Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Science, technologie, société--Paris--CNAM, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 301-318. Index.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise s'inscrit dans la lignée des travaux en Technologies de l'Information supportant la collaboration et la communication au sein des équipes. Ce travail vise à éclairer les relations de travail des équipes de développement de nouveaux produits dans le domaine de l'aérospatial, sous la lumière des capacités de traitement de l'information. L'objectif principal de recherche est de déterminer l'influence spécifique des capacités de traitement de l'information (gestion de contenu, gestion de fichier et partage d'information) sur la qualité de l'information échangée, la propension à innover, l'efficacité de la relation et sur la gestion des problèmes. Suite à des entretiens avec des personnes des différents secteurs réalisant des activités de développement de nouveaux produits, un questionnaire électronique a été élaboré et administré auprès d'une organisation particulière. Ce mémoire dresse une synthèse du développement de cet instrument de mesure et présente les premiers résultats obtenus à partir de l'étude de 20 relations de travail. Les résultats, obtenus à partir de corrélations, sont de nature exploratoire et des terrains de recherche sont à mener afin de pouvoir réellement tester la causalité des propositions de cette recherche. Toutefois et de manière synthétique, cette étude montre que l'ensemble des capacités de traitement de l'information a une influence significative sur la propension à innover, la qualité de l'information échangée et la gestion des problèmes. Les résultats les plus probants concernent l'influence des capacités de partage d'information et celles de gestion de fichier sur la propension à innover. Par ailleurs, les résultats présentent aussi le fait que l'ensemble des capacités de traitement de l'information n'a pas d'influence significative sur l'efficacité de la relation. La contribution majeure est d'ordre méthodologique avec la mise en place d'un instrument de mesure des communications et des capacités de traitement de l'information au niveau des relations de travail en ingénierie.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de gestion : Reims : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 321-339. Index.

Thèse (Ph.D.)--Université Laval, 2005. / Bibliogr.: f. 216-238. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Mémoire (M. Sc.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Cette thèse de doctorat en histoire porte sur les interactions entre les universités belges et les milieux industriels. Elle tente de dégager les mécanismes qui ont permis de faire se rapprocher sur le temps long ces deux envrionnements institutionnels, sur les plans particuliers de l'enseignement et de la formation (relations indirectes), d'une part, et de la recherche (relations directes), de l'autre/This doctoral dissertation in history focuses on the interactions between Belgian universities and the industrial milieus. It aimed at describing on the long run the mechanisms that brought the two institutional environments closer together in the fields of teaching and training (indirect connections), on the one hand, and research (direct connections), on the other.

Les récents développements concernant la nature du processus d’innovation nous ont amenés à vouloir mieux comprendre ce processus au sein des entreprises, en particulier chez les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME). Ces récents développements indiquent la nature interactive et ouverte de l’innovation qui est représentée par le modèle d’innovation ouvert, selon Chesbrough (2003a; b). Dans ce modèle, les entreprises dépensent peu en matière de R& D et sont néanmoins en mesure de réussir à innover : elles s’appuient en fait sur les connaissances et l’expertise d’un large éventail d’acteurs et de sources externes (Laursen et Salter, 2006). Le modèle d’innovation ouvert est devenu, selon le rapport du Conseil de la science et de la technologie (CST) de l’année 2009, une des grandes tendances observées dans le monde. Dans son rapport intitulé : Innovation ouverte, enjeux et défis pour le Québec, cet organisme vante les bienfaits de ce modèle d’innovation et propose des pistes pour en accélérer l’adoption au sein des entreprises manufacturières québécoises. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour objectif de participer à cet effort en étudiant un aspect particulier du modèle d’innovation ouvert, soit l’openness. Introduite par Laursen et Salter en 2004, l’openness est un concept qui reflète surtout le nombre (étendue) et l’intensité (profondeur) des sources d’information externes utilisées par l’entreprise dans le développement ou l’amélioration de ses produits ou procédés. L’openness a été largement étudiée dans le contexte des grandes entreprises américaines (Chesbrough, 2003a; b) et européennes (Laursen et Salter, 2004; 2006; Criscuolo et al., 2006; Reichstein et Salter, 2006; Lichtenthaler, 2008a). Dans le cadre des PME, les études qui s’intéressent à l’openness sont encore rares, à part quelques études provenant de la République de la Corée et d’Europe. Au Canada, et particulièrement