Alkylation of [eta5:sigma-Me2C(C5 H4)(C2B10H10)]TiCl(NMe 2) generates [eta5:sigma-Me2C(C5 H4)(C2B10H10)]Ti(R)(NMe 2) (R = Me, CH2TMS), which offers a unique opportunity to observe the direct competition among Ti-C(alkyl), Ti-N and Ti-C(cage) bonds in the insertion reactions with unsaturated molecules. The results indicate that unsaturated molecules insert preferably into the Ti-C (alkyl) bond over the Ti-N bond, while the Ti-C (cage) bond remains intact in all reactions. Several imido-titanium complexes [eta5:sigma-Me2C(C 5H4)(C2B10H10)]Ti(=NR)(Py) and [eta5:sigma-Me2C(C9H6)(C 2B10H10)]Ti(=NtBu)(Py) have been prepared by salt metathesis reactions or imido exchange reactions. These imido complexes can react with a variety of unsaturated molecules to give imido exchange products or [2+2] cycloaddition species. The imido complex [eta5:sigma-Me2C(C5H4)(C 2B10H10)]Ti(=NtBu)(Py) can also catalyze the hydroamination of phenyl acetylene. The key intermediate metallacyclic complex has been isolated and structurally characterized. / By taking the advantage of a cyclic organic group and an icosahedral carborane as well as the bridging ligand, trivalent phosphorus-bridged ligand iPr2NP(C9H7)(C2B 10H11) is designed and successfully synthesized. It is readily converted into the corresponding mono- and di-lithium salts, which have found many applications in transition metal chemistry. A series of organolanthanide and group 4 metal complexes derived from this new ligand have been prepared and structurally characterized. It is found that this ligand can effectively prevent lanthanocene chlorides from ligand redistribution reactions. [eta 5:sigma-iPr2NP(C 9H6)(C2B10H10)]Zr(NMe 2)2 can catalyze ethylene polymerization upon activation with MMAO and initiate the polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone. / iPr2NP(C9H 7)(C2B10H11) can be converted into the pentavalent derivative iPr2NP(O)(C9H 7)(C2B10H11) by treatment with H 2O2. Interactions of M(NMe2)4 with iPr2NP(O)(C9H7)(C2 B10H11) give unexpected products [sigma.sigma- iPr2NP(O)(C9H6)(C2 B10H11)]M(NR2)2. To investigate the similarities and differences between iPr2NP(O)(C 9H7)(C2B10H11) and its fluorenyl derivative in chemical properties, iPr 2NP(O)(C13H9)(C2B10H 11) is also prepared in a similar manner. It reacts easily with Zr(NMe 2)4 to give the amine elimination product [sigma.sigma- iPr2NP(O)(C13H8)(C 2B10H10)]Zr(NMe2)2(THF). However, treatment of iPr2NP(O)(C 2B10B11)(C2B10H11) with Ti(NMe2)4 affords amine elimination/deboration complex [sigma:eta5-iPr 2NP(O)(C13H9)(C2B9H 10)]Ti(NMe2)2. / Wang Hong. / "February 2005." / Adviser: Xie Zuomei. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0265. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-180). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Ka-yue Chiu. / The "3" in the title is subscript. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-110). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.3 / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.4 / ABSTRACT --- p.5 / Chapter I. --- COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF SmI3 WITH DONOR SOLVENTS --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.A --- Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [trans-SmI2(THF)5][trans- SmI4(THF)2] (1) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.B --- Synthesis and Structural Characterization of SmI3(DME)2 (2) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.C --- Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [{Sm(H20)3}2{Sm(CH3CN) (H20)3}2{Sm(CH3CN)3(H20)}2(μ3-OH)8(μ6-0)]I8-2H20 (3) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conclusion --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4 --- Experimental Section --- p.39 / Chapter II. --- SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LANTHANACARBORANES --- p.45 / Chapter II.1 --- Introduction --- p.45 / Chapter II.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.51 / Chapter II.2.A --- Synthesis and Characterization of closo-Lanthanacarboranes --- p.51 / Chapter II.2.A.i --- Sandwich Type Complexes --- p.51 / Chapter II.2.A.ii. --- Half-Sandwich Type Complexes --- p.62 / Chapter II.2.B --- Synthesis and Characterization of an exo-nido-Samaracarborane --- p.71 / Chapter II.2.B.i. --- Synthesis and Characterization of an exo-nido-[{(C6H5CH2)2C2B9H9} Sm(DME)2]2.DME(18) --- p.77 / Chapter II.3 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / Chapter II.4 --- Experimental Section --- p.85 / REFERENCES --- p.99

