Understanding the hydrology of the riparian zone in a catchment can be an important prerequisite for determining solute loads and concentrations in streams. The riparian zone is the transition zone between surrounding landscape and an open water stream. This study focuses on the spatial and temporal variations of shallow groundwater levels in a forested headwater catchment in the Bergslagen area of central Sweden. Three snapshot campaigns were conducted during dry, humid and wet conditions to map the spatial variability of the groundwater levels. Piezometers giving the total hydraulic head were placed in the riparian zone along a stream network consisting of three first order streams and one second order stream. To asses temporal variations five groundwater wells were installed with automatic loggers to record continuous data during the wet period. Historical streamflow records from a permanent field station were collected and related to the groundwater levels in order to assess the relationship between groundwater levels and streamflow. Additionally a landscape analysis using GIS methods was conducted in order to identify potential drivers of spatial variation of groundwater levels in the riparian zone. The results showed that the slope could partially explain the observed spatial variability of riparian groundwater levels. The results from the spatially distributed piezometers and the continuously monitored groundwater wells with loggers were contradicting. Where the piezometers showed increasing depth to the groundwater table with increasing slope the loggers indicated the opposite. However, because the piezometers outnumbered the loggers the piezometer results can be considered more representative of the spatial variation of groundwater levels. There could be no general result concluded on the catchment scale but when looking at specific subcatchments it could be found that the variations in the riparian groundwater levels could be better explained where the stream had a more distinct channel. This indicates the importance to evaluate not only slope but the profile curvature as well for groundwater predictions.

This master’s project was conducted under the direction of the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) to assist with augmenting their Basin Plan. An investigation of the current practices for identifying and managing groundwater recharge areas was conducted, and strategies for protecting water quality by managing land uses in groundwater recharge areas were developed. Data sources included a review of agency documents, websites, and maps; interviews with stakeholders, and literature research. Data from these sources provided the foundation on which to base strategies for maintaining and improving groundwater quality in the Central Coast Hydrologic Region. This project recommends standard language for groundwater recharge areas, minimum criteria for identifying and mapping these areas, and protection strategies. The Water Board must establish minimum standards to protect groundwater recharge areas, and collaborate with local agencies to protect the quality of groundwater throughout their jurisdiction.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fracalossi_cp_me_rcla.pdf: 1652239 bytes, checksum: 44f88bcded0aee03b826c091bf22a576 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos termocronológicos e hidroquímicos próximos às cidades de Limeira e Americana, centro do estado de São Paulo. A aplicação da análise dos isótopos de urânio nas águas subterrâneas do aqüífero Itararé permitiu o reconhecimento do aumento de 234U a partir das áreas topograficamente mais elevadas para áreas topograficamente mais baixas, ou seja, a razão de atividade 234U/238U aumentou a partir das áreas de recarga. O uso do método de análises de traços de fissão em apatita registrou através das histórias térmicas, um apagamento total dos traços de fissão com início de retenção dos traços a partir de 118 Ma para a amostra TF-856 e 97 Ma para a amostra TF-858. Estas idades registram o primeiro período de soerguimento da área com início de geração das paleoáreas de recarga. Posteriormente, entre o Cretáceo Superior e o Paleoceno, um período de aquecimento foi evidenciado e mais tarde, a partir do Eoceno até os dias atuais a área passa por uma nova fase de soerguimento. Este trabalho introduz a utilização do método de análise por traços de fissão no reconhecimento de altos estruturais para a caracterização de paleoáreas de recarga. / For this research were done thermochronological and hydrochemical studies close to Limeira and Americana cities, central region of São Paulo State. Using the U-isotopes analysis in groundwater from Itararé aquifer was identified a larger quantity of U234 from higher to lower topographic areas, which means that the 234U/238U activity rate got higher from recharge areas. The application of apatites fission-track analysis registered, through thermal histories, the total resetting of the fission-tracks from 118 Ma for the sample TF-856 and 97 Ma for the sample TF-858. These ages register the first uplift time of this area which caused the origin of the paleo-recharge areas. Between Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene a heating period was registered and afterwards, from Eocene to the present time, is evidenced that the area gets a new uplift phase. This work suggests the use of fission-tracks analysis for the recognition of structural height and its consequence to the paleo-recharge areas.

