Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / We numerically investigate the underlying physics of two peculiar phenomena, which are axis-switching and saddle-back velocity profile, in both laminar and turbulent rectangular jets using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Previously developed computation protocols based on single-relaxation-time (SRT) and multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann equations are utilized to perform direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) respectively. In the first study, we systematically study the axis-switching behavior in low aspect-ratio (AR), defined as the ratio of width over height, laminar rectangular jets with <italic>AR=1</italic> (square jet), 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3. Focuses are on various flow properties on transverse planes downstream to investigate the correlation between the streamwise velocity and secondary flow. Three distinct regions of jet development are identified in all the five jets. The <italic>45&deg</italic> and <italic>90&deg</italic> axis-switching occur in characteristic decay (CD) region consecutively at the early and late stage. The half-width contour (HWC) reveals that <italic>45&deg</italic> axis-switching is mainly contributed by the corner effect, whereas the aspect-ratio (elliptic) feature affects the shape of the jet when <italic>45&deg</italic> axis-switching occurs. The close examinations of flow pattern and vorticity contour, as well as the correlation between streamwise velocity and vorticity, indicate that <italic>90&deg</italic> axis-switching results from boundary effect. Specific flow patterns for <italic>45&deg</italic> and <italic>90&deg</italic> axis-switching reveal the mechanism of the two types of axis-switching respectively. In the second study we develop an algorithm to generate a turbulent velocity field for the boundary condition at jet inlet. The turbulent velocity field satisfies incompressible continuity equation with prescribed energy spectrum in wave space. Application study of the turbulent velocity profile is on two turbulent jets with <italic>Re=25900</italic>. In the jets with <italic>AR=1.5</italic>, axis-switching phenomenon driven by the turbulent inlet velocity is more profound and in better agreement with experimental examination over the laminar counterpart. Characteristic jet development driven by both laminar and turbulent inlet velocity profile in square jet (<italic>AR=1</italic>) is also examined. Overall agreement of selected jet features is good, while quantitative match for the turbulence intensity profiles is yet to be obtained in future study. In the third study, we analyze the saddle-back velocity profile phenomenon in turbulent rectangular jets with AR ranging from 2 to 6 driven by the developed turbulent inlet velocity profiles with different turbulence intensity (<italic>I</italic>). Saddle-back velocity profile is observed in all jets. It has been noted that the saddle-back's peak velocities are resulted from the local minimum mixing intensity. Peak-center difference <italic>&Delta_pc</italic> and profound saddle-back (PSB) range are defined to quantify the saddle-back level and the effects of AR and <italic>I</italic> on saddle-back profile. It is found that saddle-back is more profound with larger AR or slimmer rectangular jets, while its relation with <italic>I</italic> is to be further determined.

This master´s thesis deals with the problem of measuring flow, especially using the method of Q/H characteristics. It describes the thin-plate weir and mentions specific channels. The master´s thesis suggests options of monitoring flow capacity in fixed proffiles with free surface. The master´s thesis also includes an experiment, which is focused on simulation of substandard tributary flowing proportions before weirs for determining their effect on Q/H characteristcs. The experiment is carried out on a thin-plate weir with a rectangular notch at the Department of Water Structures at the Faculty of Civil Engeneering in Brno. Another part of the master´s thesis is data processing to get an idea about the impact of the phenomenon in real applications. Finally, options are recommended for follow-up research.