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rc_dr_araiq.pdf: 2354887 bytes, checksum: 89c5b192793995d9542d4827f06031b1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O processo de biossorção tem sido reconhecido como alternativa potencial na concentração de metais pesados e radioisótopos a partir de corpos d’água que recebem ação antropogênica (indústria, mineração, etc.). A biossorção é um processo que se baseia na remoção de íons metálicos em solução aquosa através de interações entre o metal e determinados sítios ativos presentes em revestimentos celulares, provenientes de biomassas como algas, bactérias e fungos. Na última década, há na literatura um crescente interesse na aplicação deste processo para concentração, recuperação e separação de metais de alto valor agregado e/ou de grande demanda tecnológica, tais como as terras-raras (TR) – essenciais para fabricação de um sem-número de produtos, a citar: laseres, supercondutores, equipamentos miniaturizados, etc. Apesar de apresentarem uma considerável disponibilidade na natureza, as TR possuem alto valor agregado devido aos dispendiosos e complexos processos de separação e purificação de misturas de TR, resultado da alta similaridade química entre os elementos do grupo. Poucos países detêm processos industriais completos de separação destes metais, dessa forma, o domínio dessa tecnologia determina uma importância considerável nos aspectos geopolíticos, estratégicos e econômicos, visto a extensão de investimentos em P&D envolvidos e as descobertas geológicas nas últimas décadas das jazidas chinesas, que abrangem 80% das reservas mundiais. Este trabalho consiste em uma avaliação preliminar da utilização do processo de biossorção na biomassa Sargassum sp. para a concentração, recuperação e separação de misturas de metais TR a partir de soluções sintéticas. As interações metal-biomassa seguem uma cinética de pseudo-segunda ordem e são descritas pelo modelo de adsorção de Langmuir... / The biosorption process has been recognized as potential alternative to concentrate heavy metal and radioisotopes from wastewaters of the anthropogenic activities (industry, mining, etc.). The biosorption is a process based on removal of metallic ions in aqueous solution from interactions among the metal and determined active sites on cellular envelope of biomasses as such algae, bacteria, and fungus. In last decade, there are in the literature a crescent interest to apply this process for the concentration, recovery, and separation of metals of high aggregated value and/or high technologic demand as the rare earth metal (RE), which are essential for the manufacturing of a great number of products; e.g. lasers, superconductors, miniaturized equipments, etc. Despite of the RE present a relevant availability, they have high aggregated value due to expansive and complicate processes of separation and purification of RE mixtures, which is resulted of the high chemical similarities of the group. Few countries have complete industrial processes of separation of these metals, so the domain of this technology determines a considerable importance in geopolitical, economic, and strategic aspects because the extension of R&D investments involved and the geological discoveries of the Chinese ore deposits in the last decades, which comprise 80 % of world reserves. This work consists on evaluation of the biosorption process by Sargassum sp. biomass for the concentration, recovery, and separation of RE metals from synthetic solutions. The metalbiomass interactions follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics and they are described by the Langmuir adsorption model. Potentiometric and spectroscopic (SEM/EDX, FTIR e XPS) analyses indicate that the biomass is bounded to the RE by oxygenated groups via ionexchange and complexation mechanisms... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Zeólitas tipo Y contendo terras raras, RE,Ca/NaY (RE = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd), foram preparadas a partir da forma NaY (razão Si/Al = 2,4 ) por trocas iônicas sucessivas com soluções de cloreto de cálcio e cloreto de terras raras, -através de refluxo; e subseqüente filtragem a vácuo, secagem e tratamento térmico sob fluxo de nitrogênio. Após o tratamento térmico, os Íons aquosos trivalentes de terras raras sofrem hidrólise, formando hidroxilas catiônicas do tipo [RE. OH]2+ e prótons H+, tornando-se localizados nas cavidades e canais da zeólita. O próton reage com o oxigênio da rede cristalina, originando centros ácidos muito fortes. O tipo específico de terra rara trocado ionicamente influencia a acidez total, força e distribuição dos sítios ativos na zeólita. As composições químicas das celas unitárias das amostras foram determinadas por espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma de argônio induzido (ICP-AES). A cristalinidade, após troca iônica e tratamento térmico, foi confirmada por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR) e difração de raios-X. A microssimetria do íon európio na zeólita Eu,Ca/NaY foi investigada por espectroscopia eletrônica de emissão na região do visível, sob excitação de radiação ultravioleta (396 nm). As propriedades ácidas das amostras RE, Ca/NaY foram estudadas por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), usando n-butilamina como molécula sonda. Por TG, foi investigada a acidez total das amostras; enquanto que por DSC, utilizando o modelo cinético de Borchardt & Daniels, foi investigada a força ácida relativa das amostras. A presença dos centros ácidos de Brönsted e Lewis foi determinada por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (1700-1300 cm-1) , usando piridina como molécula sonda. A atividade catalítica e seletividade das amostras foram avaliadas na reação química modelo de alquilação de benzeno com a olefina linear 1-dodeceno para formação de alquilbenzeno linear. A reação foi estudada na fase líquida, em um microrreator de batelada, à temperatura de 80°C. 0s produtos monoalquilados e os isômeros lineares de 1-dodeceno foram determinados por cromatografia em fase gasosa e espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). / The Y zeolites containing calcium and rare earth polivalent cations, RE,Ca/NaY (RE = La, Ce, Nd, Eu, Gd), were prepared by ion exchange, refluxing the NaY zeolite (Si/Al = 2,4) with calcium chloride and rare earth chloride solutions, followed by thermal treatment under nitrogen flow. The trivalent hydrated rare earth ions undergo hydrolysis, forming [RE.OH]2+ cation hydroxyls and protons H+, which react with oxygen in the lattice, generating strong acid sites. The rare earth elements influence the total acidity, strength and distribution of the active sites in the zeolite. The unit cell chemical compositions of the samples were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma / Atomic Emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES). The crystallinity was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction. The europium microsimetry in the Eu,Ca/NaY zeolite was investigated by emission electronic spectroscopy in the visible region, under ultra-violet excitation (396 nm). The acid properties of the RE,Ca/NaY samples were studied by Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), using n-butilamine as molecular probe. From TG curves, the total acidity was calculated, whereas the relative acid strength was determinated by DSC curves, using the Borchardt-Daniels kinetic model. The nature of Brönsted and Lewis acid sites was investigated by FT-IR, in the 1700 - 1300 cm-1 region, using pyridine as molecular probe. The catalytic activity and selectivity of the samples were evaluated on the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene model reaction, to form linear alkylbenzenes, in liquid phase, at 80°C using a bath reactor. The reactant conversion, extent of isomerization and product distribution were monitored by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry techniques (GC-MS).

