Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Technology in Engineering: Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology. Durban. South Africa, 2015. / The textile industry consumes large volumes of water and in turn produces substantial quantities of polluted effluents. Approximately 30% of reactive dyes used during the textile processing remain unfixed on fibres and are responsible for the colouration in effluents. Various conventional methods are being used to treat textile effluent. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that total colour removal is not achieved and chemical by-products are introduced from the use of chemicals. The water quality produced therefore does not meet the requirement for textile reuse. Membrane based processes provide interesting possibilities of separating hydrolysed dye stuff and dyeing auxiliaries, thereby reducing colouration and COD content. They can be employed to treat reactive dye bath effluent to recover the salts and water for the purpose of reuse. This study aimed at integrating membrane processes into the reactive dye bath of a textile industry. The objectives were to determine the quality of permeate produced in terms of removal of organics, ascertain its reusability for dyeing, investigate the production rate in terms of permeate fluxes and finally to investigate the cleanability and flux recovery of the membranes. Three effluent samples were chosen for this study based on the dyeing recipe; Light shade, Medium shade and Dark shade. Ultrafiltration (UF) and Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes were employed to treat the reactive dye bath effluents to recover the salts and water. Investigations were conducted firstly with UF as a pre-treatment to NF. Secondly, evaluations were carried out on the performance of two types of NF membranes (SR90 and NF90) in terms of permeate quality and fluxes for the investigated samples. The effect of cleaning on membrane performance was done. A reusability test was carried out on the permeate samples for dyeing. It was found that the use of UF as a pre-treatment yielded an increase in permeate of 5–25% of the NF fluxes and 90% in organics reduction for all treated samples, hence increasing the water recovery. High rejection of ˃90% by NF90 for COD, TOC and colour were obtained for all the treated samples. SR90 rejection was 80–90% for colour and ˃90% for COD and TOC. Salt recovery for NF90 was 60–90% and for SR90 was 40–50%. The reusability tests carried out showed that permeate recycled from NF90 can be used for any section in the textile industry including the most critical such as dyeing on light shades, while that from SR90 can be used for dyeing dark shades only. It was then concluded that membrane based processes can be integrated into the dye bath of the textile process for the purpose of reuse, thereby saving on the cost of chemicals (salts), reducing fresh water usage and reducing the extent of final effluent treatment.

This study presents findings on the effect of domestic laundry detergents on the fastness to light of selected fibre reactive dyes applied to cotton. The study was carried out to elucidate the reasons for the accelerated colour loss of cotton garments washed under Australian domestic laundering conditions. Cotton fabric dyed with commonly used reactive dyes were laundered with water only, several domestic detergents and a laboratory formulated neutral detergent, and then exposed to light for two hours in the wet state. Quantities of detergent used were in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Exposures were repeated fifteen times equivalent to 30 hours exposure. Colour loss and colour difference were measured after 5, 10 and 15 wash cycles and 10, 20 and 30 hours exposure. When the fabric was exposed wet the colour faded more rapidly than when exposed dry to light. Detergents increased the colour loss even when the fabric was not exposed to light. The presence of an oxidizing bleach (sodium perborate) in the detergent increased colour loss during washing and wet exposure to light. Ultraviolet radiation from the light source, heat, moisture, alkali and oxidising bleach during exposure resulted in hydrolysis of the dye-fibre bond causing dye desorption during washing and rinsing. Water alone increased the fading of the dyes most likely due to presence of dissolved oxygen held within the fibre. The combination of ultraviolet radiation and oxidizing bleaches altered the chemistry of the dye and hence its shade. This was particularly evident on the black dye and one of the navy blue dyes.