<p>A large rectangular industrial duct consists of plates stiffened with parallel wide flange sections. The plates along with stiffeners acts to resist the pressure loads and to carry other loads to the supports. The behaviours of the components of large industrial ducts are significantly different from the behaviours on which the current design methods are based on. Investigation presented herein deals with the design methods for spacing stiffeners, proportioning stiffeners and calculating shear resistance of side panel.</p> <p>Current method of spacing stiffeners is based on large deflection plate theory. A parametric study was conducted on dimensionless parameters identified in order to benefit from membrane action in partially yielding plate for spacing stiffeners. Design equations were established in terms of dimensionless pressure, plate slenderness and normalized out-of-plane deflection for three cases namely; 0%, 16.5% and 33% of through thickness yielding of the plate. Results show that approximately 50% increase in stiffener spacing when yielding of 16.5% of thickness is permitted.</p> <p>Under suction type pressure load, the unsupported compression flange and restrained tension flange lead to distortional buckling of the stiffeners. The current methods do not address distortional buckling adequately. A parametric study on dimensionless parameters governing the behaviour and strength of stiffened plat panels was conducted. The study indicated that the behaviour and strength of the stiffened panels could be a function of web slenderness and overall slenderness of the stiffener. The study also identified the slenderness limit of stiffener web for which the stiffener reaches the yield moment capacity. This study demonstrated the conservatism of current method. Finally a method was established to calculate the strength of stiffened plate panel subjected lateral pressure.</p> <p>Side panels adjacent to the supports transfer large amount of shear to the supports and, in addition, resist internal pressure. Currently the design of side panels for shear is based on the methods used for the web of fabricated plate girders. The behaviour and the characteristics between the web of plate girder and the thin side panels are significantly different. A parametric study was conducted on dimensionless parameters identified. It was concluded that the plate slenderness dominates the normalized shear strength of stockier side panels. The aspect ratio and plate slenderness influence the normalized shear strength of slender side panels. Design methods to calculate the shear strength of side panels were proposed.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

[EN] The general goal of this thesis is the development of a basic tool for the analysis of passive microwave and millimetre-wave devices used in the new generation of communication systems. In particular, the work is focused on the development of a tool for an efficient and accurate modal characterization of passive devices composed of waveguides with arbitrary cross section. In order to achieve this goal, a method recently arisen and called BI-RME (Boundary Integral - Resonant Mode Expansion) is extended. This method has been revealed as one of the most appropriate, for its high computational efficiency, to characterize waveguides with arbitrary cross section. Regarding the original BI-RME method, this one will improve the precision and the efficiency of the modal solution in presence of circular and elliptic perturbations in the arbitrary waveguide contour. Then, the first work consists on extending the original BI-RME method theory to circular and elliptic geometries including the possibility to connect these two new types of segments (circular and elliptic) with the straight segments used until now in the practical implementation of the method. In order to validate the new developed theory, a set of parameters as the cut-off frequencies, the cut-off wavelengths or the electromagnetic fields of canonical waveguides and arbitrarily shaped waveguides of great practical interest, are calculated. These results are compared with analytical well-known solutions or results published in the literature. Once the electromagnetic modal chart of different arbitrarily shaped waveguides is obtained, the following step is the computation of the coupling integrals between these modes and the ones of the rectangular waveguide that completely surrounds the arbitrary contour. Such integrals are essential for the modal analysis of microwave passive structures involving waveguides with arbitrary cross section. For this purpose, the new extended BI-RME method is included into a software package tool based on the integral equation method, which allows to characterize efficiently waveguide discontinuities by means of inmitance matrices (admittance or impedance). This efficient full-wave analysis method requires the knowledge of the modal