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The effect of regular increased physical activity, and regular consumption of ready-to-eat-cereal (RTEC) breakfasts and afternoon snacks on the weight of young adolescents attending public Gauteng schoolsPhilippou, Androulla 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MNutr (Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Obesity is recognizably a chronic disease worldwide and childhood obesity has considerable
implications for long‐term health. Manipulation of modifiable lifestyle variables, such as high‐fat energy‐dense diets and decreased physical activity are often recommended for positive (although not always significant) outcomes.
This study aimed to determine the specific relationships between ready‐to‐eat cereals (RTEC)
consumption (regular RTEC breakfast consumption and regular RTEC afternoon snack consumption),
regular increased physical activity, and anthropometric measures [body weight, percentage body fat, and body mass index (BMI)] amongst young adolescents attending public Gauteng schools. A randomised controlled trial was conducted over 5‐weeks amongst 212 cross‐cultural, male and female, English speaking children aged 10‐13 years attending two selected public Gauteng schools.
Participants were randomly allocated to one of four cohorts (Control, Step, RTEC or Step & RTEC).
The control cohort had no prescribed intervention, the Step cohort had prescribed stepping intervention only (completion of 2 000 additional steps in a 20‐minute period on 3 school days per week), the RTEC cohort had prescribed RTEC consumption intervention only (consumption of a single RTEC serving at breakfast and RTEC snack serving as an afternoon snack on each school day), and the Step & RTEC cohort had both the prescribed stepping and RTEC consumption interventions.
Participants were assessed anthropometrically at baseline and at the end of the 5 weeks. They also
submitted a food/activity diary from which quantitative measures of their intake and activity were determined.
The Step (107 845 ± 31 251) and Step & RTEC (108 793 ± 26 285) cohorts both completed
significantly more mean total steps than Control (83 501 ± 22 302) and RTEC (86 082 ± 23 367)
cohorts (p≤0.01), and a significant negative correlation (p=0.02; r=‐0.21) was found between the change in percentage body fat and the total steps completed. The Step & RTEC (14.32 ± 7.95) and RTEC (16.06 ± 8.82) cohorts consumed more RTEC snack servings as afternoon snacks than Control (1.13 ± 1.69) and Step (1.59 ± 2.50) cohorts (p≤0.01), and a significant negative correlation (p=0.03; r=‐0.20) was found between the participants’ change in weight and the servings of RTEC snacks consumed as an afternoon snack. No significant difference (p=0.35) was achieved in mean weight change across the four cohorts, although both Step & RTEC (‐0.12 ± 0.81) and RTEC (‐0.24 ± 0.77) cohorts showed a mean decrease in body weight. No significant difference (p=0.47) was achieved in mean change in percentage body fat across the four cohorts either, although all cohorts showed a decrease in percentage body fat, with Step cohort (‐0.32 ± 0.70) showing the greatest mean change.
The stepping intervention alone brought about greatest decrease in percentage body fat, while the RTEC consumption intervention alone brought about greatest decrease in body weight and BMI. The combination of interventions was the least effective of the three interventions in bringing about decreases in percentage body fat.
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The food safety knowledge of street vendors and the food safety compliance of their food service facilities, Johannesburg, South AfricaOladipo-Adekeye, Oluwakemi Taiwo 01 1900 (has links)
The inadequate food safety knowledge by street food vendors have been a challenge encountered
in ensuring safety of street foods. The aim of this study was to assess the food safety knowledge
of street food vendors in the Johannesburg metropolis and to evaluate the conformance and
monitoring of their street food vending facilities in accordance to regulations governing general
hygiene requirements for food premises in South Africa. A cross sectional survey was conducted
in which 315 street food vendors and 155 street food vending facilities were observed using a
questionnaire instrument and observational checklist, respectively.