au Québec, les études qui portent sur l’openness dans le cadre des PME sont quasi inexistantes. Dans ce sens, il est nécessaire de combler cette lacune et d’étudier davantage le comportement innovateur des PME sous l’égide du modèle d’innovation ouvert. L’innovation dans les PME, expliquée en partie par le modèle d’innovation ouvert, fait surgir le caractère complexe des relations (Huizingh, 2011) existant entre les différents facteurs qui expliquent traditionnellement l’innovation au sein de cette classe d’entreprises. Ce besoin a été à l’origine du premier objectif de recherche dans cette thèse : 1. Étudier les déterminants qui expliquent les relations complexes qui existent entre les facteurs expliquant l’innovation au sein des PME sous l’égide du modèle d’innovation ouvert. Parallèlement à cet objectif, d’autres lacunes ont été recensées au sein de la littérature sur le modèle d’innovation ouvert, notamment les deuxième et troisième objectifs de cette recherche : 2. Étudier le degré d’openness des PME par l’entremise des dimensions de l’entendue et la profondeur et les déterminants liés à différents degrés d’openness. 3. Étudier la complémentarité ou la substitution des PME face à l’openness aux différentes sources d’informations externes et les déterminants liés à l’openness à ces différentes sources. Les résultats de cette thèse, ainsi que ses contributions déduites à partir des trois volets empiriques, sont répartis en fonction des objectifs spécifiques qui y sont soulevés; il s’agit notamment de : 1. L’étude de ce premier objectif nous a menés à approfondir notre compréhension des approches qui seraient complémentaires dans l’explication de l’innovation au sein des PME. Dans ce sens, la revue de littérature nous a conduits à suggérer un cadre conceptuel intégrateur qui nous semble plus approprié pour appréhender les relations complexes entre les différents facteurs qui expliquent l’innovation au sein des PME. Il s’agit principalement du modèle d’innovation ouvert, de la théorie basée sur les ressources et du système régional d’innovation. Ceci constitue une contribution théorique très importante issue de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation de l’analyse de cheminement a permis de clarifier, de façon empirique, les relations complexes existant entre les déterminants de l’innovation au sein des PME. En particulier, il y est montré que l’openness a un effet direct et indirect sur le degré de nouveauté de l’innovation des PME sondées. De plus, l’importance indirecte des proximités régionale et nationale via l’openness sur le degré de nouveauté de l’innovation au sein de ces entreprises a été mise en relief. 2. L’utilisation de l’analyse de classification en se basant sur les dimensions de l’openness, notamment l’étendue et la profondeur, a permis de proposer quatre classes de PME qui diffèrent par leur degré d’openness : les PME fermées, les PME interactives, les PME utilisatrices et les PME open. De plus, dans ce volet empirique, utilisant des modèles de régressions logistiques multinomiales et binaires, il a été possible de montrer que les variables relatives aux proximités régionale et nationale ainsi que les variables relatives aux obstacles internes, contribuent de façon très importante à expliquer la probabilité que les PME appartiennent à une classe de PME affichant un degré élevé d’openness plutôt qu’à une classe de PME affichant un faible degré d’openness. 3. L’utilisation du modèle d’équation structurelle et du modèle Multivariate Probit (MVP) ont permis, d’une part, de confirmer notre hypothèse relative à la complémentarité entre les quatre catégories de sources d’information externes (sources de marché, sources d’information généralement disponibles, sources de recherche et sources régionales) et, d’autre part, le MVP a permis de confirmer l’importance de la proximité régionale et nationale dans l’explication de l’openness aux différentes catégories de sources d’information externes. Finalement, une conclusion générale de cette thèse se révèle à la lumière des résultats obtenus dans les trois volets empiriques : outre l’importance de l’openness pour le processus d’innovation des PME sondées, il faut souligner celle de la proximité géographique telle que considérée dans cette thèse. Dans ce sens, on ne peut que souhaiter une implication majeure des décideurs politiques concernés par l’élaboration de politiques d’innovation, implication qui pourrait se traduire par la prise en considération du caractère crucial de la proximité, et ce, jusqu’à encourager celle-ci de façon à ce que les PME puissent tirer le maximum de retombées des relations avec leurs partenaires immédiats. / Recent developments regarding the nature of the process of innovation have led us to try to better understand this process among firms, in particular among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These recent developments indicate the interactive and open nature of innovation which is represented by the model of open innovation, according to Chesbrough (2003a; b). In this model, firms spend little on R& D and nevertheless are able to innovate : they rely on the knowledge and expertise of a wide range of actors and external sources (Laursen et Salter, 2006). The open innovation model has