Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoabPG_Capa_ate_cap4.pdf: 4721288 bytes, checksum: 8d96436897c5c60721b2495b01dd20b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-26 / On the modern Continental Shelf to the north of Rio Grande do Norte state (NE Brazil) is located a paleo-valley, submerged during the last glacial sea-level lowstand, that marks continuation of the most important river of this area (A?u River). Despite the high level of exploration activity of oil industry, there is few information about shallow stratigraphy. Aiming to fill this gap, situated on the Neogene, was worked a marine seismic investigation, the development of a processing flow for high resolution data seismic, and the recognition of the main feature morphology of the study area: the incised valley of the River A?u. The acquisition of shallow seismic data was undertaken in conjunction with the laboratory of Marine Geology/Geophysics and Environmental Monitoring - GGEMMA of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, in SISPLAT project, where the geomorphological structure of the Rio paleovale A?u was the target of the investigation survey. The acquisition of geophysical data has been over the longitudinal and transverse sections, which were subsequently submitted to the processing, hitherto little-used and / or few addressed in the literature, which provided a much higher quality result with the raw data. Once proposed for the flow data was developed and applied to the data of X-Star (acoustic sensor), using available resources of the program ReflexW 4.5 A surface fluvial architecture has been constructed from the bathymetric data and remote sensing image fused and draped over Digital Elevation Models to create three-dimensional (3D) perspective views that are used to analyze the 3D geometry geological features and provide the mapping morphologically defined. The results are expressed in the analysis of seismic sections that extend over the region of the continental shelf and upper slope from mouth of the A?u River to the shelf edge, providing the identification / quantification of geometrical features such as depth, thickness, horizons and units seismic stratigraphyc area, with emphasis has been placed on the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of discordance limit and fill sediment of the incised valley, control by structural elements, and marked by the influence of changes in the sea level. The interpretation of the evolution of this river is worth can bring information to enable more precise descriptions and interpretations, which describes the palaeoenvironmental controls influencing incised valley evolution and preservation to provide a better comprehensive understanding of this reservoir analog system / Sobre a Plataforma Continental a norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (NE do Brasil) est? localizado um paleovale submerso durante o ?ltimo glacial, que marca a continua??o do rio mais importante desta ?rea: o Rio A?u. Apesar do elevado n?vel de atividades de explora??o da ind?stria petrol?fera nessa regi?o, existe pouca informa??o sobre sua estratigrafia rasa. Visando suprir esta lacuna, situada acima do Ne?geno, realizou-se o levantamento s?smico de alta resolu??o com o perfilador de subfundo X-Star (chirp), o desenvolvimento de um fluxo de processamento para os dados levantados, e o reconhecimento da paelogeomorfologia da principal fei??o da ?rea de estudo: o vale inciso do Rio A?u. A aquisi??o dos dados s?smicos de alta resolu??o foi realizada em conjunto com o laborat?rio de Geologia e Geof?sica Marinha e Monitoramento Ambiental GGEMMA, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, atendendo ao projeto SISPLAT, onde a estrutura geomorfol?gica do paleovale do Rio A?u foi o alvo das investiga??es do levantamento. A aquisi??o dos dados geof?sicos deu-se ao longo de se??es longitudinais e transversais, que posteriormente foram submetidos ao processamento, at? ent?o pouco utilizado e/ou pouco abordado na literatura, o qual forneceu um resultado com qualidade muito superior ao dado bruto. Assim o fluxo proposto para dados foi desenvolvido e aplicado aos dados de X-Star (sensor ac?stico) utilizando os recursos dispon?veis do programa ReflexW 4.5. A arquitetura da superf?cie fluvial foi reproduzida a partir da integra??o de dados batim?tricos (pr?-existentes) e imagens LandSat 7, gerando um Modelo Digital do Terreno para visualiza??o tridimensional (3D), o qual foi utilizado para se fazer an?lises geom?tricas e correlacion?