本項研究工作主要對五個結構類似的胍基配體， 即 [(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃N)C(NHPri)(NPri)]⁻ (L¹)， [(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃N)C(NHCy)(NCy)]⁻ (L²)， [(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃N)C{N(SiMe₃)Cy}(NCy)]⁻ (L³)， [(2,6-Pri₂C₆H₃N)C{N(SiMe₃)₂}(NC₆H₃Pri₂-2,6)]⁻ (L⁴) 和 [(2,6-Pri₂C₆H₃N)C(NEt₂)(NC₆H₃Pri₂-2,6)]⁻ (L⁵) 與二價鉻以及二價鑭系金屬[Sm(II)、Eu(II) 及 Yb(II)] 的配位化學進行研究，同時，一系列由 L¹ 配體所衍生的三價鑭系金屬配合物亦成功被合成。 / 第一章概括介紹了由胍基配體所構築的金屬配合物的研究背景。 / 第二章敍述了含 L¹ 與 L⁴ 的二價鉻配合物的合成、結構及其化學反應。 通過胍基鉀化合物 [KL¹･0.5PhMe] (1) 與二氯化鉻反應可得到單核二價鉻雙胍基配合物 [Cr(L¹)₂] (3)。 通過胍基鋰化合物 [LiL⁴(Et₂O)] (2) 與二氯化鉻反應，成功製備了單胍基二價鉻配合物 [Cr(L⁴)(μ-Cl)₂Li(THF)(Et₂O)] (4)。 而把二價鉻配合物 4於甲苯溶液中重結晶可得到二聚體的二價鉻配合物 [{Cr(L⁴)(μ-Cl)}₂] (5)。 另外，我們對二價鉻配合物 3 及 4 的反應特性也進行了研究。 [Cr(L¹)₂] (3) 與單質碘、二苯基硫族化合物 PhEEPh (E = S, Se, Te) 以及叠氮金剛烷反應可得相對應的三價鉻混合配體化合物，分別爲 [Cr(L¹)₂I] (6)、[Cr(L¹)₂(EPh)] [E = S (7), Se (8), Te (9)]，及四價鉻配合物 [Cr(L¹)₂{N(1-Ad)}] (10)。 透過單胍基二價鉻配合物 [Cr(L⁴)(μ-Cl)₂Li(THF)(Et₂O)] (4) 與 NaOMe反應可得甲氧基-胍基配合物 [{Cr(L⁴)(μ-OMe)}₂] (11)。 / 第三章主要報導含 L¹， L²， L³ 和 L⁵ 配基的二價鑭系配合物的合成、結構和化學反應特性。 透過 [LnI₂(THF)₂] (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) 與胍基鉀鹽反應，我們成功合成一系列二價鑭系絡合物，包括 [{Eu(L¹)(μ-L¹)}₂] (15)， [{Ln(L²)(μ-L²)}₂･nC₆H₁₄] [Ln = Eu, n = 2 (16); Ln = Yb, n = 0 (17)，[Yb(L²)₂(THF)₂] (18)， [Ln(L³)₂(THF)₂･0.25C₆H₁₄] [Ln = Eu (19), Yb (20)]， [{Sm(L³)(μ-I)(THF)}₂] (21) 和 [Sm(L⁵)₂] (22)。 本章亦同時探討二價鑭系配合物15， 18， 20 和 22 作爲還原劑的化學反應特性。 配合物 15 與單質碘反應可得三價銪配合物 [{Eu(L¹)₂(μ-I)}₂] (23)。 配合物 18 與二苯基硫族化合物 PhEEPh (E = S, Se) 反應，可得相對應的三價鐿配合物 [{Yb(L²)₂(μ-EPh)}₂] [E = S (24), Se (25)]。 18 與氯化亞銅反應得到三價鐿配合物 [{Yb(L²)₂(μ-Cl)}₂] (26)。 除此之外，配合物 18 與偶氮苯反應得到雙核配合物 [{Yb(L²)₂}₂(μ-η²:η²-PhNNPh)] (27)， 而 20 與偶氮苯的反應可得單核配合物 [Yb(L³)₂(η²-PhNNPh)･PhMe] (28)。 配合物 22 與二硫化碳的反應得出不對稱偶合配合物 [(L⁵)₂Sm(μ-η³:η²-S₂CSCS)Sm(L⁵)₂] (29)。 / 第四章敍述由胍基配體 L¹ 所衍生的一系列三價鑭系金屬配合物 [Ln(L¹)₃] [Ln = Ce (30), Pr (31), Gd (32), Tb (33), Ho (34), Er (35), Tm (36)] 的合成及其結構。 通過相對應的鑭系金屬三氯化物與 1 反應可得配合物 30-36。 另外， CeCl₃及 LuCl₃與 1 反應亦可合成 [{Ln(L¹)₂(μ-Cl)}₂] [Ln = Ce (37), Lu (38)]。 / 第五章總結了本項研究工作，並對本工作的未來發展作出建議。 / This research work is focused on the coordination chemistry of five closely related guanidinate ligands, namely [(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃N)C(NHPri)(NPri)]⁻ (L¹), [(2,6-Me₂C₆H₃N)C(NHCy)(NCy)]⁻ (L²), [(2,6Me₂C₆H₃N)C{N(SiMe₃)Cy}(NCy)]⁻ (L³), [(2,6Pri₂C₆H₃N)C{N(SiMe₃)₂}(NC₆H₃Pri₂-2,6)]⁻ (L⁴) and [(2,6-Pri₂C₆H₃N)C(NEt₂)(NC₆H₃Pri₂-2,6)]⁻ (L⁵), with divalent chromium and lanthanide metal ions. A series of trivalent lanthanide derivatives of the L¹ ligand were also prepared and structurally characterized in this work. / Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the chemistry of metal guanidinate complexes. / Chapter 2 reports on the synthesis, structure and reactivity of chromium(II) complexes derived from the bulky L¹ and L⁴ ligands. Treatment of CrCl₂ with [KL¹･0.5PhMe] (1) afforded the mononuclear Cr(II) bis(guanidinate) complex [Cr(L¹)₂] (3). Reaction of CrCl₂ with [LiL⁴(Et₂O)] (2) resulted in the isolation of ate-complex [Cr(L⁴)(μ-Cl)₂Li(THF)(Et₂O)] (4). Recrystallization of 4 from toluene gave neutral, dimeric [{Cr(L⁴)(μ-Cl)}₂] (5). The reaction chemistry of the Cr(II) complex 