chart related to all the waveguides included in the devices under consideration, as well as the coupling integrals between the modes of the two waveguides composing the discontinuity. In the rectangular waveguides case this modal information can be easily obtained in an analytical way. However, when a waveguide or both have arbitrary cross section, the accurate and efficient modal analysis can be obtained by means of the BI-RME method. The use of the integral equation method based on admittance or impedance matrices to characterize devices composed of cascading waveguides is specially advantageous because it leads to a linear system of equations. The coefficients matrix of this linear system presents a banded structure that can be appropriately exploited to increase the computational efficiency associated to the resolution of the aforementioned system, and to reduce considerably the computational cost associated to the analysis of complex devices. Next step is the demonstration that in waveguides with arbitrary cross section and with one or two symmetry axes you can generate, also by means of the BI-RME method, the whole family of waveguide modes, so that they verify a certain fictitious boundary condition of electric or magnetic walls in the symmetry plane, and the advantages regarding the computation of the modes are discussed. Furthermore, those different symmetry families of waveguide modes propagate in an independent way along the structures constituted by a connection of uniform waveguides. This situation can also be exploited to increase in a remarkable way the efficiency of the Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) electromagnetic software packages. Once verified with success the efficiency and precision of the new CAD tool developed by means of the analysis of transitions published in the related technical bibliography, the analysis of really complex passive waveguide devices is performed. Some passive waveguide devices analyzed are for instance a filter with inductive coupling windows and tuning screws, a filter with rounded corners, dual mode filters in circular waveguide with elliptic irises or in elliptic waveguides, an evanescent filter, a low bandpass filter in coaxial waveguide, and finally a new 90º twist component for space applications. The simulated results are totally validated by means of comparison with other data published in the related technical bibliography, or by means of measurements of manufactured prototypes. Finally, the conclusions of this work are extracted and future research lines are outlined. Publications in journal and congress presentations in the framework of this thesis are also indicated. / [ES] El objetivo general de esta tesis es el desarrollo de una herramienta b´asica general para el an´alisis de dispositivos pasivos de microondas y ondas milim´etricas usados en la nueva generaci´on de sistemas de comunicaciones. En particular, el trabajo se centra en desarrollar una herramienta para una eficiente y precisa caracterizaci´on modal de dispositivos pasivos constituidos por gu´ıas de onda de secci´on transversal arbitraria. Para cumplir con este objetivo se propone extender un m´etodo surgido recientemente y llamado BI-RME (Boundary Integral - Resonant Mode Expansion, que en espa˜nol significa Integral de Contorno - Expansi´on Modal Resonante). Este m´etodo se ha revelado como uno de los m´as adecuados, por su tremenda eficiencia computacional, para caracterizar modalmente las gu´ıas de secci´on transversal arbitraria. Respecto al m´etodo BI-RME original se pretende mejorar la precisi´on y la eficiencia en presencia de perturbaciones circulares y el´ıpticas en el contorno de las gu´ıas a estudiar. El primer trabajo de la tesis consiste entonces en extender la teor´ıa del m´etodo BI-RME a geometr´ıas circulares y el´ıpticas incluyendo la posibilidad de conectar estos dos nuevos tipos de arcos (circulares y el´ıpticos) con los tramos rectos usados hasta ahora en la implementaci´on pr´actica del m´etodo. Con el objeto de validar la nueva teor´ıa desarrollada se calcula un conjunto de par´ametros, como las frecuencias de corte, la longitud de onda de corte o el campo electromagn´etico, que caracterizan gu´ıas can´onicas y gu´ıas arbitrarias de inter´es pr´actico, y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con las soluciones anal´ıticas conocidas o resultados publicados en la literatura. Una vez obtenida la carta modal de las diferentes gu´ıas de secci´on transversal arbitraria, el paso siguiente es calcular las integrales de acoplo entre estos modos y los modos de la gu´ıa rectangular que encierra completamente el contorno arbitrario. Tales integrales son fundamentales para el an´alisis modal de estructuras pasivas de microondas constituidas por transiciones planares entre gu´ıas de secci´on transversal distinta. Para estudiar estas estructuras pasivas, se integra la nueva y extendida t´ecnica BI-RME propuesta