Thesis advisor: John F. Baldovin / Abstract This dissertation grows from our experience of the perennial problem of violence and conflict witnessed at a great scale in Sub-Saharan Africa. In many parts of Africa, especially south of the Sahara, now even worse in the north, there are recurrent bloody conflicts, violence and wars. Ordinarily, one would be lured to argue that what Heraclitus said is the real experience of Africa: where it seems "war is father and king of all things."1 In this trend of thought war, bloody conflicts and violence are mere symptoms of the underlying belligerent nature of the universe. In Heraclitus' philosophical view any change (physical, social, political, economic) can only arise out of war or violent conflict. On the other hand, in reading and hearing stories from all over the world it reveals to us that violence, conflict and the difficulty of establishing lasting peace is a universal problem, not only African. This realization triggered this study to see if we could establish common roots to the problem of violence in the world and at the same time to seek ways of reconciling people in the aftermath or even during the conflict. Therefore although the African situation provoked the thought, our research covers the anthropological roots to the universal problem of recurrent violence that has immersed our world into a culture of death. However in the last chapter we will specifically draw our attention to the nature and mission of the Church of Africa in its social context in order to ascertain the foundational causes of the persistent violence and so seek ways to reconciliation. Employing René Girard's mimetic anthropology and trinitarian/eucharistic theology we argue that reconciliation is a Divine-Human self-emptying event because the one who initiates reconciliation must be ready to surrender to the offending other and become the price of that reconciliation. The Trinity and the gift of the Eucharist just before the paschal mystery presents to us that God, the offended other but loving other, in Jesus became the price of our reconciliation. Therefore every work of reconciliation is an imitation of a self-emptying God in Christ Jesus. / Thesis (STD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

No contexto da indústria mineral, reconciliação pode ser definida como a prática de comparar a massa e o teor médio de minério previstos pelos modelos geológicos com a massa e o teor gerados na usina de beneficiamento. Esta prática tem se mostrado cada vez mais importante, visto que, quando corretamente executada, aumenta a confiabilidade no planejamento de curto prazo e otimiza as operações de lavra e beneficiamento do minério. No entanto, a utilidade da reconciliação depende da qualidade e confiabilidade dos dados de entrada, gerados por diferentes métodos de amostragem. Uma boa reconciliação pode ser ilusória. Em muitos casos, erros cometidos em determinado ponto do processo são compensados por erros cometidos em outros pontos, resultando em reconciliações excelentes. Entretanto, esse fato mascara os erros do sistema que, mais cedo ou mais tarde, podem se revelar. Frequentemente, os erros de amostragem podem levar a uma análise errônea do sistema de reconciliação, gerando consequências graves à operação, principalmente quando a lavra alcança regiões mais pobres ou mais heterogêneas do depósito. Como uma boa estimativa só é possível com práticas corretas de amostragem, a confiabilidade dos resultados de reconciliação depende da representatividade das amostras que os geraram. Este trabalho analisa as práticas de amostragem manual em uma mina de cobre e ouro em Goiás e propõe um método mais confiável para fins de reconciliação. Os resultados mostram que a reconciliação aparentemente excelente entre mina e usina é ilusória, consequência da compensação de diversos erros devidos às práticas de coleta de amostras para o planejamento de curto prazo. / In the mining industry context, reconciliation can be defined as the practice of comparing the tonnage and average grade of ore predicted by the geological models with the tonnage and grade generated by the processing or metallurgical plant. This practice has shown an increasingly importance, since, if correctly executed, allows to improve the reliability on short-term planning and to optimize the mining and processing operations. However, the usefulness of reconciliation relies on the quality and reliability of the input data, generated by different sampling methods. Successful reconciliation can be illusory. In many cases, errors generated at one point of the process are offset by errors generated at other points, resulting in excellent reconciliations. However, this fact can hide compensating biases in the system that may surface someday. Very often sampling errors can be masked and may lead to erroneous analysis of the reconciliation system, generating serious consequences to the operation, especially when mining reaches poorer or more heterogeneous areas of the deposit. Since good estimation is only possible with correct sampling practices, the reliability in the reconciliation results depends on the representativeness of the samples that generated them. This work analyzes the manual sampling practices carried out at a copper and gold mine in Goiás, proposing a more reliable sampling method for reconciliation purposes. Results show that the apparently excellent reconciliation between the mine and the plant is in fact illusory, consequence of the compensation of many errors due to sampling practices for short-term planning.