3 and 4 was studied. Treatment of 3 with I₂, PhEEPh (E = S, Se, Te), 1-AdN₃ (1-Ad = 1-adamantyl) gave the corresponding mixed-ligand Cr(III) complexes, namely [Cr(L¹)₂I] (6) and [Cr(L¹)₂(EPh)] [E = S (7), Se (8), Te (9)] and Cr(IV) complex [Cr(L¹)₂{N(1-Ad)}] (10). Besides, the reaction of 4 with NaOMe resulted in the isolation of the Cr(II) methoxide-guanidinate complex [{Cr(L⁴)(μ-OMe)}₂] (11). / Chapter 3 deals with the synthesis, structure and reactivity of lanthanide(II) complexes supported by the L¹, L², L³ and L⁵ ligands. Lanthanide(II) guanidinate complexes were prepared by the reactions of an appropriate lanthanide diiodide with the corresponding potassium guanidinate complexes [KL¹･0.5PhMe] (1), [KL²(THF)₀.₅]n (12), KL³ (13) and [KL⁵(THF)₂] (14). Reaction of EuI₂(THF)₂ with 1 gave the homoleptic complex [{Eu(L¹)(μ-L¹)}₂] (15). Metathesis reactions of LnI₂(THF)₂ (Ln = Yb, Eu) with 12 and 13 led to the isolation of [{Ln(L²)(μ-L²)}₂･nC₆H₁₄] [Ln = Eu, n = 2 (16); Ln = Yb, n = 0 (17)], [Yb(L²)₂(THF)₂] (18) and [Ln(L³)₂(THF)₂･0.25C₆H₁₄] [Ln = Eu (19), Yb (20)]. Direct reaction of SmI₂(THF)₂ with 13 yielded the iodide bridged Sm(II) complex [{Sm(L³)(μ-I)(THF)}₂] (21), whilst reaction of SmI₂(THF)₂ with 14 gave homoleptic [Sm(L⁵)₂] (22). The reaction chemistry of 15, 18, 20 and 22 as reducing agents was examined. Oxidation of 15 with I₂ afforded the Eu(III) complex [{Eu(L¹)₂(μ-I)}₂] (23). Reactions of 18 with PhEEPh (E = S, Se) gave the corresponding Yb(III) chalcogenide complexes [{Yb(L²)₂(μ-EPh)}₂] [E = S (24), Se (25)], whilst treatment of 18 with CuCl led to the isolation of [{Yb(L²)₂(μ-Cl)}₂] (26). Besides, addition of complex 18 to PhNNPh yielded binuclear [{Yb(L²)₂}₂(μ-η²:η²-PhNNPh)] (27), whereas treatment of 20 with PhNNPh resulted in the isolation of mononuclear [Yb(L³)₂(η²-PhNNPh)･PhMe] (28). Addition of CS₂ to 22 gave the unsymmetrical coupling product [(L⁵)₂Sm(μ-η³:η²S₂CSCS)Sm(L⁵)₂] (29). / Chapter 4 describes the preparation and structural characterization of lanthanide(III) complexes derived from L¹. A series of homoleptic lanthanide(III) tris(guanidinate) complexes [Ln(L¹)₃] [Ln = Ce (30), Pr (31), Gd (32), Tb (33), Ho (34), Er (35), Tm (36)] were prepared by the reactions of an appropriate LnCl₃ with three molar equivalents of 1. Treatment of CeCl₃ and LuCl₃ with two equivalents of 1 gave the corresponding chloride bridged guanidinate complexes [{Ln(L¹)₂(μ-Cl)}₂] [Ln = Ce (37), Lu (38)]. / Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of this study. A short description on the future prospect of this work will also be given. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Au, Chi Wai. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