-las com a morfologia em subsuperf?cie. Os resultados s?o expressos na an?lise das se??es s?smicas que se estendem sobre a regi?o do Vale Inciso do Rio A?u em toda a plataforma continental, fornecendo a identifica??o/quantifica??o de aspectos geom?tricos como profundidade, espessura, superf?cies lim?trofes e unidades sismoestratigr?ficas, que descrevem uma palaeomorfologia controlada por elementos estruturais e marcada pela influ?ncia da varia??o do n?vel do mar e do regime fluvial do antigo Rio A?u. A interpreta??o da evolu??o desse vale inciso traz informa??es que permitam descri??es e interpreta??es mais precisas e forne?am subs?dios para a compreens?o de an?logos de reservat?rios.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonasRS_DISSERT.pdf: 3855640 bytes, checksum: 7f71c8f901f81d6604b2c75dddbae414 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / This study had to aimed to characterize the sediments of shallow continental shelf and realize the mapping of features visible for satellite images by using remote sensing techniques, digital image processing and analysis of bathymetry between Maxaranguape and Touros - RN. The study s area is located in the continental shallow shelf of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and is part of the Environmental Protection Area (APA) of Coral Reefs. A total of 1186 sediment samples were collected using a dredge type van veen and positioning of the vessel was made out with the aid of a Garmin 520s. The samples were treated In the laboratory to analyze particle size of the sediment, concentration of calcium carbonate and biogenic composition. The digital images from the Landsat-5 TM were used to mapping of features. This stage was used the band 1 (0,45-1,52 ?m) where the image were georeferenced, and then adjusting the histogram, giving a better view of feature bottom and contacts between different types of bottom. The results obtained from analysis of the sediment showed that the sediments of the continental shelf east of RN have a dominance of carbonate facies and a sand-gravelly bottom because the region is dominated by biogenic sediments, that are made mainly of calcareous algae. The bedform types identified and morphological features found were validated by bathymetric data and sediment samples examined. From the results obtained a division for the shelf under study is suggested, these regions being subdivided, in well characterized: (1) Turbid Zone, (2) Coral Patch Reefs Zone, (3) Mixed Sediments Carbonates Zone, ( 4) Algae Fouling Zone, (5) Alignment Rocky Zone, (6) Sand Waves Field (7) Deposit siliciclastic sands / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos da plataforma continental rasa e realizar o mapeamento das fei??es vis?veis por imagens de sat?lite, utilizando t?cnicas de sensoriamento remoto, processamento digital de imagens e an?lise batim?trica entre Maxaranguape e Touros RN. A ?rea de estudo est? localizada no segmento de transi??o entre a por??o oriental e a setentrional da plataforma continental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, e est? inserida na ?rea de Prote??o Ambiental (APA) dos Recifes de Corais. Um total de 1186 amostras de sedimento foram coletadas usando uma draga do tipo Van Veen e o posicionamento da embarca??o foi realizado com o aux?lio de um GPS Garmin 520s. Em laborat?rio, as amostras foram tratadas para realizar a an?lise granulom?trica, concentra??o do teor de carbonato de c?lcio e composi??o biog?nica. Para o mapeamento das fei??es foram utilizadas as imagens digitais do Landsat 5-TM (orbita 214/064 de 07 de agosto de 2005). Foi utilizada a banda 1 (0,45-1,52 ?m), sendo realizada a corre??o geom?trica, e posteriormente o ajuste do histograma, gerando uma melhor visualiza??o das fei??es de fundo e os contatos entre os diferentes tipos de fundo. A partir dos resultados obtidos da an?lise dos sedimentos verificou-se que os sedimentos da plataforma continental oriental do RN apresenta uma domin?ncia da f?cies carbon?tica e de um fundo areno-cascalhoso em fun??o da regi?o ser dominada por sedimentos biog?nicos, que s?o constitu?dos principalmente por algas calc?rias. As fei??es morfol?gicas de fundo encontradas foram validadas atrav?s de dados batim?tricos e amostras de sedimentos analisadas. A partir dos resultados obtidos uma divis?o apropriada para a plataforma em estudo ? sugerida, sendo estas regi?es subdividas, em zonas bem caracterizadas: (1) Zona T?rbida, (2) Zona de