become, according to the report of the 2009 CST of, one of the major trends in the world. In its report entitled : Innovation ouverte, enjeux et défis pour le Québec, this institution promotes the benefits of this innovation model and proposes to accelerate its adoption by Quebec manufacturing firms. In this context, this thesis aims to contribute to this effort by studying a particular aspect of the open innovation model, namely openness. Introduced by Laursen and Salter in 2004, openness is a concept that primarily reflects the number (breadth) and intensity (depth) of the external sources of information used by the firm in the development or improvement of its products or processes. Openness has been widely studied in the context of large U.S. (Chesbrough, 2003a; b) and European companies (Laursen et Salter, 2004; 2006; Criscuolo et al., 2006; Reichstein et Salter, 2006; Lichtenthaler, 2008a). In the context of SMEs, the studies concerned with openness are still scanty, with only a few studies from the Republic of Korea and Europe. In Canada, especially Quebec, studies that focus on openness in SMEs are almost nonexistent. In this sense, it is necessary to fill this gap and to further explore the innovative behavior of SMEs under the care of the open innovation model. Innovation in SMEs, explained in part by the open innovation model, raises the complexity of the relations (Huizingh, 2011) between the different factors that traditionally explain innovation in SMEs. This need was at the origin of the first research objective in this thesis : 1. Study the determinants which explain the complex relationships that exist between the factors explaining innovation in SMEs under the care of the open innovation model. In addition to this objective, other gaps have been identified in the literature related to the open innovation model, including the second and third objectives of this research : 2. Study the degree of openness of SMEs through the dimensions of the breadth and depth, and the determinants related to varying degrees of openness. 3. Study the complementarity or substitution of SMEs to the openness towards the various sources of external information, and the determinants related to the openness towards these different sources. The results of this thesis and its contributions deducted from the three empirical parts are distributed according to the specific objectives that are raised, and these include : 1. The study of this first objective has led us to deepen our understanding of the theoretical approaches that would be complementary in the explanation of innovation in SMEs. In this sense, the literature review has led us to suggest an integrative conceptual framework which seems to us more appropriate to understand the complex relationships between the various factors which explain innovation in SMEs. It is primarily the open innovation model, the resource-based theory, and the regional innovation system approach. This is a very important theoretical contribution from this thesis. Also, the use of the path analysis has helped to empirically clarify the complex relationships between the determinants of innovation in SMEs. In particular, it is has shown that openness has a direct and indirect effect on the degree of novelty of the surveyed SMEs. The indirect importance of regional and national proximities through the openness on the degree of novelty in these firms has also been highlighted too. 2. The use of the cluster analysis based on the dimensions of openness, breadth and depth, has led to propose four classes of SMEs which differ by their degree of openness : closed SMEs, interactive SMEs, user SMEs and open SMEs. Moreover, in this empirical part of the thesis, by using multinomial and binary logistic regression models, it was possible to show that the variables related to regional and national proximities, as well as the variables related to the internal barriers to innovation, contribute very significantly to explain the probability that SMEs belong to a class of SMEs with a high degree of openness rather than to a class of SMEs with a low degree of openness. 3. The use of the structural equation model and of the Multivariate Probit (MVP) model has, on the one hand, confirmed our assumption related to the complementarity among the four categories of external sources of information (market sources, generally available information sources, research sources, and regional resources) and, on the other hand, the MVP model has confirmed the importance of national and regional proximities in the explanation of the openness to different categories of sources of external information. Finally, a general conclusion of this thesis is revealed in light of the results obtained in the three empirical parts of this thesis : in addition to the importance of openness for the innovation process of the surveyed SMEs, it should be noted that geographical proximity as considered in this thesis, is also important. In this sense, one can only hope for a major implication for policy makers concerned with policy innovation, involvement that could lead to the consideration, and as far as the promotion, of the crucial character of proximity, so that SMEs can get the maximum benefit from relationships with their close partners.

