The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the state of the recorder as a musical instrument in this century. Information has been gathered from standard texts and journal articles to gain more recent ideas. The work is divided into three sections: (1) a brief history of the instrument; (2) a biographical sketch of Arnold Dolmetsch, the man who was most responsible for the revival of the recorder in this century; and (3) a detailed examination of the use of the recorder today. This last section includes the recorder in education, music written for it, recorder performance and organizations, and construction of the recorder. An appendix lists recorders that are available to players in this country. It is this writer's conclusion that the recorder today has regained its status as a performing medium.

A study was conducted with third-grade children in a university laboratory school to determine the relative effectiveness of a method for teaching recorder in which the sequential objectives are logically ordered by Edwin Gordon's empirical model of learning sequence and a traditional method which stresses note reading. The criteria used for comparison were change in the level of developmental music aptitude and performance achievement on the recorder. A review of the literature supported Edwin Gordon's theory of developmental music aptitude which proposes that until about age nine, environmental factors can affect the level of music aptitude, and, at about age nine, music aptitude stabilizes. The review of the literature also supported the use of singing activities with instrumental instruction, and the application of verbal association systems to tonal and rhythmic patterns as pedagogical techniques. Treatment for the control group involved a teaching-learning procedure in which individual fingerings, pitches, and rhythm symbols were presented in isolation and assembled in playing songs from notation. The method used with the experimental group involved a teaching-learning sequence in which children first learned to sing the song by rote. In learning to play the song on the recorder, each melodic and rhythmic pattern was isolated and initially sung or chanted. A verbal association system was then associated with the tonal and rhythmic pattern. The notation representing the pattern was introduced after extensive aural and verbal association experience, and after learning several songs. Primary sources of data included: pretest/posttest using Gordon's PMMA to measure developmental music aptitude change, and a rating scale test to measure recorder performance achievement. Results of the PMMA supported the alternative hypotheses that the experimental group had significantly higher mean composite and rhythmic increases than the control group. The mean increase in the tonal scores was greater for the experimental group, but not significantly higher at the .05 level. Results of the investigator-designed performance achievement tests supported the alternative hypotheses that the experimental method of teaching recorder was more effective in all dimensions--melodic, rhythmic, executive skills, and composite--than the traditional method.

Orientador(a): Sonia Ray / Banca: Sonia Albano de Lima / Banca: Gisela Nogueira / Banca: Fausto Borém / Banca: Patrícia Mihcelini Aguilar / Resumo: O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a técnica instrumental e a expressão musical. Mais especificamente, investiga a possibilidade de as técnicas estendidas da flauta doce serem utilizadas como elemento veiculador da expressão musical neste instrumento. A relação entre a técnica instrumental e a expressão musical na flauta doce é um tema presente em momentos significativos de sua história. O fato de a flauta doce ser também um instrumento histórico, para o qual foi dedicada extensa bibliografia Renascentista e Barroca, contribuiu para que sua técnica tenha sido organizada em dois eixos principais: o da técnica tradicional (entendida como aquela contida nos tratados históricos) e o das técnicas estendidas (as desenvolvidas a partir da década de 1960). Essa distinção mostra-se, contudo, menos rígida ao proceder-se a um estudo mais aprofundado a respeito das técnicas descritas nos tratados históricos. Sob o ponto de vista conceitual, adota-se o entendimento de Ray (2005) sobre Performance Musical e Técnica; de Padovani; Ferraz, (2011) sobre Técnica Estendida; e de Lehmann; Sloboda; Woody (2007) sobre Expressividade. A metodologia da presente tese envolve trabalho de cunho analítico-reflexivo associado à coleta e execução de repertório. A Tese está estruturada em três capítulos assim organizados: Capítulo I - dedicado à revisão de literatura; Capítulo II - discussão sobre os recursos tradicionais de expressão musical na flauta doce, sobre as técnicas estendidas e sobre expressividade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The present work deals with the relationship between instrumental technique and musical expression. More specifically, it investigates the possibility that extended recorder techniques can be used as a vehicle for musical expression. The relationship between instrumental technique and musical expression on the recorder is a subject present at significant moments in its history. The fact that the recorder is also a historical instrument, for which an extensive Renaissance and Baroque bibliography was dedicated, contributed to its technique being organized in two main axes: that of traditional technique (understood as that contained in historical treatises) and that of extended techniques (those developed from the 1960s). This distinction is, however, less rigid when a more in-depth study is carried out on the techniques described in the historical treaties. From the conceptual point of view, Ray's (2005) understanding of Musical Performance and Technique is adopted; of Padovani; Ferraz, (2011) on Extended Techniques; and Lehmann, Sloboda and Woody (2007) on Musical Expression. The methodology of the present thesis involves analytical-reflexive work associated with repertoire collection and execution. The thesis is structured in three chapters so organized: Chapter I - dedicated to literature review; Chapter II - discussion of the traditional resources of musical expression in the recorder, on the extended techniques and on the contemporary expressiveness... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The researcher encountered the following problems while teaching braille IWSic notation to blind learners at the Pioneer School in Worcester: • Young learners learning to read braille IWSic notation with the piano as mediwn appeared to struggle technically. For example, blind children experienced difficulty finding the correct keys over seven octaves; they had generally weak posture; they had to learn to play one part with one hand while the other hand would read; they had to memorise the music for each clef individually and then combine them cognitively; they had to memorise the soprano, alto, tenor and bass parts of a piece; they often experienced discouragement because of the very slow progress they made compared with their sighted peers. • Although learners seemed to find the recorder technically more manageable, currently available braille recorder tutors proved to be inadequate. This inadequacy was a result of the tutors having been designed for the sighted child. The researcher thus set out to design a more appropriate approach than is currently available for teaching braille music notation to the blind, with the recorder as medium. The research method was qualitative and included a literature survey which covered the following unique needs of the blind learner: • psychological • emotional and social • concept development • motor skills (orientation, laterality, posture, coordination) • tactile perception • creativity and self expression The qualitative research also included video observation of a series ofiodividual and group lessons. The lesson material emerged from a programme designed by the researcher and was based on the literatme study. An observation panel. together with the researcher, evaluated the lessons on predetenDned coded assessment criteria 'The lessons and progrannne were adapted according to feedback from the lessons. The qualitative research includes interviews with five blind learners and six teachers of braille music notation. The interviews were designed to gather information on how blind learners can more appropriately be taught the braille music code. The unique needs of blind learners, in particular those concerning orientation and perceptual awareness, are considered in this alternative approach for teaching braille music notation to blind learners. 'The alternative programme is skills based and can be used convElliently in conlunetion with the Outcomes- Based Education (OBE) modeL / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorser het die volgende probleme ondervind tydens baar onderrig van braille musieknotasie aan blinde leerders by Pionierskool in Worcester: • Dit wil voorkom asofjong leerders wat braille musieknotasie moet aanleer met die klavier as medium, tegniese probleme ondervind. Blinde kinders het dit byvoorbeeld moeilik gevind om die korrekte toetse oor sewe oktawe te vind; oor die algemeen was hulle houding swak; hulle moes leer om een stemparty met een hand te lees terwyl die ander hand gespeel het; hulle moes die musiek vir elke sleutelteken apart memoriseer en die stemme kognitiefbymekaar sit; hulle moes die sopraan, alt. tenoor en bas stempartye van 'n stuk memoriseer, hulle is baie keer moedeloos, weens hulle stadige vordering, in vergelyking met hulle siende portuurgroep. • A1hoewel dit gelyk het asof leerders die bioldIuit tegnies meer hanteerbaar gevind het, blyk huidige beskikbare braille bloldluit handleidings nie geskik te wees nie. Hierdie ontoereikendheid is as gevolg van die feit dat die handleidings vir die siende kind ontwerp IS. Derhalwe het die navorser gepoog om 'n meer toeganklike benadering te ontwikkel as wat tans beskikbaar is vir die onderrig van braille misieknotasie aan die blinde, met die bioldIuit as medium. Die ondersoekmetode was kwalitatief van aard en het onder andere 'n literatuuroorsig ingesluit wat die volgende unieke behoeftes van die blinde leerder ingesluit het: • siellnmdig • emosioneel en sosiaal • konsep ontwikkeling • motoriese vaardighede (oriëntasie, lateraliteit, houding, koOrdinasie) • gevoelswaarneming