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As indústrias consomem volumes elevados de água e outras substâncias químicas na síntese dos seus produtos e geram grande quantidade de rejeitos. Entre os mais importantes poluentes encontrados nos efluentes dessas indústrias estão os corantes sintéticos que representam um problema, pois não são facilmente destruídos por tratamentos convencionais. A fotocatálise heterogênea tem sido considerada como uma alternativa efetiva no tratamento de efluentes contendo esses corantes. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a cinética de descoloração e o grau de mineralização dos corantes sintéticos reativos Yellow 145, Black 5, Red 4 e Blue 21 através da fotocatálise utilizando ZnO puro e impregnado com íons Fe2+ e Co2+. Testes preliminares foram realizados para otimizar a concentração dos corantes e a massa mínima de catalisador a ser utilizado nos experimentos fotocatalíticos. Além da fotocatálise, experimentos individuais de fotólise e adsorção também foram realizados, porém se mostraram poucos eficientes. Através da espectrofotometria UV-Vis, verificou-se o total descoramento individual dos corantes em aproximadamente 30 minutos de irradiação com ZnO. O grau de mineralização de cada corante foi determinado através de análise de carbono orgânico total (COT), atingindo-se cerca de 70 a 80% de mineralização após 240 minutos de tratamento fotocatalítico. Foram comparadas, ainda, as eficiências de cada fotocatalisador ZnO, Fe/ZnO e Co/ZnO na mineralização de uma solução contendo a mistura dos quatro corantes já mencionados após 240 minutos de reação. A eficiência na mineralização da mistura dos corantes seguiu a seguinte ordem: Co/ZnO (32%), ZnO (78%) e Fe/ZnO (87%). A reação de degradação fotocatalítica do corante Black 5 seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem, enquanto que os corantes Yellow 145, Red 4 e Blue 21 seguiram uma cinética de ordem zero. / Industries consume a huge amount of water and other chemical substances in the synthesis of their products and generate an elevated quantity of waste. Among the most important pollutants found in textile wastewaters are the synthetic dyes, that are not destroyed by conventional treatments. Alternatively, the heterogeneous photocatalysis is considered an affective treatment for wastewaters containing strong coloration. In this work, it was studied the decoloration kinetics and the degree of mineralization of four reactive dyes (Yellow 145, Black 5, Red 4 and Blue 21) in presence of UV irradiation and pure ZnO or impregnated ZnO with ions Fe2+ and Co2+ as photocatalysts. Preliminary tests indicated the optimal initial dyes concentration and the minimum amount of catalyst to be used in the photocatalytic experiments. In addition to the photocatalitic tests, individual experiments of photolysis and adsorption were also conducted, but they were not efficient. Results from UV-VIS spectrophotometry revealead the total color removal after 30 minutes of photocatalytic treatment with ZnO. Mineralization determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analyses showed that photocatalytic treatments were quite efficient achieving up to 80% of mineralization after 240 minutes of irradiation with ZnO. The efficiency of each photocatalyst ZnO, Fe/ZnO and Co/ZnO in the mineralization of a solution containing the four dyes mixture was also compared. After 240 minutes of irradiation, the mineralization of the dyes mixture presented the following order: Co/ZnO (32%), ZnO (78,8%) and Fe/ZnO (87,26%). The photocatalytic degradation of Black 5 dye followed a first order kinetic, while Yellow 145, Red 4 and Blue 21 dyes decoloration followed a zero order model

