A system of nonlinear di fferential equations, namely, the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction model has been investigated for nonlinear self-adjointness using the recent work of Professor N.H.Ibragimov. It is shown that the model is not nonlinearly self-adjoint. The symmetries of the system and nonlinear conservation laws are calculated. The modi fied system, which is nonlinearly self-adjoint, is also analysed. Its symmetries and conservation laws are presented.

<div>High speed flow problems of practical interest require a solution of nonequilibrium aerothermochemistry to accurately predict important flow phenomena including surface heat transfer and stresses. As a majority of these flow problems are in the continuum regime, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a useful tool for flow modeling. This work presents the development of a nonequilibrium add-on solver to ANSYS Fluent utilizing user-defined-functions to model salient aspects of nonequilibrium flow in air. The developed solver was verified for several benchmark nonequilibrium flow problems and compared with the available experimental data and other nonequilibrium flow simulations. <br></div><div><br></div><div>The rate of dissociation behind a strong shock in thermochemical nonequilibrium depends on the vibrational excitation of molecules. The Macheret-Fridman (MF) classical impulsive model provides analytical expressions for nonequilibrium dissociation rates. The original form of the model was limited to the dissociation of homonuclear molecules. In this work, a general form of the MF model has been derived and present macroscopic rates applicable for modeling dissociation in CFD. Additionally, some improvements to the prediction of mean energy removed in dissociation in the MF-CFD model has been proposed based on the comparisons with available QCT data. In general, the results from the MF-CFD model upon investigating numerous nonequilibrium flows are promising and the model shows a possibility of becoming the standard tool for investigating nonequilibrium flows in CFD.</div><div><br></div><div>The aerodynamic deorbit experiment (ADE) CubeSat has dragsail to accompany accelerated deorbiting of a CubeSat post-mission. A good estimation of the aerothermal load on a reentry CubeSat is paramount to ensure a predictable reentry. This study investigates the aerothermal load on an ADE CubeSat using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) methods and Navier-Stokes-Fourier continuum based methods with slip boundary conditions. The aerothermal load on an ADE CubeSat at 90 km altitude from the DSMC and continuum methods were consistent with each other. The continuum breakdown at a higher altitude of 95 km resulted in a strong disagreement between the continuum and DSMC solutions. Overall, the continuum methods could offer a considerable computational cost saving to the DSMC methods in predicting aerothermal load on an ADE CubeSat at low altitudes.<br> </div>

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Yes / Prediction of engine-out emissions with high fidelity from in-cylinder combustion simulations is still a significant challenge early in the engine development process. This paper contributes to this fast evolving body of knowledge by focusing on the evaluation of NOx emissions predictions capability of a Probability Density Function (PDF) based Stochastic Reactor Engine Models (SRM), for a Diesel engine. The research implements a systematic approach to the study of the SRM engine model performance, based on a detailed space-filling design of experiments based sensitivity analysis of both external and internal parameters, evaluating their effects on the accuracy in matching physical measurements of in-cylinder conditions, and NOx emissions output. The approach proposed in this paper introduces an automatic SRM model calibration methodology across the engine operating envelope, based on a multi-objective optimization approach. This aims to exploit opportunities for internal SRM parameters tuning to achieve good overall modelling performance as a trade-off between physical in-cylinder measurements accuracy and the output NOx emissions predictions error. The results from the case study provide a valuable insight into the effectiveness of the SRM model, showing good capability for NOx emissions prediction and trends, while pointing out the critical sensitivity to the external input parameters and modelling conditions. / 41043/R00836 Jaguar Land Rover funded research “MULTI-PHYSICS ENGINE SIMULATION FRAMEWORK: RESEARCH INTO ADVANCED CAE CAPABILITY FOR MULTI-PHYSICS SIMULATION FRAMEWORK TO GENERATE HIGH FIDELITY PREDICTION OF ENGINE-OUT EMISSIONS”, 2016 – 2019. / Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, March 2019.