O interesse em utilizar terras raras para investigar propriedades e funções de sistemas bioquímicos tanto quanto de determinar substâncias biológicas tem crescido em diferentes áreas, incluindo biomarcadores em imunologia (fluoroimunoensaios). Atualmente, o uso de terras raras no diagnóstico de diversas doenças tem se tornado muito importante com o desenvolvimento de kits de diagnóstico. Como característica principal, as terras raras podem apresentar longo tempo de vida, fotoestabilidade e bandas de emissão finas e bem definidas na região do visível, demonstrando vantagens únicas quando comparadas a outras espécies luminescentes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar molibdatos de terras raras pelo método de coprecipitação, assim como caracterizá-los através de técnicas como: difração de raios X, espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e estudos de luminescência. Nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidos três diferentes estudos de síntese: a influência da variação da velocidade do dispersor no momento da precipitação; a influência do tratamento térmico na estrutura, morfologia e propriedades luminescentes; e a influência da concentração do íon dopante nas propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas. Outro passo importante desse trabalho foi o de aminofuncionalizar as nanopartículas utilizando um organosilano (APTES) para recobrir e estabelecer pontos para que essas partículas pudessem se ligar a espécies biológicas. Foi comprovado pelos resultados das caracterizações que esse processo foi eficiente e a incorporação da sílica foi bem sucedida. O Antígeno Específico da Próstata (PSA) foi então ligado às nanopartículas funcionalizadas para possibilitar o diagnóstico de câncer de próstata através de fluoroimunoensaios e dessa forma, níveis de detecção foram estabelecidos. / The interest in using rare earths to investigate the properties and functions of biochemical systems as well as to determinate biological substances has increased in several fields, including biomarkers in immunology (fluoroimmunoassays). Nowadays the use of lanthanides in the diagnosis of various diseases have become more important through the development of commercial diagnostic kits. As main feature, these rare earths can show a long lifetime, photostability and emission bands of atomic like behavior and well defined, in the visible region, demonstrating unique advantages when compared to other luminescent species. The present work had as its goal to synthesize rare earth molybdates by the co-precipitation method as well as to characterize these materials by X-ray diffraction, near infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and luminescent studies. In this work, three different studied were developed: the influence of the vortex speed variation during co-precipitation in the structure of the final product, morphology and luminescence properties; the influence of the annealing temperature also in the structure, morphology and luminescence properties; and the influence of concentration of the doping in the luminescence properties. Another important step of this work was the functionalization of nanoparticles using an organosilane (APTES) to coat and establish points for binding the particles to biological species. It was proved that this process was very efficient by the characterization results and the silica incorporation was well succeeded. Specific prostatic cancer (PSA) was then linked to the functionalized nanoparticles to diagnostic prostatic cancer by fluoroimmunoassay and levels for detection were established.