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As indústrias consomem volumes elevados de água e outras substâncias químicas na síntese dos seus produtos e geram grande quantidade de rejeitos. Entre os mais importantes poluentes encontrados nos efluentes dessas indústrias estão os corantes sintéticos que representam um problema, pois não são facilmente destruídos por tratamentos convencionais. A fotocatálise heterogênea tem sido considerada como uma alternativa efetiva no tratamento de efluentes contendo esses corantes. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a cinética de descoloração e o grau de mineralização dos corantes sintéticos reativos Yellow 145, Black 5, Red 4 e Blue 21 através da fotocatálise utilizando ZnO puro e impregnado com íons Fe2+ e Co2+. Testes preliminares foram realizados para otimizar a concentração dos corantes e a massa mínima de catalisador a ser utilizado nos experimentos fotocatalíticos. Além da fotocatálise, experimentos individuais de fotólise e adsorção também foram realizados, porém se mostraram poucos eficientes. Através da espectrofotometria UV-Vis, verificou-se o total descoramento individual dos corantes em aproximadamente 30 minutos de irradiação com ZnO. O grau de mineralização de cada corante foi determinado através de análise de carbono orgânico total (COT), atingindo-se cerca de 70 a 80% de mineralização após 240 minutos de tratamento fotocatalítico. Foram comparadas, ainda, as eficiências de cada fotocatalisador ZnO, Fe/ZnO e Co/ZnO na mineralização de uma solução contendo a mistura dos quatro corantes já mencionados após 240 minutos de reação. A eficiência na mineralização da mistura dos corantes seguiu a seguinte ordem: Co/ZnO (32%), ZnO (78%) e Fe/ZnO (87%). A reação de degradação fotocatalítica do corante Black 5 seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem, enquanto que os corantes Yellow 145, Red 4 e Blue 21 seguiram uma cinética de ordem zero. / Industries consume a huge amount of water and other chemical substances in the synthesis of their products and generate an elevated quantity of waste. Among the most important pollutants found in textile wastewaters are the synthetic dyes, that are not destroyed by conventional treatments. Alternatively, the heterogeneous photocatalysis is considered an affective treatment for wastewaters containing strong coloration. In this work, it was studied the decoloration kinetics and the degree of mineralization of four reactive dyes (Yellow 145, Black 5, Red 4 and Blue 21) in presence of UV irradiation and pure ZnO or impregnated ZnO with ions Fe2+ and Co2+ as photocatalysts. Preliminary tests indicated the optimal initial dyes concentration and the minimum amount of catalyst to be used in the photocatalytic experiments. In addition to the photocatalitic tests, individual experiments of photolysis and adsorption were also conducted, but they were not efficient. Results from UV-VIS spectrophotometry revealead the total color removal after 30 minutes of photocatalytic treatment with ZnO. Mineralization determined by total organic carbon (TOC) analyses showed that photocatalytic treatments were quite efficient achieving up to 80% of mineralization after 240 minutes of irradiation with ZnO. The efficiency of each photocatalyst ZnO, Fe/ZnO and Co/ZnO in the mineralization of a solution containing the four dyes mixture was also compared. After 240 minutes of irradiation, the mineralization of the dyes mixture presented the following order: Co/ZnO (32%), ZnO (78,8%) and Fe/ZnO (87,26%). The photocatalytic degradation of Black 5 dye followed a first order kinetic, while Yellow 145, Red 4 and Blue 21 dyes decoloration followed a zero order model

The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the change of the hue lightness saturation after the change of composition of dyeing liquor. The reactive dye Bezaktiv rot S-B was used for dyeing cotton. Dyeing was performed in the laboratory by exhaustion method with two concentrations of dye 0,5 and 2 %. The influence of the change of alkali and electrolyte concentration additions to dyeing bath liquor at different liquors dye ratio was studied. Sodium chloride and Glauber's salt as elektrolyte were used. The dyed samples were washed and then fixed by two types of fixative agents REWIN ACP and REWIN EL. After that the measurement of hue control and the evaluation of fastness to water and rubbing fastness were done. The results were displayed in L*a*b* space and CIE differences between chosen standards and samples were performed by Datacolor International DC 3890.