This creative project adapted the basic elements of the teaching methods of Zoltan Kodaly and Carl Orff to the teaching of the recorder. The resulting recorder teaching method includes the sequential presentation of musical concepts and skills of the Kodaly approach, and the philosophies and techniques for developing creativity of the Orff approach.The method consists of forty-one graduated phases of development accompanied by appropriate song materials and suggestions for varied creative activities included for the purpose of providing practice and experience with the musical concepts presented in the lessons.

Orientadores: Paulo Mugayar Kuhl, Mônica Isabel Lucas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tettamanti_GiuliadaRocha_M.pdf: 42172103 bytes, checksum: f502c487c17a7304737c2e7b6623a378 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste no estudo e tradução da Obra Intitulada Fontegara de Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego, tocador da Ilustríssima Senhoria de Veneza. A obra, que consiste no primeiro tratado completo e detalhado sobre a flauta doce e sobre a arte da diminuição, foi impressa pelo próprio autor em 1535 e dedicada ao Doge Andrea Gritti. Para uma compreensão abrangente do assunto, viu-se necessário levantar dados da biografia do autor, ainda escassos e dispersos, a fim de compreender melhor sua participação dentro do ambiente cultural veneziano da primeira metade do século XVI. A este respeito descobriu-se uma importante contribuição do autor como auctoritas músico-pintor da preceptiva pictórica veneziana quinhentista. Além disso, a dedicatória ao Doge, assim como os elementos especulativos inseridos no tratado coligam a Fontegara ao programa político cultural instaurado por Gritti e destinado ao resgate do Mito de Veneza após as derrotas sofridas durante as guerras contra a Liga de Cambrai. Após a tradução, viu-se necessário também a inclusão de um capítulo destinado a esclarecer os diversos pontos duvidosos do texto, assim como fornecer o repertório adequado para a compreensão da terminologia utilizada pelo autor e dos elementos da Musica Prattica do século XVI contidos na obra / Abstract: This work consists in a study and a translation of the treatise Opera Intitulata Fontegara, written by Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego, player of the Most Illustrious Signoria of Venice. This treatise is the first complete and detailed work about recorder technique and the art of diminution. It was printed by the author himself in 1535 and dedicated to Andrea Gritti, doge of Venice at the time. For a comprehensive understanding of this subject, it was made necessary to gather data about the author's biography, still scarce and diffuse, for a better understanding of his contribution to the cultural environment in the first half of Venetian 16th century. To this respect, I found in my research an important contribution of Ganassi as both musician and painter auctoritas from the Venetian painting preceptive in the 16th century. Furthermore, the dedicatory to the Doge, as well as the speculative elements inside the treatise, associate Fontegara to the political and cultural program created by Gritti and designated to recover the Mith of Venice, after the wars of the League of Cambrai. After the translation, it was also made necessary to insert a chapter aimed at clarifying the various unreliable points in the original text, as well as providing the adequate repertory to understand the author's terminology and the elements from the 16th Century Musica Prattica inside the book / Mestrado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Mestre em Música