Bancos Recifais, (3) Zona de Sedimentos Carbon?ticos Mistos, (4) Zona de Algas Incrustantes, (5) Zona de Alinhamentos Rochosos, (6) Campo de dunas Submersas e (7) Dep?sito Areias Silicicl?sticas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T21:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth Tavares Pimentel.pdf: 1766165 bytes, checksum: 014e86903e1eaf04dbad226c2450a908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-06 / From October 2007 to September 2008 a geothermal monitoring experiment was conducted at depths of 0.02 m, 0.5 m and 1.0 m to quantify the variations of temperature, thermal conductivity and the shallow geothermal heat flow at places with and without vegetation cover in the Humaitá city, Amazonas. The influence of the vegetation cover on the shallow geothermal system was observed in the sites studied. There were variations of monthly average values of temperature between the places with and without vegetation cover. During the "dry" period, this variation was up to 6.01ºC at the depth of 0.02 m, and 2.84ºC at the depth of 1.0 m. During the "rainy" period, however, the variation was up to 2.94ºC, at the depth of 0.02 m, and 2.51ºC at the depth of 1.0 m. The difference of the daily extreme values of temperature between sites with and without vegetation cover were 3.97ºC during the "rainy" period and 9.63ºC during the "dry" period, at the depth of 0.02 m. It was noticed that at 06:00 PM the magnitude of the temperature remained high compared to other times on the day studied. The values of the thermal conductivity were 0.54 W/mºC during the "dry" period, and 1.23 W/mºC during the "rainy" period. The values of the shallow geothermal flows at depths of 0.5 m and 1.0 m, were 2.51 W/m² and 0.64 W/m², respectively. These values are 10³ larger than the terrestrial heat flow in the region. The thermal variations at0.5 m to 1.0 m depth are influenced by external sources that reach the surface and cannot be neglected. The thermal variations recorded in this work are important and fundamental to better understanding the shallow geothermal structure in the southern, part of Amazonas state, and they also contribute as input to models that allow the mitigation or elimination of the effects caused by anthropogenic actions / No período de outubro de 2007 a setembro de 2008 foi realizado monitoramento geotermal, às profundidades de 0,02 m, 0,5 m e 1,0 m, em locais com e sem cobertura vegetal, na cidade de Humaitá (AM), a fim de quantificar as variações de temperatura, condutividade térmica e fluxo geotermal raso local. Constatou-se a influência da cobertura vegetal sobre o regime geotermal raso na região estudada. Houve variação dos valores médios mensais da temperatura nos locais cc e sc. No período "seco", esta variação foi de até 6,01ºC à profundidade de 0,02 m, e de 2,84ºC à profundidade de 1,0 m; já no período "chuvoso", a variação foi de até 2,94ºC a 0,02 m de profundidade e de 2,51ºC à profundidade de 1,0 m. Na profundidade de 0,02 m, a diferença entre os valores diários máximos, nos locais cc e sc, foi de 3,97ºC no período "chuvoso" e de 9,63ºC no período "seco". Às 18 h, as magnitudes da temperatura permaneceram elevadas em relação aos outros horários estudados. Os valores de condutividade térmica foram de 0,54 W/mºC no período "seco" e de 1,23 W/mºC no período "chuvoso". Os valores do fluxo geotermal raso, às profundidades de 0,5 m e 1,0 m, variaram até 2,51 W/m² e 0,64 W/m², respectivamente. Tais valores são da ordem de 10³ acima do valor do fluxo térmico terrestre profundo na região. As variações termais a 0,5 m e a 1,0 m de profundidade são influenciadas por fontes externas que atingem a superfície e não podem ser negligenciadas. As variações térmicas registradas neste trabalho são importantes e fundamentais para o melhor conhecimento da estrutura geotermal rasa na cidade de Humaitá (AM), como também, contribuem para a elaboração de modelos que possibilitem mitigar ou eliminar os efeitos causados por ações antrópicas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Advections of shallow cloudiness from ocean toward the continent are often observed after the cold fronts and extratropical cyclones on the Southern South America. Such a process has characteristic persistence of 1-2 days and it may last for periods longer than 3 consecutive days. This study identified 108 cases over the Southern Brazil between 2005 and 2010, which were characterized using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. A