The telescoping cantilever beam structure is applied in many different engineering sectors to achieve weight/space optimisation for structural integrity. There has been limited theory and analysis in the public domain of the stresses and deflections involved when applying a load to such a structure. This thesis proposes (a) The Tip Reaction Model, which adapts classical mechanics to predict deflection of a two and a three section steel telescoping cantilever beam; (b) An equation to determine the Critical buckling loads for a given configuration of the two section steel telescoping cantilever beam assembly derived from first principles, in particular the energy methods; and finally (c) the derivation of a design optimization methodology, to tackle localised buckling induced by shear, torsion and a combination of both, in the individual, constituent, hollow rectangular beam sections of the telescopic assembly. Bending stress and shear stress is numerically calculated for the same structure whilst subjected to inline and offset loading. An FEA model of the structure is solved to verify the previous deflection, stress and buckling predictions made numerically. Finally an experimental setup is conducted where deflections and stresses are measured whilst a two section assembly is subjected to various loading and boundary conditions. The results between the predicted theory, FEA and experimental setup are compared and discussed. The overall conclusion is that there is good correlation between the three sets of data.

Cytokines are small, secreted proteins that are important for cell signalling in theimmune system. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is one of the most potent cytokines thatnatural killer (NK) cells of the innate immune system secrete with both antiviral,antibacterial, and antitumoral activity. Analysis of NK cells, such as that of secretionof IFN-γ, is important for studying the immune response to cancer and for developingeffective immunotherapies. In this master thesis project, a method was developedfor determining the amount of IFN-γ secreted by NK cells when being confinedwith cancer cells in deep microwells. Antibody-coated microbeads was used tocapture secreted IFN-γ, which was fluorescently labeled and detected by imaging usingfluorescence microscopy. Microbead seeding into small microwells for single cellassays and into large microwells for embedding of beads into 3D tumor spheroidswas investigated. An analytical model based on experimental standard curves wasdeveloped for straightforward quantification of the amount of bound IFN-γ, with ademonstrated detection down to 2.10−18 moles per bead. The detection of IFN-γ wasevaluated for primary NK cells stimulated by PMA/ionomycin for different incubationtimes. The secretion rate of IFN-γ by IL-2 activated NK cells under PMA/ionomycinstimulation was estimated at 184 molecules per second. IFN-γ detection was alsoevaluated in cell cytotoxicity assays where NK cells were confined over time togetherwith cancer cells in microwells. Both assays showed a successful detection of IFN-γ secretion, demonstrating the potential of the developed method for immune cellanalysis. / Cytokiner är små proteiner som är viktiga för cellsignalering inom immunförsvaret.Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) är en av de mest potenta cytokinerna som naturligamördarceller (NK) i det medfödda immunsystemet utsöndrar med både antiviral,antibakteriell och antitumoral aktivitet. Analys av NK-celler, av till exempelutsöndring av IFN-γ, är viktigt för att studera immunsvaret vid cancer och för attutveckla effektiva immunterapier. I detta examensarbete har en metod utvecklatsför att bestämma mängden IFN-γ som utsöndras av NK-celler när de är tillsammansmed cancerceller i djupa mikrobrunnar. Antikroppsbelagda mikrokulor användesför att fånga utsöndrat IFN-γ, som sedan fluorescensinmärktes och detekteradesgenom fluorescensmikroskopi. Distributionen av dessa kulor studerades i småmikrobrunnar för encellsanalyser och i stora mikrobrunnar för inbäddning av kulornai 3D-tumörsfäroider. En analytisk modell baserad på experimentella standardkurvorutvecklades för enkel kvantifiering av mängden bunden IFN-γ, med en påvisaddetektion ner till 2.10−18 mol per kula. Detektionen av IFN-γ utvärderades för primäraNK-celler stimulerade med PMA/ionomycin för olika inkubationstider. Sekretionenav IFN-γ från IL-2-aktiverade NK-celler vid stimulering med PMA/ionomycinuppskattades till 184 molekyler per sekund. IFN-γ-detektion utvärderades ocksåför analyser av cell-cytotoxicitet där NK-celler var placerade tillsammans medcancerceller i mikrobrunnar över tid. Båda analyserna visade en framgångsrikdetektering av utsöndrad IFN-γ, vilket visar potentialen hos den utvecklade metodenför immuncellsanalys.

L’objectif de ce document est de présenter une étude sur la réaction de capture neutronique radiative du noyau instable du ¹⁷³Lu afin de déterminer sa section efficace (n,γ). Si globalement, pour les noyaux stables de nombreuses informations sont à disposition, il reste un véritable manque de données pour les noyaux radioactifs. La première partie de cette thèse se consacre à la présentation des différents formalismes impliqués dans le calcul d’une section efficace ainsi qu’à l’utilisation du code TALYS basé sur ces différents modèles. TALYS nous a permis d’évaluer la section efficace (n,γ) sur le ¹⁷³Lu en s’appuyant sur la connaissance de la réaction de capture sur le ¹⁷⁵Lu. Dans un deuxième temps, la section efficace (n,γ) sur le ¹⁷³Lu a été mesurée sur l’installation LANSCE avec le détecteur 4π DANCE. Cette expérience s’est révélée être un véritable défi tant pour la fabrication de la cible de ¹⁷³Lu que pour l’obtention de données dû à la grande radioactivité de cet isotope. Nous avons pu extraire des informations intéressantes comme le taux de capture total, identifier et caractériser de nouvelles résonances, déterminer des paramètres comme l’espacement moyen, les largeurs neutroniques et les largeurs γ ainsi que la valeur de la fonction densité. Tous ces nouveaux renseignements nous ont permis de reconstruire la section efficace (n,γ) sur le ¹⁷³Lu jusqu’à 200 eV. Grâce à ces différentes informations, nous avons estimé une correction à appliquer sur la section efficace évaluée par TALYS permettant in fine d’obtenir une nouvelle évaluation de cette quantité. La troisième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à apporter des informations supplémentaires sur la réaction ¹⁷³Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁴Lu en utilisant la méthode de substitution. En premier lieu, nous avons testé la validité de cette méthode sur une réaction connue : ¹⁷⁵Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁶Lu avec la réaction ¹⁷⁴Yb(³He,p)¹⁷⁶Lu puis dans un second temps nous avons regardé la réaction ¹⁷³Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁴Lu avec la réaction ¹⁷⁴Yb(³He,t)¹⁷⁴Lu. Pour cela, la probabilité d’émission γ dans ces deux voies a été mesurée et comparée à un calcul TALYS. Cette comparaison a révélé de grandes disparités entre les réactions de transfert utilisées et les réactions induites par des neutrons. Notre investigation s’est alors orientée à regarder de plus près la distribution de spins du noyau composé formé. Celle-ci a pu être extraite grâce à un ajustement de la probabilité d’émission γ mesurée. Cette distribution montre que les réaction (³He,X) peuplent en réalité des spins beaucoup plus grands que ceux issus de la réaction (n,γ). La mesure des rapports des intensités de transitions γ corroborent aussi ce résultat même si les spins peuplés semblent être plus faibles. Cette expérience a mis clairement en évidence qu’une réaction induite par un faisceau d’³He ne pouvait pas se substituer à une réaction (n,γ). Tout au long de ce document, nous avons montré par différents aspects, à quel point il peut être difficile d’obtenir des informations sur les noyaux radioactifs tels que le ¹⁷³Lu et que pour le futur de nombreux défis tant expérimentaux que théoriques sont encore à relever. / This PhD report presents a study of radiative neutron capture reaction of the ¹⁷³Lu to determine the (n,γ) cross section. Contrary to stable nuclei for which a huge amount of data is available, there is a real lack of information for radioactive nuclei. The first part of this PhD focuses on the presentation of different formalisms involved in cross section calculations and on the use of TALYS code based on these models. TALYS allowed us to evaluate the (n,γ) cross section on ¹⁷³Lu with data from the capture reaction on the ¹⁷⁵Lu. In a second step, the (n,γ) cross section on ¹⁷³Lu was measured at the LANSCE facility with the 4π detector DANCE. This experience turned out to be a real challenge for both the target production of ¹⁷³Lu and for obtaining data due to the high radioactivity of this isotope. Interesting informations have been extracted such as the total capture yield, the identification and the characterization of new resonances, the determination of parameters like average spacing, neutron and γ widths and the value of the density function. All these new informations enabled us to reconstruct the (n,γ) cross section on ¹⁷³Lu up to 200 eV. We could then estimate a correction for the cross section evaluated by TALYS in order to obtain a new evaluation. The third part of this PhD deals with getting additionnal information on the ¹⁷³Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁴Lu reaction by using the surrogate method. Firstly, this technique has been tested on a well-known reaction : ¹⁷⁵Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁶Lu with the reaction ¹⁷⁴Yb(³He,p)¹⁷⁶Lu. Secondly, we studied the ¹⁷³Lu(n,γ)¹⁷⁴Lu reaction with the ¹⁷⁴Yb(³He,t)¹⁷⁴Lu reaction. The γ decay probability in different ways have been measured and compared with a TALYS calculation. This comparison showed large discrepancies between the transfer reactions and the reactions induced by neutrons. Then our investigation was focused on the spin distribution of the formed compound nucleus. It has been extracted thanks to a fit of the measured γ decay probability. This distribution has shown (³He,X) reactions populate much higher spins than observed in (n,γ) reactions. The measurement of the γ transitions intensities ratios also corroborates this result even if the mean value of the populated spins seem to be lower. This experiment clearly demonstrated a reaction induced by a ³He beam could not to be substituted to a (n,γ) reaction. Throughout this document, we have shown by different aspects on one hand, how it can be difficult to extract information on unstable nuclei such as ¹⁷³Lu and on the other hand that both experimental and theoretical challenges still remain for the future.

Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

Physical activation of oil-sands fluid coke, a dense carbonaceous material, using sulfur dioxide (SO2) was investigated as a means of utilizing a plentiful and inexpensive waste for elemental mercury (Hg) removal. A new model was developed to elucidate physical activation of dense carbonaceous materials. Experiments and model simulations revealed that, during activation with SO2, a sulfur-rich porous layer is formed around the periphery of the coke particles; this porous layer reaches a maximum thickness as a result of diffusion limitations; the maximum porous layer thickness is controlled by activation conditions and determines the maximum achievable specific surface area (SSA). Pre-oxidation in air prior to activation, acid washing after activation and smaller coke particle size all result in higher SSA. The highest SSA achieved was 530 m2/g, the highest yet found for oil-sands fluid coke with physical activation. If present, oxygen out-competed SO2 for carbon during activation. SO2 activation and porous layer formation did not occur until oxygen was depleted. Sulfur added to coke through SO2 activation is mainly in reduced forms which are more thermally stable than elemental sulfur in commercial sulfur-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs). TGA and elemental analyses revealed that only 17% of sulfur was removed at 800°C from SO2-activated coke under inert conditions, compared with 100% from a commercial SIAC. The role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in vapor Hg capture by activated carbon (AC) was studied due to conflicting findings in the recent literature. In the absence of other oxidizing species, it was found that Hg could be oxidized by oxygen which enhanced vapor Hg adsorption by AC and Hg absorption in H2SO4 solution at room and elevated temperatures. At 200°C, AC treated with 20% H2SO4 reached a Hg loading of more than 500 mg/g, which is among the highest Hg capacities yet reported. When oxygen was not present, S6+ in H2SO4 was found to act as an oxidizer of Hg, thus enabling Hg uptake by H2SO4-treated AC at 200°C. Treating the AC with SO2 at 700°C improved the initial rate of Hg uptake, with and without subsequent H2SO4 treatment.

No description available.