<p> The purpose of this research paper is to empirically examine the evolution of the Canadian urban system throughout the past century. This task is completed with the use of the rank-size rule and the parameters that emanate from its logarithmic distribution. This process entails the creation of a historical data set from the inception of the urban areas of each one of the twenty-four CMAs that are used in this study. The collection of the evolving slope and yintercept parameters during the study's fourteen rank-size distribution periods, shows how policy decisions are manifested in the empirical changes of the rank-size rule's slope. Confederation and expansion of the railroad into the prairie frontier are distictly evident in the evolving parameters. It was also found that Canada's geographical distribution of CMAs apparently limits the rank-size rule constant to a value of -1.1 . This distribution is steeper than the optimal market efficiency slope of -1.0 as presented in Zipf's explanation of the forces of attraction and dispersion of economic activity. The statistical results of this paper can be used to· compare different national systems or take a more regional approach in comparing Canadian CMA sub-systems. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

This study aims to find a relationship between the distribution of locals inside of Sweden and the municipalities’ relative concentration of foreigners. With the usage of data found in the website Statistics Sweden, we aim to investigate the existence of any relationship between the local population size of a municipality against the number of foreigners present in said municipalities, and see whether foreigners and immigrants are more concentrated in more populated municipalities rather than less populated ones. We aim to do this by utilizing multiple regression and dummy variables to identify whether there is a significant extra negative or positive effect on foreigners. The answer seems to be that foreigners are in fact more concentrated in more locally populated municipalities, rather than less populated ones

This dissertation undertakes an analysis of the spatial persistence of population in South Africa over the period 1911 to 2011. A comprehensive review is given of the history and development of geographical economics in order to understand the dynamics of the forces of agglomeration. In addition the history of the development of South Africa is discussed and special focus is directed to the geographical, economic and political factors that gave rise to the unequal distribution of population and wealth in the country. In the empirical analysis Zipf’s law was applied and it was found that South Africa’s population was more evenly spread in 1911. With the application of the law to the 2011 data the Pareto exponent of the OLS log-linear regression indicated that urban agglomeration was more persistent. Although this might indicate that apartheid did not influence agglomeration in South Africa it is argued that the nature of the agglomeration was in fact influenced by restrictive measures placed on the urbanisation of the population and industrial decentralisation policies. It is indicated that the apartheid policy altered the equilibrium spatial distribution of population and wealth which lead to a smaller than optimal primate and second largest magisterial districts, too many secondary cities of similar size, and also too many small and uneconomical rural settlements. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation undertakes an analysis of the spatial persistence of population in South Africa over the period 1911 to 2011. A comprehensive review is given of the history and development of geographical economics in order to understand the dynamics of the forces of agglomeration. In addition the history of the development of South Africa is discussed and special focus is directed to the geographical, economic and political factors that gave rise to the unequal distribution of population and wealth in the country. In the empirical analysis Zipf’s law was applied and it was found that South Africa’s population was more evenly spread in 1911. With the application of the law to the 2011 data the Pareto exponent of the OLS log-linear regression indicated that urban agglomeration was more persistent. Although this might indicate that apartheid did not influence agglomeration in South Africa it is argued that the nature of the agglomeration was in fact influenced by restrictive measures placed on the urbanisation of the population and industrial decentralisation policies. It is indicated that the apartheid policy altered the equilibrium spatial distribution of population and wealth which lead to a smaller than optimal primate and second largest magisterial districts, too many secondary cities of similar size, and also too many small and uneconomical rural settlements. / MCom (Economics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Si l’Inde est un pays majoritairement rural, sa population urbaine est plus grande que la population totale des États-Unis. Ainsi, à la fin du 20ème siècle, le phénomène urbain indien est déjà bien développé, d’autant plus qu’il possède une histoire plurimillénaire. La présence de deux perturbations ayant modifié les logiques urbaines au cours du 20ème siècle, nous a amené à nous questionner sur la résilience du système urbain indien. Afin d’en présenter les principaux mécanismes, nous avons retracé l’évolution du système urbain indien au cours du 20ème siècle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé une approche géographique par la population, qu’une approche qualitative et davantage historique est venue compléter. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés à l’évolution de la hiérarchie urbaine et à celle des rythmes de croissance des villes. Après avoir mis en lumière l’existence de mécanismes de rééquilibrage de la trame urbaine au cours du 20ème siècle, nous nous sommes penchés sur la stabilité organisationnelle et structurelle du système urbain. Cela nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de classes dynamiques au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine. Leur évolution met en exergue le dynamisme du système urbain durant la seconde moitié du siècle dernier et nous présente les étapes de sa résilience. / If India is a predominantly rural country, its urban population is larger than the total population of the United States. Thus, at the end of the 20th century, the Indian urban phenomenon is already well developed, especially as it has a plurimillenary history. The presence of two disturbances have changed the urban logic in the 20th century and led us to question the resilience of the Indian urban system.To present the main mechanisms, we traced the evolution of the Indian urban system across the 20th century. To do this, we used a geographical approach by the population and a more historical one in complement. We emphasized the evolution of the urban hierarchy and that of the cities growth rates.After showing the existence of balancing mechanisms of the urban framework in the 20th century, we focused on the organizational and structural stability of the urban system. This allowed us to highlight the existence of dynamic classes in the urban hierarchy. Their evolution highlights the dynamism of the urban system in the second half of the last century and shows us the stages of its resilience.