The majority (61.3%) of the street food vendors were females and most (64.1%) of them had not
attended a food safety training course. Only a few (12.1%) street food vendors knew the correct
minimum internal cooking temperature for stuffed chicken, while less than half knew the correct
temperature for cold and hot holding of ready-to-eat foods, 40% and 39% respectively. The
majority of them have never heard of Salmonella (92.7%), Campylobacter (95.2%), Listeria
(57.1%), Clostridium (94.3%), or Staphylococcus (87.6%). Up to 52% street food vendors had
moderate food safety knowledge. Most of the street food vending facilities (68.3%) had been
inspected by health inspectors and only 17% of street food vending facilities had low level of
compliance to regulations governing general hygiene requirements for food premises and the
transport of food in South Africa.
The overall food safety knowledge of street food vendors in Johannesburg metropolis was
moderate. The level of compliance and monitoring of street food vending facilities to regulations
governing general hygiene requirements for food premises in South Africa was satisfactory. Street food vendors should be trained on internal cooking temperature, hot and cold storage
temperature of ready-to-eat foods, and food pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter,
Listeria, Clostridium, and Staphylococcus / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Cons. Sci.
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The food safety knowledge of street food vendors and the sanitary conditions of their street food vending environment, Zululand District, South AfricaNkosi, Nelly Virginia 01 1900 (has links)
Street-vended foods are convenient and cheap meals, but their contamination can lead to
foodborne illness. This study aimed to evaluate food safety knowledge of street food vendors in
Ulundi and AbaQulusi local municipalities of Zululand District, South Africa and compliance of
their street food vending environment to sanitary requirements. A cross sectional survey design
was utilised to gather data from 400 street food vendors using interviews. A piloted checklist was
used to collect data on the sanitary characteristics from 200 randomly selected street food
vending facilities. Most of the street food vendors were black (99%), females (73%), and above
35 years (55%). Only the minority of street food vendors had attended a high school (47%) and
the vast majority (77%) of them had not attended any food safety training course. The majority
(64.7%) of respondents knew that food should not be handled when they have diarrhoea, even if
their hands were washed regularly, neither when they have flu, colds, cough, or catarrh. The
minority (43%) of street food vendors knew that the use of separate cutting boards for meat and
salad, and washing them between uses are the safest ways to avoid cross-contamination. The
majority (79.4%) of street food vendors were aware that microorganisms could cause foodborne
diseases that may lead to death. The vast majority (76%) of street food vendors had low food
safety knowledge and only 14% of the street food vending sites had high compliance with
sanitary conditions. In conclusion, most street food vendors possessed inadequate food safety
knowledge in key food safety parameters and most of the street food vending facilities were noncompliant.
Furthermore, most of them operate under poor sanitary conditions. Street food
vendors should be provided with compliant waste disposal and standard kitchen facilities with
water resources to ensure hygienic preparation and serving of food. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Cons. Sci.
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The food safety knowledge and microbial hazards awareness of consumers of ready-to-eat street-vended foods and their exposure to microbiological hazardAsiegbu, Chioma Vivian 14 October 2016 (has links)
In many countries, the authorities face extreme difficulties in monitoring and ensuring that food sold on the street is safe, that is, fit for human consumption. This is particularly the case in urban areas, where people buy food on the street because it is readily available and relatively inexpensive. The objective of this study was to determine the food safety knowledge and microbial hazard awareness of street food consumers, and to assess the bacteriological quality of selected ready-to-eat foods sold by street vendors in the Johannesburg municipality. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted and a total of 402 respondents who buy and consume street-vended foods were randomly selected at various street food vending locations.
A total of 315 various street-vended samples were purchased from randomly selected street food vendors at different vending locations in Johannesburg metropolis, in order to investigate the bacteriological quality of street-vended foods. Results of the bacteriological analysis revealed that total aerobic counts ranged from 0.3*102 - 0.4*105 cfu/g in cereals and grain-based foods; 0.4*102 - 0.5*105 cfu/g in meat-, dairy- and fish-based foods and 0.7*102 - 0.9*104 cfu/g in fruit- and vegetable-based foods. None of the food samples tested positive for Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus.
Results of the survey showed that the majority of respondents were black males younger than 35 years. Individuals of different gender, race, level of education and monthly income groups significantly (p<0.05) differed in their responses regarding the frequency of purchasing and confidence in the safety of street-vended food. Better taste followed closely by affordability and accessibility were the most cited reasons for purchasing street-vended food / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)
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