In this thesis, I apply the sophisticated tools made available by the econometrics of panel data and treatment models to a range of different issues. In the first Chapter, an ECM model is used to test on the existence of financing constraints in firms’ investment and R&D, taken a proxy for the efficiency of market institutions and governance rules in different countries. In the second chapter we test an agency model linking pay-performance contracts of CEOS to the financial situation of a firm by using a UK panel data. In the third chapter I use a sophisticated treatment model to evaluate the effectiveness of Italian public subsidies to R&D. Finally, in the fourth chapter I try to evaluate the efficiency of Italian regional systems of public healthcare by controlling for socio-economic factors and quality of healthcare in a composite model using panel data estimation and efficient frontier techniques.<p>The first Chapter analyzes the investment behavior of a sample of R&D intensive firms which are quoted on the stock market from USA, UK and Japan for the period 1990-1998. By using an error correction model we test the elasticity of investment and R&D to cash flow in these countries to see by which measure different market institutions and corporate governance rules affects the cost of external financing. Contrary to previous studies, we find significant differences in the sensitivity to cash flow of the two types of investment, with R&D expenditure being much less sensitive than ordinary investment. This is not surprising given the more long-term nature of R&D expenditures. For what concerns the comparison between the different systems/countries, the USA stock markets confirms as the most efficient market providing outside financing at a much lower cost compared to other markets, especially for young, smaller firms.<p>The second Chapter is a joint work with Biagio Speciale. It uses the data on a panel of quoted UK firms over the period 1995–2002 to study the effects of financial leverage on managerial compensation. The change in the investors’ expectations that caused the recent collapse of the stock market tech bubble is a perfect example of natural experiment that has been used as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in the firm’s debt. The estimates show that pay-for-performance sensitivity is increasing in financial leverage, with the exception of the 10% most levered firms, giving rise at the end to a non-linear (inverted U-shape) relationship between the two variables. The chapter includes also a theoretical model accounting for this relationship where an higher leverage increases both the expected returns and the expected variance of investment returns: the first effect (determining increased pay-performance sensitivity) prevails for low leverage values and the second effect (determining decreased pay-performance sensitivity) prevails for high leverage values.<p>The third Chapter undertakes an empirical estimation of the additionality of public funding on both the propensity to initiate R&D activity and the intensity of R&D spending of Italian enterprises for the period 1998-2000, using data from the Third Community Innovation Survey and from firms' financial accounts. The chosen methodology (Endogenous Switching Type II-Tobit) takes into account the possibility that decisions about both starting an R&D activity (sample selection effect) and applying for/obtaining public funding (essential heterogeneity) are influenced by private knowledge of enterprises' idiosyncratic propensities in R&D spending. The present analysis shows that both these effects are indeed important and that they contribute to explain most of the additionality found with less sophisticated models.<p>The fourth Chapter investigates the underlying causes of variability of public health expenditure per capita (SSPC henceforth) between Italian regions. A fixed-effect panel data estimate on the SSPC (for the period 1997-2006) is used in the first part of the paper to account for regional differences in terms of physical, demographic, socio-economic characteristics and in terms of other variables that affect demand and supply of health services. In the second part, we take the ‘adjusted’ SSPC and proceed to estimate an "efficient production function" of the quality of health services through Data Envelopment Analysis. This procedure allows us to separate the share of expenditure used for the improvement of the quality from the one that can be traced only to an inefficient use of financial resources. A comparison of regional SSPC after factoring out the socio-economic factors and the quality of healthcare shows that big differences still remain and are even exacerbated, signalling big pockets of inefficiency and correspondingly a huge potential for cost savings. Finally, a preliminary analysis shows a positive correlation between the efficiency of regional public spending in healthcare and the level of social capital. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Compared to the globalized markets of goods and services, technology production has been often described as “far from globalized” and mainly concentrated in the home country of multinational enterprises. However, academics and international organizations recognize that research and development (R&D) activities are increasingly performed at the international level. In particular, the globalization of innovation is a major concern since it is at the crossroads of the rising importance of knowledge economy and the increasing international slicing of firms’ value chains. In this context, the main motivations of this thesis are to investigate the extent to which innovation takes place across national borders and to analyze the drivers of this phenomenon across countries and across industries. For this purpose, this dissertation provides new evidence on the globalization of innovation in four empirical essays using patent-based indicators.<p><p>First, the relevance of patent statistics as indicators of innovation is evaluated by studying the relationship between expenditures in R&D activities and patenting efforts. Chapter 2 decomposes this relationship at the industry level to shed light on the origins of the worldwide surge in patent applications. The empirical investigation of the R&D-patent relationship relies on a unique panel dataset composed of 18 manufacturing industries in 19 countries covering the period from 1987 to 2005, for which five broad patent indicators are developed. This study shows that patent applications at the industry level reflect not only research productivity, but also two main components of the propensity to patent which are firms’ strategic considerations: the decision to protect an invention with a patent (the “appropriability strategy”) and the number of patents filed to protect an innovation (the “filing strategy”). The comparison between the results for various patent count indicators provides also interesting insights. While some industries (computers and communication technologies) and countries (South Korea, Spain, and Poland) have experienced a drastic increase in patent applications, the ratio of priority patent applications to R&D expenditures has been generally constant. This result suggests that there has been no spurt in innovation productivity. In contrast, regional applications (filings at the United States Patent and Trademark Office or at the European Patent Office) have been increasing since the early 1990s, suggesting that the patent explosion observed in large regional patent offices is due to the greater globalization of intellectual property rights rather than a surge in research productivity. Innovative firms are increasingly targeting global markets and hence have a higher tendency to seek protection in key markets worldwide.