seasonal climatology determined that the higher frequencies of cases were in autumn and summer, and the lower frequencies in spring and winter. The average wind directions that occurred over the Southern Brazil (Southwesterly, Southerly, Southeasterly and Easterly) were due to positioning of the center of the transient anticyclone over three major regions. Based on these results, it was obtained three synoptic patterns at lower and middle-higher levels. A seasonal distribution of those three patterns was also performed. In such mean situations, it was remarkable the displacement of cold air from the Region of Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) toward the Southern Brazil due to the circulation of the transient high. Along the way, the stable flow suffers low levels instability due to turbulent mixing processes, and heat and moisture fluxes when it passes from cold to warm waters on the BMC. As a consequence, a shallow convection layer develops downstream in the flow with wide support for the formation of stratiform and/or cumuliform cloud cover as it top. The synoptic patterns show the large scale air subsidence as an inhibiting mechanism for the development of a deep convective layer. Still, the cloud cover was enough to generate low intensity precipitation and/or drizzle over the Southern Brazil. The analysis of the precipitating cases showed that the phenomenon affected the coastal zone more frequently, and, sometimes, the inland areas. Mean vertical profiles of the 108 events, and peculiarly the precipitating ones, indicated the presence of a thick dry layer at the middle and upper levels, and a shallow moist layer at lower levels (1000-700 hPa). This study showed the importance of the Region BMC for the regional weather and climate patterns. It is shown that the circulation induced by transient anticyclone is essential for the transport of cold air from the cold to the warm waters in Confluence zone, generating and advecting shallow cloudiness and an unstable moist boundary layer over the South of Brazil. / A advecção de nebulosidade rasa em direção ao continente após a passagem de frentes frias e ciclones extratropicais, pelo Sul da América do Sul, é um fenômeno frequentemente observado, e tem persistência característica de 1-2 dias, podendo durar por períodos superiores a 3 dias consecutivos. O presente estudo identificou sobre o Sul do Brasil 108 casos entre 2005 e 2010, os quais foram caracterizados utilizando reanálises do NCEP/NCAR. Uma climatologia sazonal definiu que as ocorrências foram mais frequentes no outono e no verão, e menores na primavera e no inverno. São apresentadas as direções médias do vento sobre o Sul do Brasil (Sudoeste, Sul, Sudeste e Leste), devido aos posicionamentos do centro do anticiclone sobre três regiões preferenciais. Com base nesses resultados, foram obtidos três padrões sinóticos, bem como suas distribuições sazonais. Evidenciou-se que o deslocamento da massa de ar frio a partir da Região de Confluência Brasil-Malvinas (CBM) em direção ao Sul do Brasil deve-se à ação do anticiclone transiente. Ao longo do percurso, ao passar sobre a CBM da região de águas frias para a região de águas aquecidas, o escoamento estável sofre instabilização em baixos níveis devido à processo de mistura turbulenta, fluxos de calor e umidade. Consequentemente, uma camada rasa de convecção desenvolve-se corrente abaixo do escoamento, com amplo suporte a formação de nebulosidade rasa dos tipos estratiforme e cumuliforme. Os padrões sinóticios mostram a subsidência em grande escala como mecanismo inibidor do desenvolvimento de uma camada convectiva profunda. Mesmo assim, tal cobertura de nuvens foi suficiente para gerar precipitação de fraca intensidade e/ou chuviscos sobre o Sul do Brasil. A análise dos eventos precipitantes mostrou que o fenômeno afetou com maior frequência a zona costeira, e, por vezes, o interior do continente. Perfis termodinâmicos médios dos 108 eventos, e especialmente dos casos precipitantes, indicaram a presença de uma espessa camada de ar seco em níveis médios e superiores, e uma camada rasa de ar úmido em baixos níveis (1000-700 hPa). Neste estudo evidenciou-se a importância da CBM para os padrões de tempo e clima regionais. Mostra-se que a circulação induzida pelo anticiclone transiente é fundamental para o transporte de ar frio da zona de águas frias para as águas quentes na Confluência, gerando e advectando nebulosidade rasa e uma camada limite úmida instável sobre o Sul do Brasil.