en una herramienta inform´atica basada en el m´etodo de la ecuaci´on integral, el cual permite caracterizar eficientemente transiciones planares mediante matrices de inmitancia (admitancia o impedancia). Este m´etodo de an´alisis electromagn´etico full-wave necesita el espectro modal de cada una de las gu´ıas que forman las transiciones, as´ı como las integrales de acoplo entre los modos de las dos gu´ıas adyacentes que constituyen la discontinuidad. En el caso de gu´ıas rectangulares, dicha informaci´on modal se puede obtener f´acilmente de forma anal´ıtica. Sin embargo cuando una gu´ıa o las dos tienen una secci´on transversal arbitraria, esta informaci´on se puede obtener de forma eficiente y precisa mediante el m´etodo BI-RME. El empleo del m´etodo de la ecuaci´on integral basado en matrices de admitancias o de impedancias para caracterizar dispositivos integrados por gu´ıas conectadas en cascada resulta especialmente ventajoso, pues conduce a un sistema de ecuaciones lineales a resolver cuya matriz de coeficientes presenta una estructura en banda, caracter´ıstica que puede explotarse adecuadamente para incrementar la eficiencia computacional asociada a la resoluci´on del citado sistema, y reducir considerablemente el coste asociado al an´alisis de dispositivos complejos. A continuaci´on se demuestra como en gu´ıas de secci´on transversal arbitraria con uno o dos ejes de simetr´ıa se puede generar, tambi´en mediante el m´etodo BI-RME, toda la familia de modos de dicha gu´ıa de manera que verifiquen una cierta condici´on de contorno ficticia de pared el´ectrica o pared magn´etica en el plano de simetr´ıa, y se discuten las ventajas computacionales respecto a calcular todos los modos simult´aneamente. Adem´as, las distintas familias de simetr´ıa se propagan de forma independiente a lo largo de estructuras constituidas por una conexi´on en cascada de gu´ıas uniformes que presentan la misma simetr´ıa. Dicha situaci´on se puede explotar para aumentar de forma notable la eficiencia del simulador electromagn´etico. Verificada con ´exito la eficiencia y precisi´on de la nueva herramienta inform´atica desarrollada mediante el an´alisis de transiciones publicadas en la bibliograf´ıa t´ecnica relacionada, se analizan dispositivos pasivos realmente complejos, tales como un filtro con ventanas de acoplo inductivas y tornillos de sinton´ıa, un filtro con esquinas redondeadas, filtros de modo dual en gu´ıa circular con iris el´ıpticos o en gu´ıa el´ıptica, un filtro de modo evanescente, un filtro paso bajo en gu´ıa coaxial, y finalmente un nuevo girador de polarizaci´on de 90o para aplicaciones espaciales. Los resultados son completamente validados mediante comparaci´on con otros publicados en la bibliograf´ıa t´ecnica relacionada, o bien mediante las medidas de las respuestas asociadas a unas implementaciones pr´acticas de las estructuras analizadas. Finalmente se extraen las conclusiones de la tesis y se indican posibles l´ıneas de investigaci´on futuras. Se indican tambi´en las publicaciones en revistas y las comunicaciones en congresos a que ha dado lugar el trabajo desarrollado en el marco de esta tesis. / [CA] L’objectiu general d’esta tesi ´es el desenrotllament d’una ferramenta b`asica general per a l’an`alisi de dispositius passius de microones i ones mil·lim`etriques usats en la nova generaci´o de sistemes de comunicacions. En particular, el treball se centra en desenrotllar una ferramenta per a una eficient i precisa caracteritzaci´o modal de dispositius passius constitu¨ıts per guies d’ona de secci´o transversal arbitr`aria. Per a complir amb este objectiu es proposa estendre un m`etode sorgit recentment i anomenat BI-RME (Boundary Integral - Resonant Mode Expansion, que en valenci`a significa Integral de Contorn - Expansi´o Modal Ressonant). Este m`etode s’ha revelat com un dels mes adequats, per la seua tremenda efici`encia computacional, per a caracteritzar modalment les guies de secci´o transversal arbitr`aria. Respecte al m`etode BI-RME original es pret´en millorar la precisi´o i l’efici`encia en pres`encia de pertorbacions circulars i el·l´ıptiques en el contorn de les guies a estudiar. El primer treball de la tesi consistix aleshores a estendre la teoria del m`etode BI-RME a geometries circulars i el·l´ıptiques incloent la possibilitat de connectar estos dos nous tipus d’arcs (circulars i el·l´ıptics) amb els trams rectes usats fins ara en la implementaci´o pr`actica del m`etode. Amb l’objecte de validar la nova teoria desenrotllada es calcula un conjunt de par`ametres, com les freq¨ u`encies de tall, la longitud d’ona de tall o el camp electromagn`etic, que caracteritzen guies can`oniques i guies arbitr`aries d’inter´es pr`actic, i es comparen els resultats obtinguts amb les solucions anal´ıtiques conegudes o resultats publicats en la literatura. Una vegada obtinguda la carta modal de les diferents guies de secci´o transversal arbitr`aria, el pas seg¨uent ´es calcular les integrals d’acoblament entre estos modes i els modes de la guia rectangular que tanca completament el contorn arbitrari. Tals integrals s´on fonamentals per a l’an`alisi modal d’estructures passives de microones constitu¨ıdes per transicions planars entre guies de secci´o transversal distinta. Amb eixa finalitat, s’integra la nova i estesa t`ecnica BI-RME proposta en una ferramenta inform`atica basada en el m`etode de l’equaci´o integral, el qual permet caracteritzar eficientment transicions planars per mitj`a de matrius d’inmit`ancia (admit`ancia o imped`ancia). Este m`etode d’an`alisi electromagn`etica full-wave necessita l’espectre modal de cadascuna de les guies que formen les transicions, aix´ı com les integrals d’acoblament entre els modes de les dos guies adjacents que constitu¨ıxen la discontinu¨ıtat. En el cas de guies rectangulars, dita informaci´o modal es pot obtindre f`acilment de forma anal´ıtica. No obstant quan una guia o les dos tenen una secci´o transversal arbitr`aria, esta informaci´o es pot obtindre de forma eficient i precisa per mitj` a del m`etode BI-RME. L’us del m`etode de l’equaci´o integral basat en matrius d’admit`ancies o d’imped`ancias per a caracteritzar dispositius integrats per guies connectades en cascada resulta especialment avantatj´os, perqu`e condu¨ıx a un sistema d’equacions lineals a resoldre la matriu de coeficients del qual presenta una estructura en banda, caracter´ıstica que pot explotar-se adequadament per a incrementar l’efici`encia computacional associada a la resoluci´o del citat sistema, i reduir considerablement el cost associat a l’an`alisi de dispositius complexos. A continuaci´o es demostra com en guies de secci´o transversal arbitr`aria amb un o dos eixos de simetria es pot generar, tamb´e per mitj`a del m`etode BI-RME, tota la fam´ılia de modes de dita guia de manera que verifiquen una certa condici´o de contorn fict´ıcia de paret el`ectrica o paret magn`etica en el pla de simetria, i es discutix els avantatges computacionals respecte a calcular tots els modes simult`aniament. A m´es, les distintes fam´ılies de simetria es propaguen de forma independent al llarg d’estructures constitu¨ıdes per una connexi´o en trencada de guies uniformes que tenen les meteixes propietats de simetria. La dita situaci´o es pot explotar per a augmentar de forma notable l’efici`encia del simulador electromagn`etic. Verificada amb `exit l’efici`encia i precisi´o de la nova ferramenta inform`atica desenrotllada per mitj`a de l’an`alisi de transicions publicades en la bibliografia t`ecnica relacionada, s’analitzen dispositius passius realment complexos, tals com un filtre amb finestres d’acoblament inductives i tornels de sintonia, un filtre amb cantons arredonits, filtres de modo dual en guia circular amb iris el·l´ıptics o en guia el·l´ıptica, un filtre de modo evanescent, un filtre pas baix en guia coaxial, i finalment un nou girador de polaritzaci´o de 90o per a aplicacions espacials. Els resultats s´ on completament validats per mitjanc¸ant la comparaci´o amb altres publicats en la bibliografia t` ecnica relacionada, o b´e per mitj`a de les mesures de les respostes associades a unes implementacions pr`actiques de les estructures analitzades. Finalment s’extrauen les conclusions de la tesi i s’indiquen possibles l´ınies d’investigaci´o futures. S’indiquen tamb´e les publicacions en revistes i les comunicacions en congressos a qu`e ha donat lloc el treball desenrotllat en el marc d’esta tesi. / Marini, S. (2005). Análisis modal eficiente de dispositivos pasivos de microondas implementados con guías de sección transversal arbitraria [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/131737

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(A) 課題番号:63420036 研究代表者:後藤 俊夫 研究期間:1988-1990年度

The statistics of the amplitude, time and angle of arrival of multipaths in an indoor environment are all necessary components of multipath models used to simulate the performance of spatial diversity in receive antenna configurations. The model presented by Saleh and Valenzuela, was added to by Spencer et. al., and included all three of these parameters for a 7 GHz channel. A system was built to measure these multipath parameters at 2.4 GHz for multiple locations in an indoor environment. Another system was built to measure the angle of transmission for a 6 GHz channel. The addition of this parameter allows spatial diversity at the transmitter along with the receiver to be simulated. The process of going from raw measurement data to discrete arrivals and then to clustered arrivals is analyzed. Many possible errors associated with discrete arrival processing are discussed along with possible solutions. Four clustering methods are compared and their relative strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. The effects that errors in the clustering process have on parameter estimation and model performance are also simulated.