One of the largest environmental liabilities facing the Canadian and international mining industry includes the effects of acidic drainage to water resources. This thesis sought to determine biogeochemical mechanisms of rare earth element and yttrium (REY) enrichment in mine drainage, linkages between REYs and microbial populations, and whether REYs were present in water or biofilm at mineable quantities or toxic levels. Water and co-occurring biofilm samples were collected from North and South American mining and control sites, and a passive water treatment system in Pennsylvania. REY concentrations within mineralized biofilm were observed to occur at borderline mineable quantities within biofilm in coal mine drainage (1,000 mg/kg dry weight total REYs), where REYs were bound predominately to particulate organic matter, manganese and iron, limiting their bioavailability. Within the passive treatment system, REYs showed the greatest maximum water-biofilm partitioning coefficients after Al and Fe, and a strong inverse relationship with aqueous REY concentration. Photosynthetic eukaryotes were observed to occur within biofilms that contained an abundance of neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria.

Rare earth elements (REE) are an increasingly important group of metals due to their role in the development of modern technologies. Despite being abundant within the Earth’s crust recoverable ores are uncommon, and their mineralization isn’t as well understood as other abundant ore types. In this work, the mineralization of REE occurring in outcrop samples at Hicks Dome, a cryptoexplosive feature that resides in the Wauboukigou Alnöite Province in southeastern Illinois, was studied to determine the mode of mineralization and the origin of the REE. Xenotime-(Y) was identified with a scanning electron microscope in an intrusive breccia and emplaced during or shortly after the uplift which created the oval doming of the Paleozoic section. Whole rock REE concentrations from ultramafic dikes at Hicks Dome closely match global averages of lamprophyres and carbonatites, with a steep La to Lu slope, and enrichment of light rare earth elements. Hicks Dome has unique characteristics relative to the other intrusions in the Province, such as elevated REE, Th, and doming. These traits indicate that the dome was more closely related to an intrusive body at depth that sourced heat, volatile gases, and a suite of rare elements. Based on these data, the REE mineralization and thorium associated with the siliceous breccia is directly related to the alkaline ultramafic intrusion at Hicks Dome. The volatile rich, hot fluids emanating from the ultramafic magma supplied REE and thorium were mixed with the regional fluids responsible for the IKFD.

This work describes detailed convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) studies of GdAlO3 and LaAlO3 perovskites. CBED patterns tilted away from major zone axes have been found to have high sensitivity to the presence of mirror or glide mirror symmetry. Such patterns confirm to high accuracy that the space group of GdAlO3 is orthorhombic, Pnma. Tilted patterns from this well characterised structure also serve as benchmarks against which similar patterns may be compared. In the case of LaAlO3, tilted patterns enable the space group to be confirmed as rhombohedral R3c, previously claimed to be cubic (Fm3c) by CBED. Furthermore, no evidence for the low symmetry (I2/a or F1) phases proposed for LaAlO3 has been observed. The LaAlO3 study also gives a careful assessment of the influence of tilted specimen surfaces on the CBED data. Within the qualitative scope of these experiments, no symmetry degrading effects could be observed. Some preliminary Quantitative CBED (QCBED) data from LaAlO3 is also presented. This shows it will be possible to make a detailed study of the bonding charge density (Δρ) in this material when combined with X-ray diffraction data. Also included is a brief CBED study of LaFeO3, a material that is isostructural with GdAlO3. Although this is restricted to exact zone axis patterns, it is noted that tilted patterns have significant potential to improve the quality of the symmetry determination.

Bibliography: leaves 132-147 / ix, 147 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1987