This thesis entitled The Issue of Race in the Jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States: The Evolving Interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause analyses the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, in particular the following decisions: Plessy v. Ferguson, Sweatt v. Painter, Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, Grutter v. Bollinger, Gratz v. Bollinger, Fisher v. University of Texas and Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action. The analysis of the above- mentioned decisions illustrates the evolution of the philosophical background of the Supreme Court. After the Second World War, the natural-law legal philosophy began influencing the Justices and slightly overshadowed the positive-law current that was predominant in the pre- War era, in particular in the 19th century. This new philosophical background of the High Court help to constitutionally entrench the affirmative action policies by Justice Powell's opinion in Bakke and particularly by Grutter. However, the natural-law current has never become as dominant as the positive-law one in the 19th century, and as shown in Grutter's companion case of Gratz...

This thesis focuses on the abolition of slavery in the United States. It examines the power role of discourse in maintaining and abolishing slavery in the United States, particularly the proslavery and the antislavery discourse of the antebellum South. The thesis examines two competing concepts of human bondage which originated in the proslavery and antislavery discourses-that of the slave-as-commodity, the proslavery concept, on the one hand, and the slave-as-human, the anti-slavery concept, on the other. It aims to discuss the significance of meaning shift of the word "slave" from slave-as-commodity to that of slave-as-human, the antislavery concept. Taking into account the very subjectivity of the meanings assigned to the words "black" and "slave", the thesis will demonstrate that in U.S. social and political discourse, the meaning of "slave" was not fixed and underwent significant changes over time. This thesis suggests that the abolition of slavery in the United States can be perceived as a result of "a battle for truth" between the proslavery and the antislavery discourse. The new emphasis on the universal humanity of both "races" in the nineteenth century helped abolitionists link the issue of slavery to a progressive discourse of unalienable personal liberties. I argued that even though the...

The diploma thesis examines the depiction of social classes, men, women and ethnic minorities in historical television serials. It is concentrated specifically on a qualitative analysis and comparison of two serials, namely Bridgerton (2020) and The Knick (2014- 2015), of which both fall within the quality television genre. The thesis deals with the ways of representation of the societies of their respective periods, aiming especially at identifying the incorrect depiction of the historical period in question, if any, and at finding similarities with the problems concerning the today's society (such as addressing the issues of social inequalities and manifestations of the identity policy). The theoretical part of the diploma thesis describes the phenomenon of a television serial, namely that concerning the historical serial and quality TV genres, the latter being the kind of television serial work distinguishing itself by comprehensive and innovative procedures, elaborate narratives, and emphasis put on the development of characters. Attention is also paid to the field of the cultural studies, mainly the hegemony theory and the concept of ideology, media and their representation, as well as the study of media audience. In its conclusion, the first part of the thesis focuses on the presentation of...

Contemporary civilization of the western world represents a combination of material development and moral degeneration, Value is measured in 'space' not in 'spirit'. Antecedent to the complications of life with its sufferings) 'fiddlers fees' and disillusionments, how very few realize that true pleasure is not in having, but in being? Fewer still are those whose feelings, thoughts and actions are conscious, aware, self-chosen and self-directed. More often than not, introspection reveals that most are not masters, but the mastered, victims of moods and conflicts... However, deep dissatisfaction with life as it appears to be and with the individual's adaption to everyday experience are universal among mankind and are not the symptom of any age or race or stage of civilization. In every age there have been those who were acutely aware of this dissatisfaction and whose lives were spent in a prolonged endeavor to find a remedy for it, and to help their fellow men benefit from this remedy. In pursuit of this objective, Indian sages impressed the wisdom of brahmacarya centuries ago. Brahmacarya is an embracive principle of life and spiritual pursuits governing each of the four stages of life. Its objective being the mastery over sensuous desires.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-09-20T18:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Nafisa Rizzini Ansari.pdf: 8620069 bytes, checksum: 16d148c878ee2d9445629dc9780642f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T18:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Nafisa Rizzini Ansari.pdf: 8620069 bytes, checksum: 16d148c878ee2d9445629dc9780642f5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências - Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a anêmona-do-mar Bunodosoma caissarum como espécie biomonitora da contaminação por metais para a Baía de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e a região insular adjacente, comparando-a com uma espécie tradicionalmente utilizada na região: o mexilhão Perna perna; além de investigar a bioacumulação de Cd, Hg e Zn por B. caissarum e P. perna por meio de experimentos de incubação em laboratório. A Baía de Guanabara é uma baía eutrófica contaminada por diversos metais. A região insular adjacente é considerada menos impactada por metais, porém esta é influenciada por aportes antrópicos, como os efluentes dos emissários submarinos e a disposição de material dragado em locais próximos a esta região. Bivalves, como o P. perna, são amplamente utilizados para o biomonitoramento de metais na Baía de Guanabara. No entanto, a anêmona B. caissarum pode ser uma alternativa em ambientes onde os mexilhões não são abundantes ou não existem. Neste estudo, mediram-se as concentrações de metais nos tecidos de B. caissarum e P. perna amostrados na Baía de Guanabara e na região insular adjacente em 2013 e estas foram comparadas com concentrações medidas nos mesmos locais em 2009. Os elementos Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, V e Zn foram determinados por espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). Foi observada uma grande variabilidade espacial e temporal nas concentrações dos metais nos tecidos de B. caissarum e P. perna. No entanto, ambas as espécies foram capazes de bioacumular todos os elementos estudados. Devido à abundância de B. caissarum na área de estudo e a sua capacidade de bioacumular os metais estudados, sugere-se seu uso como biomonitor de metais e seu potencial uso como biomonitor complementar para estudos de biomonitoramento com mais de uma espécie de invertebrado, como P. perna. Com esta finalidade, deve-se estudar melhor as características de bioacumulação de metais de interesse ambiental e ecotoxicológico, como Hg, Cd e Zn, por B. caissarum para possibilitar seu uso. Com este intuito, realizaram-se incubações com Hg, Cd e Zn em microcosmos com B. caissarum e P. perna. Os espécimes foram incubados com isótopos destes metais em aquários e as concentrações foram monitoradas durante o período de incubação. O experimento com Hg investigou como B. caissarum afeta a distribuição, metilação e volatilização de Hg adicionando-se o radiotraçador 203Hg a microcosmos com e sem B. caissarum. Mediu-se o Hg total e o metilmercúrio (MeHg) por espectrometria gama e cintilação líquida respectivamente. Os espécimes apresentaram um fator de bioconcentração de 70. Observou-se a produção de MeHg em todos os microcosmos e uma maior volatilização de Hg nos microcosmos com B. caissarum. Nos experimentos com Cd e Zn, spikes enriquecidos em 116Cd ou 68Zn foram adicionados aos microcosmos com B. caissarum ou P. perna e as concentrações foram medidas através do monitoramento de razões isotópicas. Os fatores de bioconcentração para B. caissarum e P. perna expostos a 0,9 μg L-1 de 116Cd foram respectivamente 80,5 e 850 e em espécimes expostos a 1,4 μg L-1, 6,9 μg L-1 e 34,7 μg L-1 de 68Zn foram respectivamente 243, 398 e 340 em B. caissarum e 1789, 1238 e 621 em P. perna. As proteínas citosólicas associadas ao Cd e ao Zn foram extraídas dos tecidos dos espécimes incubados e analisadas por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho e espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma indutivamente acoplado. Frações citosólicas