Resumo: Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos termocronológicos e hidroquímicos próximos às cidades de Limeira e Americana, centro do estado de São Paulo. A aplicação da análise dos isótopos de urânio nas águas subterrâneas do aqüífero Itararé permitiu o reconhecimento do aumento de 234U a partir das áreas topograficamente mais elevadas para áreas topograficamente mais baixas, ou seja, a razão de atividade 234U/238U aumentou a partir das áreas de recarga. O uso do método de análises de traços de fissão em apatita registrou através das histórias térmicas, um apagamento total dos traços de fissão com início de retenção dos traços a partir de 118 Ma para a amostra TF-856 e 97 Ma para a amostra TF-858. Estas idades registram o primeiro período de soerguimento da área com início de geração das paleoáreas de recarga. Posteriormente, entre o Cretáceo Superior e o Paleoceno, um período de aquecimento foi evidenciado e mais tarde, a partir do Eoceno até os dias atuais a área passa por uma nova fase de soerguimento. Este trabalho introduz a utilização do método de análise por traços de fissão no reconhecimento de altos estruturais para a caracterização de paleoáreas de recarga. / Abstract: For this research were done thermochronological and hydrochemical studies close to Limeira and Americana cities, central region of São Paulo State. Using the U-isotopes analysis in groundwater from Itararé aquifer was identified a larger quantity of U234 from higher to lower topographic areas, which means that the 234U/238U activity rate got higher from recharge areas. The application of apatites fission-track analysis registered, through thermal histories, the total resetting of the fission-tracks from 118 Ma for the sample TF-856 and 97 Ma for the sample TF-858. These ages register the first uplift time of this area which caused the origin of the paleo-recharge areas. Between Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene a heating period was registered and afterwards, from Eocene to the present time, is evidenced that the area gets a new uplift phase. This work suggests the use of fission-tracks analysis for the recognition of structural height and its consequence to the paleo-recharge areas. / Orientador: Peter Christian Hackspacker / Coorientador: Daniel Marcos Bonotto / Banca: Edson Gomes de Oliveira / Banca: Julio Cesar Hadler Neto / Mestre

Att man förstår mark- och grundvattenflöde är en förutsättning för förståelsen av ämnestransport genom skogsmark. Ståndortskarteringen har inte möjlighet att mäta grundvattenflödet på sina provytor med t ex totalpotentialmätningar utan behöver en alternativ metod. Syftet med detta arbete var att skapa en multivariat klassificeringsmodell för klassificering av grundvattenförhållandena i en skogssluttning söder om Tärnsjö i norra Uppland. Modellen bygger på principalkomponentanalys av olika kemiska variabler i det fasta organiska materialet i den organiska horisonten. De kemiska variablerna som användes var; pH(H2O), pH(BaCl2), andel C, S och N i det organiska materialet, den procentuella andelen Al3+, H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ och Na+ på utbyteskomplexen, CECeff och andel organiskt material i proven. Principalkomponentanalysen tyder på att (1) inströmningsområdet karaktäriserades av lågt pH, låga Na+-halter och relativt höga K+-halter, (2) det omättade utströmningsområdet karaktäriserades av höga Al3+-halter, och (3) det näst intill mättade utströmningsområdet karaktäriserades av höga Na+-, Ca2+- och Mg2+-halter som gav högre pH-värden samt högre andel av S och N i det organiska materialet. Undersökningen tyder på att grundvattenförhållandena i en barrskogssluttning har stor betydelse för de kemiska egenskaperna hos markens organiska horisont. Informationen man får från markkemiska analyser gör det möjligt att med hjälp av kemiska variabler klassificera graden av in- respektive utströmningsförhållanden. Den multivariata klassificeringsmodell som skapades i denna undersökning ger en riktlinje för hur en generell klassificeringsmodell för indikationer av grundvattenförhållanden kan konstrueras. Den generella klassificeringsmodellen är ett alternativ till t ex totalpotentialmätningar eftersom klassificeringsmodellen varken behöver ske på plats eller mätas i tidsserier. Vidare kan klassificeringsmodellen tillämpas på redan existerande markkemiska analyser. / A thorough understanding of soil water and groundwater flow is necessary to understand the transport of elements in forest soils. The National Forest Soil and Vegetation Survey has no possibilities to determine groundwater flow using total potential measurements in the sampling plots. In the present work an alternative approach using soil chemistry to classify the extent of recharge and discharge conditions in the sampling plots was used. A multivariate model was created to classify groundwater regime in a forested hillslope south of Tärnsjö in the northern part of Uppland, Sweden. The model was based on principal component analysis (PCA) of different variables in solid organic matter in the organic horizon in the soil. The chemical variables used were pH(H2O), pH(BaCl2), total C, N and S in organic matter, the percentage of Al3+, H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ in the exchange complex, the effective CEC and the percentage of organic matter in the soil samples. PCA indicated that; (1) samples from the recharge area were characterised by low pH, low Na+ and relatively high K+ levels, (2) the unsaturated discharge zone was characterised by high levels of exchangeable Al3+ and (3) the nearly saturated discharge area was characterised by high Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels, higher pH and higher amounts of N and S in the organic matter. This study indicated that groundwater regime in a forested hillslope is of major importance in determining the chemical status of the organic matter in the organic horizon. It was possible to use information obtained from soil chemical analysis to determine the extent of recharge or discharge at the points where the soil samples were taken. The PCA model used in this work gives guidelines for the construction of a general model for classification of groundwater regimes.