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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

Analysis of Prerequisites for Connection of a Large-Scale Photovoltaic System to the Electric Power Grid

Lilja, Fanny January 2021 (has links)
The deployment of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems is rising in the Swedish power system, both in quantity and in system size. However, the intermittent characteristics of the PV production raises questions concerning the stability in the electric power grid, and power output fluctuations from the PV systems can lead to voltage quality issues. Hence, the distribution system operator E.ON Energidistribution and the solar energy developer company Solkompaniet are interested in investigating potential challenges and possibilities related to the integration of large-scale PV systems in the electric power grid. This thesis studies fast voltage variations in the electric power grid due to output fluctuations from large-scale PV systems, and examines the possibility to mitigate the voltage variations by reactive power support strategies in the PV inverters. Four studies are carried out to investigate the prerequisites for establishing large-scale PV systems. Firstly, a worst-case study considering eight existing substations in the electric power grid as well as a new substation is carried out, to examine the impact of different parameters on the voltage variations. Parameters such as transformer operation mode, location of the point of connection, switching mode and load capacity are compared in the study. Further, time series calculations are done to investigate the voltage variations over one year, and a study with an oversized PV system is done to investigate the possibility for increasing the PV capacity without grid reinforcements. Lastly, a study is performed with reactive power compensation from the PV inverters to examine the possibility to maintain a stabilized voltage level at the point of connection. The studies are performed in E.ONs network model in the power system simulator software PSS/E, with data for the transmission grid, the regional grid, and parts of the distribution grid included. PV systems with a rated capacity from 32 MWp and upwards are connected to substations in the regional grid, where fast voltage variations on nominal voltage levels of 20/10 kV are studied and evaluated from the perspective of the power producer. From this thesis, it can be concluded that neither of the implemented studies results in voltage variations that violate E.ONs technical requirements on fast voltage variations in the point of connection. Further, the results from the worst-case study show the importance of analysing the specific system of interest when connecting PV systems, since the properties of the existing system have an impact on the voltage variations. The time series calculations show that the voltage variations over a time period of one year are highly influenced by the PV production and the load capacity in the substation, and the study with an oversized PV system shows the possibility for increasing the PV capacity without curtailing large amounts of active power. Finally, the study with reactive power compensation concludes that grid support strategies in the PV inverters may be a key solution for making optimal use of the existing electric power grid and enabling the continued expansion of large-scale PV systems in the Swedish power system. / Utbyggnaden av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar (PV) ökar i det svenska kraftsystemet, både i kvantitet och i systemstorlek. De intermittenta egenskaperna hos energiproduktionen väcker emellertid frågor angående stabiliteten i elnätet, och effektförändringar från anläggningarna kan leda till spänningskvalitetsproblem. Därför är distributionssystemoperatören E.ON Energidistribution och solenergiföretaget Solkompaniet intresserade av att undersöka potentiella utmaningar och möjligheter relaterade till integrationen av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar i elnätet. Detta examensarbete studerar snabba spänningsvariationer i elnätet till följd av effektförändringar från storskaliga solcellsanläggningar, och undersöker möjligheten att mildra spänningsvariationerna genom strategier för reaktiv effektreglering i växelriktare.  Fyra studier genomförs för att undersöka förutsättningarna för att etablera storskaliga solcellsanläggningar. För det första genomförs en värsta-fallstudie med beaktande av åtta befintliga stationer i elnätet samt en ny station, för att undersöka olika parametrars påverkan på spänningsvariationerna. Parametrar som transformatorns driftläge, plats för anslutningspunkten, omkopplingsläge och lastkapacitet jämförs i studien. Vidare görs tidsserieberäkningar för att undersöka spänningsvariationerna över ett år, och en studie med en överdimensionerad solcellsanläggning görs för att undersöka möjligheten att öka solcellskapaciteten utan elnäts- förstärkningar. Slutligen genomförs en studie med reaktiv effektkompensation från växelriktare för att undersöka möjligheten att upprätthålla en stabiliserad spänningsnivå i anslutningspunkten. Studierna utförs i E.ONs nätverksmodell i programvaran PSS/E för kraftsystemsimuleringar, med data för transmissionsnätet, regionnätet och delar av distributionsnätet inkluderat. Solcellsanläggningar med en nominell kapacitet från 32 MWp och uppåt ansluts till stationer i regionnätet, där snabba spänningsvariationer på nominella spänningsnivåer om 20/10 kV studeras och utvärderas ur kraftproducentens perspektiv. Från resultaten kan man dra slutsatsen att ingen av de genomförda studierna resulterar i spänningsvariationer som överskrider E.ONs tekniska krav på snabba spänningsvariationer i anslutningspunkten. Vidare visar resultaten från värsta-fallstudien vikten av att analysera det specifika systemet vid anslutning av solcellsanläggningar, eftersom egenskaperna hos det befintliga systemet har en inverkan på spänningsvarationerna. Tidsserieberäkningarna visar att spänningsvariationerna över en tidsperiod av ett år påverkas starkt av både energiproduktionen och lastkapaciteten i stationen, och studien med en överdimensionerad solcellsanläggning visar på möjligheten att öka den nominella kapaciteten utan att spilla stora mängder aktiv effekt. Slutligen ger studien med reaktiv effektkompensation slutsatser om att strategier i växelriktare kan vara en möjlig lösning för att utnyttja det befintliga elnät optimalt och möjliggöra en fortsatt expansion av storskaliga solcellsanläggningar i det svenska kraftsystemet.
202

Hybridization of particle Swarm Optimization with Bat Algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch

Agbugba, Emmanuel Emenike 06 1900 (has links)
This research presents a Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization with Bat Algorithm (HPSOBA) based approach to solve Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) problem. The primary objective of this project is minimization of the active power transmission losses by optimally setting the control variables within their limits and at the same time making sure that the equality and inequality constraints are not violated. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Bat Algorithm (BA) algorithms which are nature-inspired algorithms have become potential options to solving very difficult optimization problems like ORPD. Although PSO requires high computational time, it converges quickly; while BA requires less computational time and has the ability of switching automatically from exploration to exploitation when the optimality is imminent. This research integrated the respective advantages of PSO and BA algorithms to form a hybrid tool denoted as HPSOBA algorithm. HPSOBA combines the fast convergence ability of PSO with the less computation time ability of BA algorithm to get a better optimal solution by incorporating the BA’s frequency into the PSO velocity equation in order to control the pace. The HPSOBA, PSO and BA algorithms were implemented using MATLAB programming language and tested on three (3) benchmark test functions (Griewank, Rastrigin and Schwefel) and on IEEE 30- and 118-bus test systems to solve for ORPD without DG unit. A modified IEEE 30-bus test system was further used to validate the proposed hybrid algorithm to solve for optimal placement of DG unit for active power transmission line loss minimization. By comparison, HPSOBA algorithm results proved to be superior to those of the PSO and BA methods. In order to check if there will be a further improvement on the performance of the HPSOBA, the HPSOBA was further modified by embedding three new modifications to form a modified Hybrid approach denoted as MHPSOBA. This MHPSOBA was validated using IEEE 30-bus test system to solve ORPD problem and the results show that the HPSOBA algorithm outperforms the modified version (MHPSOBA). / Electrical and Mining Engineering / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)

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