associadas ao Cd e ao Zn foram detectadas em ambas as espécies. Em todos os experimentos B. caissarum expeliu secreções mucosas que continham os isótopos adicionados. Estes estudos possibilitaram uma melhor compreensão das características de bioacumulação de Hg, Cd e Zn pelas espécies estudadas e fornecem subsídios para sua aplicação em estudos de biomonitoramento destes metais. / The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sea anemone Bunodosoma caissarum as a biomonitor species for metal contamination in Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and an adjacent island region, by comparing it with another species traditionally used in the region: the mussel Perna perna. It was also to investigate the uptake of Cd, Hg and Zn through laboratory incubation experiments with both species. Guanabara Bay is an eutrophic bay contaminated by several metals. The adjacent island region is considered less impacted by metals, although that region is influenced by anthropic inputs, such as the effluents of submarine outfalls and the disposal of dredged material from surrounding sites. Bivalves, such as P. perna, are widely used for biomonitoring metal contamination in Guanabara Bay. However the sea anemone B. caissarum can be an alternative in sites where the mussels are not abundant or do not exist. In this study, metal concentrations were measured in the tissues of B. caissarum and P. perna sampled in Guanabara Bay and adjacent islands in 2013 and were compared to previous measurements in the same sites in 2009. The elements Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Ti, V and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). There was a great spatial and temporal variability of metal concentrations in the tissues of B. caissarum and P. perna. Yet both species were able to bioaccumulate all the studied elements. Due to the abundance of B. Caissarum in the studied area and its capacity to bioaccumulate the studied elements, its use as a biomonitor of metals is suggested and its potential use as a complementary biomonitor. For this purpose, it is necessary to better understand the bioaccumulation characteristics of metals of environmental and ecotoxicological concern by B. caissarum. So, incubations were carried out with Hg, Cd and Zn in microcosms with B. caissarum and P. perna. Specimens were incubated with isotopes of these metals in aquariums and concentrations were monitored during an incubation period. The Hg experiment investigated how B. caissarum affects Hg distribution, methylation and volatilization by adding the radiotracer 203Hg to microcosms with and without the sea anemone. Total Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured respectively by gamma spectrometry and liquid scintillation. Specimens presented a bioconcentration factor of 70. There was MeHg production in all microcosms and a higher Hg volatilization occurred in microcosms with B. caissarum. In Cd and Zn experiments, enriched 116Cd or 68Zn spikes were added to microcosms with B. caissarum or P. perna and concentrations were measured by monitoring isotope ratios. Bioconcentration factors for B. caissarum and P. perna exposed to 0.9 μg L-1 of 116Cd were respectively 80.5 and 850. In specimens exposed to 1.4 μg L-1, 6.9 μg L-1 and 34.7 μg L-1 of 68Zn those factors were respectively 243, 398 and 340 in B. caissarum and 1789, 1238 and 621 for P. perna. Cytosolic proteins associated with Cd and Zn from the tissues of the incubated specimens were extracted and analyzed by sizeexclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Cd and Zn-accumulating cytosolic fractions were detected in both species. In all experiments B. caissarum expelled mucus secretions that contained the added isotopes. These studies enabled a better understanding of the bioaccumulation characteristics of Hg, Cd and Zn by the studied species and can contribute to their use in biomonitoring studies with these metals.

The goal of this thesis is to explore African American theatre through the lens of performativity and to show how the performative concepts of passing and entrenchment affected the writing of African American playwrights in the 1950s and 1960s. To this end, the first part of the work is focused on establishing performativity as a concept, starting with its origins in linguistics and then tracing its development. The main influences for this section are the works of Judith Butler, Nadine Ehlers, Andrew Parker and Eve Sedgewick. Butler's work on performativity is used as the main source for understanding performativity in its contemporary sense and to establish "passing" as a performative act. Ehlers' work serves to connect performativity to race and to show the use of "entrenchment" in performativity. Finally, Parker and Sedgewick's work provides a bridge between performativity and theatrical performance as they describe the "relations of spectatorship" necessary for the existence of theatre. Since performativity, in theatre or anywhere else, is based on discourse, the thesis will show the images and relations of spectatorship that defined African American theatre and performance since its inception. These include slave performance, black minstrelsy, but also the first attempts at quintessentially...