As práticas de reconciliação consistem na comparação entre as quantidades e teores de minério estimados pelos modelos da jazida e as quantidades e teores de minério produzidos na usina de beneficiamento. O resultado dessas comparações é geralmente um grupo de fatores que são aplicados a estimativas futuras, na tentativa de melhorar a previsão do desempenho de uma operação. Atualmente, a prática comum de reconciliação baseia-se na definição do mine call factor (MCF) e sua aplicação às estimativas dos modelos de recursos e de controle de teor. O MCF expressa a diferença entre a produção prevista pelos modelos e a produção registrada na usina e, portanto, sua aplicação permite uma correção nas estimativas dos modelos. Esta é uma prática de reconciliação reativa. Entretanto, a aplicação desses fatores às estimativas dos modelos pode mascarar as causas dos erros responsáveis pelas discrepâncias observadas. As causas reais de qualquer variância só podem ser identificadas analisando-se as informações referentes a cada variância e, em seguida, modificando metodologias e processos. Este é o conceito de prognosticação, ou reconciliação pró-ativa, um processo iterativo de recalibração constante das entradas de dados e dos cálculos. Portanto, a prognosticação permite uma correção das metodologias de coleta de dados, e não simplesmente uma correção das estimativas dos modelos. O presente trabalho analisa as práticas de reconciliação realizadas em uma mina de ouro do Brasil e sugere um novo protocolo de amostragem, com base nos conceitos de prognosticação. / Reconciliation is the practice of comparing the tonnage and average grade of ore predicted from resource and grade control models with the tonnage and grade generated by the processing plant. The result is usually a group of factors, which are applied to future estimates in an attempt to better predict how the operation may perform. The common practice of reconciliation is based on definition of the mine call factor (MCF) and its application to resource or grade control estimates. The MCF expresses the difference, a ratio or percentage, between the predicted grade and the grade reported by the plant. Therefore, its application allows to correct model estimates. This practice is named reactive reconciliation. However, the use of generic factors that are applied across differing time scales and material types often disguises the causes of the error responsible for the discrepancy. The root causes of any given variance can only be identified by analyzing the information behind any variance and, then, making changes to methodologies and processes. This practice is named prognostication, or proactive reconciliation, an iterative process resulting in constant recalibration of the inputs and the calculations. The prognostication allows personnel to adjust processes so that results align within acceptable tolerance ranges, and not only to correct model estimates. This study analyses the reconciliation practices performed at a gold mine in Brazil and suggests a new sampling protocol, based on prognostication concepts.

Data reconciliation and gross error detection are traditional methods toward detecting mass balance inconsistency within process instrument data. These methods use a static approach for statistical evaluation. This thesis is concerned with using an alternative statistical approach (Bayesian statistics) to detect mass balance inconsistency in real time. The proposed dynamic Baysian solution makes use of a state space process model which incorporates mass balance relationships so that a governing set of mass balance variables can be estimated using a Kalman filter. Due to the incorporation of mass balances, many model parameters are defined by first principles. However, some parameters, namely the observation and state covariance matrices, need to be estimated from process data before the dynamic Bayesian methods could be applied. This thesis makes use of Bayesian machine learning techniques to estimate these parameters, separating process disturbances from instrument measurement noise. / Process Control

In this project I evaluated the effect of social dominance on reconciliation and forgiveness. Based on studies of nonhuman primates, it was hypothesized that humans would be more likely to accept and reciprocate conciliatory gestures when made by more socially dominant people. It was also hypothesized that the moderating effect of relative dominance on a victim?s decision to forgive would not be as strong as relative dominance?s effect on a victim?s decision to reconcile. This hypothesis was based on the expectation that reconciliation is most essential for gaining access to transgressor-controlled resources. However, conciliatory gestures by less dominant transgressors more effectively elicited forgiveness and reconciliation, as these gestures were evidently more successful at making victims feel safe. Also, relative dominance did not have a greater effect on victims? conciliatory behaviors than on forgiveness.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">This work is a meditation on the shaping of time and its impact on living with and understanding atrocity in South Africa in the wake of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).</p> </font></p>

Research Project (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Research Project (Dept. of Political Science) / Simon Fraser University. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Simon Fraser University, 2006. / Theses (Dept. of Sociology/Anthropology) / Simon Fraser University. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (S.T.D.) -- Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 2001. / At head of title: Pontificia universitas Urbaniana, Facultas S. theologiae. Includes bibliographical references (p. [115]-125).

Thesis (D. Ed. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2002. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).