A indústria têxtil utiliza grandes quantidades de água e como consequência gera efluente que apresenta um alto potencial de impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o tratamento de efluentes têxteis produzidos com corantes reativos por processo de oxidação avançada H2O2/UV, os efluentes foram produzidos em laboratório segundo as condições de processos industriais e foram utilizados nos estudos de reuso em um novo processo de tingimento. Foram produzidos efluentes através dos tingimentos com três corantes reativos um amarelo Drimaren Cl-2R um vermelho Drimaren Cl-5B e um azul Drimaren, na concentração de 1,1% individualmente e em conjunto, compondo uma tricromia a 1,2%. Foram adicionados 14,71 mmol. L-1 peróxido de hidrogênio nas amostras residuais de efluentes e estas foram colocadas no reator de fotodegradação com radiação UV, foram utilizados como fonte de irradiação três lâmpadas de 6 Watts capazes de emissão de UV 1,7 Watts. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas em intervalos de até 270 minutos de irradiação. Este processo foi executado em três faixas de pH diferentes, 4,0; 7,0 e 11,0, sendo que no pH 4,0 o processo foi mais eficiente com resultados de remoção de cor superiores a 91,12 ± 3,09%. Estas águas de reuso foram utilizadas para novos tingimentos nas mesmas condições e analisadas por meio de colorimetria resultando em valores de E menores que 0,62. Foram realizadas analises de carbono orgânico total (COT), as quais também corroboraram com os resultados anteriores, uma vez que demonstram que existe redução da carga orgânica de até 43,22%. Foram realizadas medições de condutividade dos banhos e assim foi possível fazer a correção de cloreto de sódio nos banhos dos processos de tingimentos posteriores, permitindo assim a redução da adição de cloreto de sódio nos banhos. / The textile industry uses big quantities of water and normally as consequence the effluent has a high environmental impact. This study aimed treat textile effluents produced with reactive dyes by advanced H2O2 / UV oxidation process, the effluents were produced in the laboratory under conditions of industrial processes and have been used in studies of reuse in a new dying process. The effluents were produced by dying with three reactive yellow Drimaren dye CL 2R, red Drimaren CL 5B and blue Drimaren HF-RL in concentration of 1.1% individually and in combination, comprising a trichromy of 1.2%. In the waste effluent was added 14.71 mmol.L-1 hydrogen peroxide and these samples were placed on a photodegradation reactor where was used three lamps 6 Watts UV able to emit 1.7 Watts each of them. The samples were collected and analyzed at intervals of up to 270 minutes of irradiation. This process was performed in three different pH ranges, 4,0; 7,0 and 11,0, and at pH 4,0 the process was more efficient with color removal rate higher than 91,12 ± 3,09%.%.This reuse water has been used for new dying under the same conditions and analyzed through colorimetry resulting in lower E values than 0.62. The total organic carbon analysis (TOC), which also corroborate the previous results, since it shows that there is a reduction of the organic load of up to 43.22%. The bath conductivity measurements were carried out and it was possible to make the adjustment of sodium chloride in the further dying processes allowing the reduction of sodium chloride added in the baths.

A indústria têxtil utiliza grandes quantidades de água e como consequência gera efluente que apresenta um alto potencial de impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o tratamento de efluentes têxteis produzidos com corantes reativos por processo de oxidação avançada H2O2/UV, os efluentes foram produzidos em laboratório segundo as condições de processos industriais e foram utilizados nos estudos de reuso em um novo processo de tingimento. Foram produzidos efluentes através dos tingimentos com três corantes reativos um amarelo Drimaren Cl-2R um vermelho Drimaren Cl-5B e um azul Drimaren, na concentração de 1,1% individualmente e em conjunto, compondo uma tricromia a 1,2%. Foram adicionados 14,71 mmol. L-1 peróxido de hidrogênio nas amostras residuais de efluentes e estas foram colocadas no reator de fotodegradação com radiação UV, foram utilizados como fonte de irradiação três lâmpadas de 6 Watts capazes de emissão de UV 1,7 Watts. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas em intervalos de até 270 minutos de irradiação. Este processo foi executado em três faixas de pH diferentes, 4,0; 7,0 e 11,0, sendo que no pH 4,0 o processo foi mais eficiente com resultados de remoção de cor superiores a 91,12 ± 3,09%. Estas águas de reuso foram utilizadas para novos tingimentos nas mesmas condições e analisadas por meio de colorimetria resultando em valores de E menores que 0,62. Foram realizadas analises de carbono orgânico total (COT), as quais também corroboraram com os resultados anteriores, uma vez que demonstram que existe redução da carga orgânica de até 43,22%. Foram realizadas medições de condutividade dos banhos e assim foi possível fazer a correção de cloreto de sódio nos banhos dos processos de tingimentos posteriores, permitindo assim a redução da adição de cloreto de sódio nos banhos. / The textile industry uses big quantities of water and normally as consequence the effluent has a high environmental impact. This study aimed treat textile effluents produced with reactive dyes by advanced H2O2 / UV oxidation process, the effluents were produced in the laboratory under conditions of industrial processes and have been used in studies of reuse in a new dying process. The effluents were produced by dying with three reactive yellow Drimaren dye CL 2R, red Drimaren CL 5B and blue Drimaren HF-RL in concentration of 1.1% individually and in combination, comprising a trichromy of 1.2%. In the waste effluent was added 14.71 mmol.L-1 hydrogen peroxide and these samples were placed on a photodegradation reactor where was used three lamps 6 Watts UV able to emit 1.7 Watts each of them. The samples were collected and analyzed at intervals of up to 270 minutes of irradiation. This process was performed in three different pH ranges, 4,0; 7,0 and 11,0, and at pH 4,0 the process was more efficient with color removal rate higher than 91,12 ± 3,09%.%.This reuse water has been used for new dying under the same conditions and analyzed through colorimetry resulting in lower E values than 0.62. The total organic carbon analysis (TOC), which also corroborate the previous results, since it shows that there is a reduction of the organic load of up to 43.22%. The bath conductivity measurements were carried out and it was possible to make the adjustment of sodium chloride in the further dying processes allowing the reduction of sodium chloride added in the baths.

Os corantes são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias têxteis, farmacêuticas, alimentícias, cosméticas, fotográficas, entre outras. Contudo, essas substâncias podem ser tóxicas, mutagênicas e resistentes a muitos processos de degradação utilizados em estações de tratamento. Estima-se que cerca de 15% dos corantes utilizados no mundo sejam perdidos durante o processo de tingimento e lançados no ambiente, atingindo principalmente os corpos d\'água. No entanto, apesar da grande quantidade de corantes comerciais disponíveis e da alta quantidade lançada no ecossistema aquático, os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessas substâncias são escassos e pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos mutagênicos e principalmente ecotoxicológicos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade, bem como a capacidade dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) e Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) de lesar o material genético, empregando ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, genotoxicidade (Teste do Cometa) com fibroblastos de derme humana e mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a concentração de cobre em Ceriodaphnia dubia expostas ao corante Reactive Blue 15, que possui esse metal na sua estrutura química. O corante RB 4 foi moderadamente tóxico e o corante RB 15 foi relativamente não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Ambos corantes reduziram a luminescência de Vibrio fischeri em elevadas concentrações, sendo o corante RB 4 mais tóxico para a bactéria quando comparado ao corante RB 15. O corante RB 4 induziu efeito hormesis nos ensaios com C. dubia, ou seja, houve um estímulo na reprodução nas menores concentrações, seguido por um decréscimo em concentrações mais elevadas, ao passo que, o corante RB 15 reduziu a fecundidade de C. dubia. Não houve acúmulo de cobre nos organismos expostos ao corante RB 15. Nenhum dos corantes foram genotóxicos para fibroblastos de derme humana e apenas o corante RB 4 induziu mutagenicidade, por substituição de pares de base. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corantes podem causar efeitos adversos nos organismos mesmo em baixas concentrações e que o lançamento contínuo dessas substâncias nos corpos d\'água é preocupante. / Dyes are widely used in different types of industries, such as textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, photographic, among others. However, these substances can be toxic, mutagenic and resistant to many degradation processes used in wastewater treatment. It is estimated that about 15% of the dyes used in the world is lost during the dyeing process and released into the environment, affecting mainly water bodies. However, despite the large amount of commercial dyes available and high quantity released in the aquatic ecosystem, studies on the toxicity of these substances are scarce and little is known about their mutagenic and ecotoxicological effects. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity, and the ability of the Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) and Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) textile dyes to damage the genetic material, using acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity, genotoxicity (Comet assay) in human dermal fibroblasts and mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, we assessed the concentration of copper in Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to the Reactive Blue 15 dye, which has this metal in its chemical structure. The RB 4 dye was moderately toxic and RB 15 dye was relatively non-toxic to Daphnia similis. Both dyes reduced the Vibrio fischeri luminescence in high concentrations, and the RB 4 was more toxic to bacteria when compared to dye RB 15. The RB 4 dye induced hormesis effect in the C. dubia tests. We observed that the reproduction was stimulated at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. While the RB 15 dye reduced fecundity of Ceriodaphnia dubia. There was no accumulation of copper in organisms exposed to the RB 15 dye. None of the dyes were genotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts, and only the RB 4 dye induced mutagenicity, by base-pair substitution. The results show that the dyes can cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations and that the continuous release of these substances in water bodies is worrying.

Os corantes são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias têxteis, farmacêuticas, alimentícias, cosméticas, fotográficas, entre outras. Contudo, essas substâncias podem ser tóxicas, mutagênicas e resistentes a muitos processos de degradação utilizados em estações de tratamento. Estima-se que cerca de 15% dos corantes utilizados no mundo sejam perdidos durante o processo de tingimento e lançados no ambiente, atingindo principalmente os corpos d\'água. No entanto, apesar da grande quantidade de corantes comerciais disponíveis e da alta quantidade lançada no ecossistema aquático, os estudos sobre a toxicidade dessas substâncias são escassos e pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos mutagênicos e principalmente ecotoxicológicos. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade, bem como a capacidade dos corantes têxteis Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) e Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) de lesar o material genético, empregando ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia, genotoxicidade (Teste do Cometa) com fibroblastos de derme humana e mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a concentração de cobre em Ceriodaphnia dubia expostas ao corante Reactive Blue 15, que possui esse metal na sua estrutura química. O corante RB 4 foi moderadamente tóxico e o corante RB 15 foi relativamente não tóxico para Daphnia similis. Ambos corantes reduziram a luminescência de Vibrio fischeri em elevadas concentrações, sendo o corante RB 4 mais tóxico para a bactéria quando comparado ao corante RB 15. O corante RB 4 induziu efeito hormesis nos ensaios com C. dubia, ou seja, houve um estímulo na reprodução nas menores concentrações, seguido por um decréscimo em concentrações mais elevadas, ao passo que, o corante RB 15 reduziu a fecundidade de C. dubia. Não houve acúmulo de cobre nos organismos expostos ao corante RB 15. Nenhum dos corantes foram genotóxicos para fibroblastos de derme humana e apenas o corante RB 4 induziu mutagenicidade, por substituição de pares de base. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corantes podem causar efeitos adversos nos organismos mesmo em baixas concentrações e que o lançamento contínuo dessas substâncias nos corpos d\'água é preocupante. / Dyes are widely used in different types of industries, such as textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, photographic, among others. However, these substances can be toxic, mutagenic and resistant to many degradation processes used in wastewater treatment. It is estimated that about 15% of the dyes used in the world is lost during the dyeing process and released into the environment, affecting mainly water bodies. However, despite the large amount of commercial dyes available and high quantity released in the aquatic ecosystem, studies on the toxicity of these substances are scarce and little is known about their mutagenic and ecotoxicological effects. Considering that, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity, and the ability of the Reactive Blue 4 (RB 4) and Reactive Blue 15 (RB 15) textile dyes to damage the genetic material, using acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity, genotoxicity (Comet assay) in human dermal fibroblasts and mutagenicity with Salmonella typhimurium. Additionally, we assessed the concentration of copper in Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to the Reactive Blue 15 dye, which has this metal in its chemical structure. The RB 4 dye was moderately toxic and RB 15 dye was relatively non-toxic to Daphnia similis. Both dyes reduced the Vibrio fischeri luminescence in high concentrations, and the RB 4 was more toxic to bacteria when compared to dye RB 15. The RB 4 dye induced hormesis effect in the C. dubia tests. We observed that the reproduction was stimulated at lower concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. While the RB 15 dye reduced fecundity of Ceriodaphnia dubia. There was no accumulation of copper in organisms exposed to the RB 15 dye. None of the dyes were genotoxic to human dermal fibroblasts, and only the RB 4 dye induced mutagenicity, by base-pair substitution. The results show that the dyes can cause adverse effects on organisms even at low concentrations and that the continuous release of these substances in water bodies is worrying.