<p><p>Chapter 3 introduces, firstly, aggregate patent-based indicators to measure the globalization of innovation production. Secondly, it describes the patterns in international technology production for a large panel dataset covering 21 industries in 29 countries from 1980 to 2005. A strong growth in the intensity of globalization of innovation is confirmed not only in terms of cross-border ownership of innovation, but also in terms of international technological collaborations. More interestingly, heterogeneity across countries and industries is observed. On the one hand, more innovative countries (or industries) do not present more globalized innovation footprint. On the other hand, the ownership of innovation is still strongly concentrated in a few countries, although its location is increasingly dispersed across the world. Thirdly, it investigates empirically two main opposing motives driving the internationalization of innovation: home-base augmenting and home-base exploiting strategies. The results show that the degree of internationalization of innovation is negatively related to the revealed technological advantage of countries across industries. Countries tend to be more technologically globalized in industrial sectors in which they are less technologically specialized. The empirical findings suggest also that countries with multidisciplinary technological knowledge are more likely to take part in international co-inventions of new technologies and to be attractive for foreign innovative firms. This aggregated patent-based analysis provides additional evidence that globalization of innovation is a means of acquiring competences abroad that are lacking at home, suggesting that home-base augmenting motives matter in the globalization of innovation production. By contrast, the internationalization of innovation does not seem to be purely market-driven since large economies are not the target of foreign innovative firms and international patenting is more related to international competitiveness of country-industry pairs than to the direction of trade flows.<p><p>While the previous chapter studies the globalization of innovation of a country with the rest of world, Chapter 4 aims at explaining who collaborates with whom in the international production of technology. In particular, the impact of technological distance between partner’s economies is investigated for a panel dataset covering international co-inventions between 29 countries in 21 industries between 1988 and 2005. The descriptive analysis highlights that the overall growth in internationalization of innovation is due to both the increase in the number of international innovative actors and the rise of the average intensity of collaboration. The empirical findings then suggest that the two main arguments related to technological distance – ‘similarity versus diversity’ – can be reconciled by taking an industry approach. Indeed, the estimation results show that the impact of technological distance is twofold on the intensity of collaborative innovation at industry level. On the one hand, the more similar the industry-specific knowledge of two countries (low technological distance within the industry), the more easily they collaborate by sharing common industrial knowledge. On the other hand, the more different their non-industry-specific knowledge (high technological distance outside the scope of the industry), the more they collaborate to gain access to broad and interdisciplinary expertise. It suggests that the relative absorptive capacity between partner’s economies and the search for novel and complementary knowledge are key drivers of the globalization of innovation. Moreover, the results confirm the moderating effect of non-technological distance factors (spatial proximity, ease of communication, institutional proximity, and overall economic ties) in cross-border innovative relationships. <p><p>The topic of Chapter 5 is the cost-benefit analysis of the creation of a new ‘globalized’ patent: the EU Patent (formerly known as Community Patent) which consists in a single patent covering the entire EU territory for both application procedure and legal enforcement after grant. The objective of this chapter is threefold: (i) simulate the budgetary consequences in terms of renewal fees’ income for the European and national patent offices; (ii) evaluate the implications for the business sector in terms of absolute and relative fees; (iii) assess the total economic impact for the most important actors of the European patent system. Based on an econometric model explaining the determinants of the maintenance rate of patents, the simulations suggest that – with a sound renewal fee structure – the EU patent could generate more income for nearly all patent offices than under the current status quo. It would, at the same time, substantially reduce the relative patenting costs for applicants. Finally, the loss of economic rents by patent attorneys, translators and lawyers, and the drop of controlling power by national patent offices elucidate further the persistence of a fragmented European patent system.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse de doctorat en histoire porte sur les interactions entre les universités belges et les milieux industriels. Elle tente de dégager les mécanismes qui ont permis de faire se rapprocher sur le temps long ces deux envrionnements institutionnels, sur les plans particuliers de l'enseignement et de la formation (relations indirectes), d'une part, et de la recherche (relations directes), de l'autre/This doctoral dissertation in history focuses on the interactions between Belgian universities and the industrial milieus. It aimed at describing on the long run the mechanisms that brought the two institutional environments closer together in the fields of teaching and training (indirect connections), on the one hand, and research (direct connections), on the other. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished