costeiros marcados por intensa eros?o sedimentar e de alta sensibilidade ambiental ao derramamento de ?leo. Para atingir o objetivo geral deste estudo, o trabalho foi sistematizado em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa apresenta a avalia??o das metodologias de aquisi??o de dados geomorfol?gicos utilizada na modelagem digital de eleva??o de praias arenosas a partir de dados obtidos na praia de Soledade, localizada no Litoral Setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte. A segunda etapa foi a amplia??o da infraestrutura geod?sica de refer?ncia para a realiza??o dos levantamentos geod?sicos da ?rea de estudo atrav?s da implanta??o de uma esta??o na ilha barreira de Corta Cachorro e de levantamentos geod?sicos de monitoramento para o entendimento do sistema praial com uso de an?lises multitemporal de LC e MDE. A terceira etapa consistiu na utiliza??o da metodologia geod?sica para o levantamento, processamento, representa??o, integra??o e an?lises de Linhas de Costa (LC) de litorais arenosos obtidos por t?cnicas geod?sicas de posicionamento, an?lise das altera??es morfol?gicas e transporte de sedimentos A quarta etapa foi definida pela inova??o de levantamentos em ambientes costeiros com a utiliza??o do Laser Esc?ner Terrestre (LiDAR) para avalia??o de um trecho submetido a intensa eros?o na praia de Soledade onde est?o instaladas infraestruturas da ind?stria petrol?fera, por meio de MDE de alta precis?o e acur?cia no modelamento das modifica??es na morfologia costeira. As an?lises dos resultados do estudo integrado das interrela??es espaciais e temporais dos intensos processos costeiros atuantes na ?rea ao longo de ciclos de constru??o e destrui??o das praias permitiram identificar as causas e consequ?ncias da intensa eros?o costeira em setores de praias expostas e ilhas barreiras

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarceloSTS_TESE.pdf: 2868959 bytes, checksum: f60bedf5f558e2aafe77046674684c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / The general objective of this thesis has been seasonal monitoring (quarterly time scale) of coastal and estuarine areas of a section of the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, environmentally sensitive and with intense sediment erosion in the oil activities to underpin the implementation of projects for containment of erosion and mitigate the impacts of coastal dynamics. In order to achieve the general objective, the work was done systematically in three stages which consisted the specific objectives. The first stage was the implementation of geodetic reference infrastructure for carrying out the geodetic survey of the study area. This process included the implementation of RGLS (Northern Coast of the RN GPS Network), consisting of stations with geodetic coordinates and orthometric heights of precision; positioning of Benchmarks and evaluation of the gravimetric geoid available, for use in GPS altimetry of precision; and development of software for GPS altimetry of precision. The second stage was the development and improvement of methodologies for collection, processing, representation, integration and analysis of CoastLine (CL) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) obtained by geodetic positioning techniques. As part of this stage have been made since, the choice of equipment and positioning methods to be used, depending on the required precision and structure implanted, and the definition of the LC indicator and of the geodesic references best suited, to coastal monitoring of precision. The third step was the seasonal geodesic monitoring of the study area. It was defined the execution times of the geodetic surveys by analyzing the pattern of sediment dynamics of the study area; the performing of surveys in order to calculate and locate areas and volumes of erosion and accretion (sandy and volumetric sedimentary balance) occurred on CL and on the beaches and islands surfaces throughout the year, and study of correlations between the measured variations (in area and volume) between each survey and the action of the coastal dynamic agents. The results allowed an integrated study of spatial and temporal interrelationships of the causes and consequences of intensive coastal processes operating in the area, especially to the measurement of variability of erosion, transport, balance and supply sedimentary over the annual cycle of construction and destruction of beaches. In the analysis of the results, it was possible to identify the causes and consequences of severe coastal erosion occurred on beaches exposed, to analyze the recovery of beaches and the accretion occurring in tidal inlets and estuaries. From the optics of seasonal variations in the CL, human interventions to erosion contention have been proposed with the aim of restoring the previous situation of the beaches in the process of erosion. / O objetivo geral desta Tese de Doutorado foi o monitoramento costeiro sazonal (em escala temporal trimestral) de ?reas costeiras e estuarinas de um trecho do Litoral Setentrional do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, sens?vel ambientalmente e de intensa eros?o sedimentar sob as atividades petrol?feras, para servir de base na implanta??o de projetos de conten??o da eros?o e na mitiga??o dos impactos causados pela din?mica costeira. Para atingir o objetivo geral, o trabalho foi desenvolvido de maneira sistem?tica em tr?s etapas, as quais consistiram os objetivos espec?ficos. A primeira etapa foi da implanta??o da infraestrutura geod?sica de refer?ncia para a realiza??o dos levantamentos geod?sicos da ?rea de estudo. Compreendeu a implanta??o da Rede GPS do Litoral Setentrional do RN (RGLS), constitu?da de esta??es com coordenadas geod?sicas e altitudes ortom?tricas de precis?o; posicionamento de Refer?ncias de N?vel (RN) e avalia??o do modelo geoidal gravim?trico dispon?vel, para serem utilizados na altimetria por GPS de precis?o; e desenvolvimento de aplicativos para a altimetria por GPS de precis?o. A segunda etapa foi do desenvolvimento e aperfei?oamento de metodologias para o levantamento, processamento, representa??o, integra??o e an?lises de Linhas de Costa (LC) e Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) obtidos por t?cnicas geod?sicas de posicionamento. Incluiu desde a escolha dos equipamentos e m?todos de posicionamento a serem utilizados, em fun??o da precis?o requerida e da estrutura implantada, at? a defini??o do indicador de LC e dos referenciais geod?sicos mais adequados ao monitoramento costeiro de precis?o. A terceira etapa foi do monitoramento geod?sico sazonal da ?rea de estudo. Definiu as ?pocas de execu??o dos levantamentos geod?sicos, a partir da an?lise do padr?o de din?mica sedimentar da ?rea de estudo; execu??o dos levantamentos, com os objetivos de calcular e localizar ?reas e volumes de eros?o e acres??o (balan?os sedimentares areal e volum?trico) ocorridas nas LC e nas superf?cies das praias e ilhas ao longo do ano, e estudo das correla??es entre as varia??es mensuradas (em ?rea e volume) entre os levantamentos e a atua??o dos agentes din?micos costeiros. Os resultados permitiram um estudo integrado das rela??es espaciais e temporais das causas e consequ?ncias dos intensos processos costeiros atuantes na ?rea, especialmente com a mensura??o da variabilidade da eros?o, transporte, balan?o e suprimento sedimentares ao longo do ciclo anual de constru??o e destrui??o das praias. Nas an?lises dos resultados, foi poss?vel identificar as causas e consequ?ncias da intensa eros?o costeira nas praias expostas, analisar a recupera??o sedimentar das praias e a acres??o nos canais de mar? e nos estu?rios. A partir da ?tica das varia??es sazonais das linhas de costa, interven??es antr?picas de conten??o de eros?o foram propostas com o objetivo de recuperar a situa??o anterior das praias em processo de eros?o.

No description available.

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.