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeocadiaTCB.pdf: 1594369 bytes, checksum: da7a2bc5860922178cae36e104bfbd40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Effluent color resulting from textile dyeing processes has been one of the biggest environmental problems faced by the textile industry. In particular, reactive dyes are highly resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. New technologies have been contemplated, some of which have been applied in industrial treatment plants, but color removal has not been efficiently attained. Since microemulsion systems provide good results in heavy metals and proteins extraction processes, their use in dyes extraction has been suggested and investigated. In this work, a real textile wastewater from an exhaustion dyebath has been treated, which contains the following reactive dyes: Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), in addition to auxiliary compounds normally found in dyeing processes with reactive dyes. The dyes Remazol Blue RR and Remazol Turquoise Blue G (Reactive Blue 21) have also been examined in view of the presence of heavy metals in these molecules. The microemulsion system comprised dodecyl ammonium chloride (as a cationic surfactant), water or wastewater as aqueous phase, kerosene as oil phase, and one of the following alcohols as cosurfactant: isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and n-octyl alcohol. The pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed in order to define Winsor s equilibrium regions. The influence of parameters such as pH, C/S (cosurfactant/surfactant) ratio, distribution coefficient, initial dye concentration, salinity, temperature, phases relative amounts, loading capacity of the microemulsion phase and dye reextraction rate has also been investigated. An experimental planning (Scheff? Net) was used to optimize the extraction process. The removal of color and metals reached levels as high as 99% / A cor do efluente resultante dos processos de tingimento tem sido um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela ind?stria t?xtil. De modo especial, efluentes contendo corantes reativos s?o altamente resistentes aos processos de tratamento convencionais. Novas tecnologias t?m sido buscadas, algumas j? em escala industrial, por?m nem sempre ? poss?vel atingir a efici?ncia desejada. Por serem utilizadas de forma eficiente em processos de extra??o de metais e de prote?nas, buscou-se utilizar as microemuls?es na extra??o de corantes. Para este estudo, um efluente real foi examinado, consistindo no banho de exaust?o de um processo de tingimento contendo os seguintes corantes: Procion Amarelo H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Azul H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) e Procion Vermelho H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), al?m de auxiliares normalmente encontrados em processos de tingimento com corantes reativos. Para estudar a remo??o de metais ligados ?s mol?culas dos corantes, utilizaram-se ainda os corantes Remazol Azul RR e Remazol Azul Turquesa G (Reactive Blue 21). Os sistemas de microemuls?o foram formados pelo cloreto de dodecilam?nio (tensoativo cati?nico), ?gua ou efluente como fase aquosa, querosene como fase oleosa e um dos seguintes ?lcoois como cotensoativos: ?lcool isoam?lico, n-butanol e n-octanol. Os diagramas pseudo-tern?rios, representativos dos sistemas microemulsionados em estudo, foram desenvolvidos a fim de delimitar as regi?es de exist?ncia de equil?brio de fases (sistema de classifica??o Winsor). Verificou-se a influ?ncia de par?metros como: pH, raz?o C/T (cotensoativo/tensoativo), coeficiente de distribui??o, concentra??o inicial de corante, salinidade, temperatura, rela??o das fases, capacidade de carga da fase de microemuls?o e reextra??o do corante. Uma metodologia de planejamento experimental (Rede de Scheff?) foi utilizada para otimizar a extra??o. A remo??o da cor e de metais alcan?ou ?ndices de extra??o superiores a 99%